中考英语易混淆词汇辨析 31页

中考词汇辨析 ‎§1　 a bit/ a little ‎ 这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换，但有时不能。‎ Ⅰ．二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时，意义相同，为“一点儿” “有些”。如：‎ ① I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。‎ ② He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。‎ Ⅱ．二者都可以作名词词组，充当主语或宾语。如：‎ ‎① A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。‎ ‎② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。‎ Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词；a bit后须加of才可以。如：‎ ①. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle.‎ ‎[注意] a little of 后的名词通常特指，表“……中的一些”，如： ‎ ‎①May I have a little of your tea?‎ Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语，相当于very/ quite, “很”， “非常”；作定语和宾语时，相当于much, 意为 “许多”。而not a bit 作状语时，相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”，作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg:‎ ① He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。‎ ② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。‎ ③ She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。‎ Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分开使用；not a little中的not 则不能分开。Eg:‎ ① He felt not a bit tired. = He didn’t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。‎ ② He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说：He didn’t fell a little tired.‎ ‎§2　 a few/ few/ a little/ little Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词，a little和little修饰不可数名词；a few和a little表示肯定意义，few和little表示否定意义，可受only修饰。如：‎ ‎① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.‎ ‎②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.‎ ③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some ④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.‎ ‎§3　 above/over/on/upon Ⅰ. 方位介词，“在……之上”‎ Ⅱ. above 着重指：在……上方，不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为：below.‎ ① The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。‎ ② The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。‎ Ⅲ.over 表盖在……上面，或铺在……上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under.‎ ① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。‎ Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。‎ ① The book is on the desk.‎ ② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。‎ Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别，但较正式，口语中较少用。‎ ① He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。‎ ‎[注] up 与以上几个不同，它表示向上方或高处，含有由下而上，由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时，表示在上方或高处。‎ ‎① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。‎ ‎② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。‎ ‎§4　 accept/receive Ⅰ. accept “接受”，表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。‎ ① I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。‎ ① We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。‎ Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如：‎ ① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。‎ ② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物，但没有接受下来。‎ ③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。‎ ‎[注] 在表示接待、接见时，通常用 receive, 而不用 accept.‎ 如：We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。‎ ‎§5 across/through/ over Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”，指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如：‎ ① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河（指从此岸到彼岸）‎ ② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。‎ Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过，含义与in有关。如：‎ ① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。‎ ② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。‎ Ⅲ. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时，与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳（飞）越，但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across.‎ ① She went across / over the bridge.‎ ② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。‎ ③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。‎ ④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。‎ 另外，over作介词还有“翻过……”的意思，如：climb the mountain 翻过那座山。‎ ‎§6　 afraid/ fear Ⅰ. afraid “害怕”是形容词，只能作表语，而不能作定语，后接of 短语或不定式，构成　be afraid of sb. 和　be afraid to do sth ① She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。‎ ② The little girl is afraid to go out at night.‎ afraid +that clause “恐怕”，　是婉转拒绝别人的一种表达方式。　如：‎ ① I’m afraid (that) I can’t go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我弟弟病了。‎ Ⅱ. fear “害怕”是动词，与be afraid 往往通用，但不如它常用（特别是在口语中）。如：‎ ① We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。‎ ② Ｈe feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。‎ ③ Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉，我走去看他。‎ ‎§7feel like / would like Ⅰ.feel like 与would like 意思很相近，但feel like 后面常跟名词；动名词。构成：feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接名词；动词不定式。构成：would like (to do) sth.的句式。如：‎ ① I feel like (having) a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。‎ ② Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步？‎ ③ I don’t feel like eating. 我不想吃东西。‎ Ⅱ.feel like 还表示：“觉得好像，摸起来像”。如：‎ ① It feels like silk. 它摸起来像绸缎。‎ ‎§8. after/behind　“在……之后”‎ Ⅰ. after “在……（时间）之后”；‎ ‎“在……（地点）之后”，指次序。如：‎ ① He came after ten o’clock. 他十点以后来的。‎ ② Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到达两天以后，我拜访了他。‎ ① ‎‘Against’ comes after ‘again’ in this cictionary.在这本字典中 ‘against’ 排在　‘again’ 之后。‎ Ⅱ. behind 表地点时意为：在……后面、着重指位置的前后。偶尔也指时间，表按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。‎ ① The garden is behind the house.‎ ② He stood behind me.‎ ③ The train was behind time. 火车误点了。‎ ④ You are two hours behind. 你迟了两个小时。‎ ‎§9. ago/before Ⅰ. ago adv. “……以前”指从此刻起，若干时间以前，通常与过去连用。如：‎ ① It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。‎ ② I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。‎ Ⅱ. before adv, prep & conj “……以前”指从那时起若干时间以前。通常与完成时、过去时等连用。还可用作前置词或连接词表时间，而ago 则不能这样用。‎ ① He said that he had seen her two days before.他说他两天前见到过她。（表从她说话那时起两天前）‎ ② I had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天气很好。‎ ③ I’ve seen that film before.‎ ④ I never met him before.‎ ‎§10. agree to/ agree with/ agree on(up on)‎ Ⅰ. agree to “同意、应允”通常用于同意某件事情（我们可以同意我们自己有不同看法而并不赞同的事情）。如：‎ ① Do you agree to this plan?‎ ② He agreed to my proposal.他同意了我的提议。‎ ③ I agreed to his terms. 我同意了他的条件。‎ Ⅱ. agree with “同意、赞同”常常表示同某人意见一致，也可表赞同某件事情。还有“（气候、食物等）适合”之意。如：‎ ① I quite agree with you.我很同意你。‎ ② Do you agree with me ?‎ ③ I agree with all you say.我同意你所说的。‎ ④ His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。‎ ⑤ Too much meat doesn’t agree with her. 吃太多肉对她身体不合适。‎ ‎[注]：agree with 不能用于被动语态。‎ Ⅲ. agree on /upon “对……取得一致意见”指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或达成了某种协议。如：‎ ① After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论，双方就停火问题达成了协议。‎ ② They all agree on the plan.他们对这个计划意见一致。‎ ‎[注]：此句型可转换成agree in doing sth.如：‎ ‎① All of them agreed on / upon it. = All of them agreed in doing it. 他们对做这个问题达成了共识。‎ ‎§11 at times / at all times / all the time Ⅰ. at times “不时；偶尔”如：‎ ① The tide is , at times, very high. 潮水有时涨得高。‎ ② I make mistakes at times when I speak English. 我说英语偶尔会出错。‎ Ⅱ. at all times.“随时；任何时候；总是” 如：‎ He has a cool head at all times. 他随时都有清醒的头脑。‎ Ⅲ. all the time “一直；始终” 其中time用单数形式。如：‎ The baby cries all the time. 那婴儿一直哭。‎ ‎§12. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead Ⅰ. alive adj“活着的”“在世的”，它既可修饰人也可修饰物。可作表语，定语。作定语时，应放在被修饰的名词之后。如：‎ ① They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着，并跟以前一样快活。‎ ② All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都还活着亡了，他是唯一的幸存者。‎ Ⅱ.living adj,“活着的”主要用着定语，常置于名词前，有时也可置于名词后。也可作表语。如：‎ ① Every living person has a name. 每个活着的人都有一个名字。‎ ② No man living could do better. 当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。‎ Ⅲ. the living “活着的人”如：‎ The living are more important to us than the dead. 对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。‎ Ⅳ. live adj. “活着的”读着[laiv],反义词为 dead, 可作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前，一般不用来修饰人。 还可以作动词，读着[liv], 意为“生活”、“生存”如：‎ ① The cat was playing with a live mouse. 这只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。 ‎ ② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。‎ Ⅴ. lively adj. [‘laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生动的”；“活泼的”；“充满生气的”用作表语或定语，可用来修饰人或物。如：‎ The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 运动场上进行着各种球类比赛，呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。‎ ‎§13. all/ every Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近，二者都可用来泛指人或物。但all可与算数的名词连用，而every 只能与单数的名词连用。如：‎ ① All Mondays are horrible. 星期一总是可怕的。‎ ② Every Monday is horrible. 每个星期一都是可怕的。‎ Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用来指某一类东西中的个体。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定词”，而every后却不能。它往往强调无一例外的意思。‎ ‎--She is eaten all the biscuits[‘biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把饼干都吃光了。怎么，把每一块都吃光了吗？每一块全都吃了！‎ Ⅲ. all 还可和单数名词连用，表示every past of 而every却不能有此义。如：‎ She was here all day. 她在这呆了一整天。‎ ‎§14. all/ whole Ⅰ. 二者意义（“全部、都、整个”）相同，然而词序不同。‎ Ⅱ. all用于冠词，所有格或其它“限定词”之前。‎ ‎ whole 则用于冠词之后。如：‎ ① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间 ② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生 ③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整个混乱状况。‎ Ⅲ. 如果没有冠词，或其它限定词，whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说：‎ ① The whole city was burning.但不能说：‎ ② Whole London was burning.‎ Ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。Whole 的意思为“全部”，而all的意思则近乎“每一个”如：‎ ① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America. 所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。‎ ② Whole Indian tribes were killed off. 有些印第安人部落整个被杀光了。‎ Ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词（包括物质名词）‎ ① 可以说：all the money 或all the wine ② 不可以说：the whole money 或the whole wine.‎ ① The whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。‎ the whole of the time.‎ ‎ the whole of my life the whole of this confusion ‎§16 almost/ nearly Ⅰ. almost“差不多、几乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如：‎ ① He has almost finished his work. 他差不多完成了他的工作。‎ ② Almost no one took any rest. 几乎没有一个人休息一下。‎ Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、几乎、将近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如：‎ ① It’s nearly five o’clock.差不多五点钟了。‎ ② Nearly everyone knows it. 几乎每个人都知道这个。‎ ③ He’s nearly ready. 他快准备好了。‎ ‎[注]：almost有时可与nearly通用，但当其与no, none, nothing, never连用时，不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互换，但例②则不能。‎ ‎§17 alone/ lonely Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如：‎ ① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely. 我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。‎ ② 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自”‎ ③ I’ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。‎ Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如：‎ ① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.‎ ② a lonely / deserted island ‎§18 aloud/ loud/ loudly Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出声地”有使能听得到的意味。如：‎ ① Please read the story aloud. 请朗读这个故事。‎ ② They were shouting aloud.他们在高声地呼喊。‎ Ⅱ. loud. adv “高声地、大声地、响亮地”常指在说笑等方面。如：‎ ① Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高声地谈话。‎ ② Speak louder. 说得大声点。‎ Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高声地”有时与loud 通用，但含有喧闹的意味。如：‎ ① Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。‎ ② Don’t talk so loudly（loud）. 不要如此高声地谈话。‎ ‎§19 already/ yet /still Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中，通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句，但不表真心的疑问，而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如：‎ ① I’ve seen the film already.‎ ② The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。‎ ③ Have you already had breakfast? 难道你已经吃过早餐了？‎ Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句，且常常置于句末。如：‎ ① He hasn’t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。‎ Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中，且一般只用于句中。如：‎ ① Do you still teach in that school? 你还在那所学校教书？‎ ‎[注]：still在句中的位置不同，其意义也不同。如：‎ ‎① He is still（还）standing there.‎ ② He is standing there still（adj.不动的、静止的）他站在那儿一动也不动。‎ ‎§20　 also/ as well/ too/ either “也”‎ Ⅰ. also较正式，位置通常靠近动词，用于句中；且用于肯定句中。如：‎ ① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。‎ ② I was also there.我也在那儿。‎ Ⅱ. too 多用于口语，通常置于句末，前边须用逗号隔开，也可用于句中，且前后 均须用逗号隔开，；用于肯定句中。如：‎ ① He is a worker, too.‎ ② The two cows, too, are white.那两头奶牛也全都是白的。‎ Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语，多用于口语，只用于句末。如：‎ ① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.她不但教过我们英语，还教过我们数学。‎ ② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师，也是一位作家。‎ Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中，常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时，其中的also, too, as well都要改为either.‎ ① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either .昨天我没有看电视，也没有看电影。‎ ‎§21for / from / since Ⅰ. 三者都能用来表示时间，但用法不同。‎ ‎ since “自从”，所表示的是一个时间点。可用作介词，也可用作连词，后接时间名词或短语，或引导时间状语从句；要求前面的谓语动词或主句的谓语动词必须用完成时态，要用延续性动词。而since引导的从句中的谓语动词通常应是短暂性的动词。若接时间，则应为点时间。如：‎ ① He has worked there since1989. ‎ ② She has lived here since she moved here.‎ Ⅱ. from “自从” 只用作介词，表一个事情的开始点，可用于过去、现在或将来的时态。如：‎ ① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.‎ ② We have been good friends from childhood.‎ Ⅲ. for 作为介词，后面接段时间，用于完成时、现在时、过去时和将来时，句中要用延续性动词。如：‎ ① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.我们将在这儿呆10分钟。‎ ② They have studied English for three yeas.‎ ‎§22 although/ though Ⅰ. although conj. “尽管、虽然”引导让步状语从句，相当于 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用于句首。though 用于非正式文体中，较普遍，但以下几种用法，不能用although. 如：‎ ① 表强调时，要用even though,如：‎ Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一字不识，我还是一直微笑着。‎ ‎②. Though可用在倒装句中，如：‎ Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻，但很有经验。‎ ‎③ though 可作副词，表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如：He said he would come, he didn’t though.他说他要来，结果他却没来。‎ ‎[此外]，although不用着副词。在英语中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet 或still; 反之，如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如：‎ ‎① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard. 虽然他身体不好，但他工作仍努力。‎ ‎②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.虽然天气很冷，他未穿外衣就出去了。‎ ③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他虽然很老了，但还是十分健壮。‎ Ⅱ. though 常用作连词，“虽然”。在口语中还用着副词，一般放在句末，意为“可是、然而”等。如：‎ ① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold. 天气虽很冷，他却还没生火。‎ ② Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了，他还是继续工作。‎ ③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though. 他说他来，可是结果他没有来。‎ ‎23always/ often/ often/usually/ sometimes/ never Ⅰ. 这几个词都是表频度的副词， 从不 —→ 有时 —→ 时常 —→ 通常 —→ 总是 ‎ 即：never(0%)→sometimes(20%)→often/ (70%)→usually(75%)→always(100%)‎ Ⅱ always “永远、总是”。与进行时连用时，表“再三地、老是”等意思。有时还表“生气或不耐烦”等盛情色彩。如：‎ ① The sun always rises in the east.太阳总是从东方升起。‎ ② I always get up at seven o’clock. 我总是在七点钟起身。‎ ③ The boy is always asking whys.这男孩老是问这问那没个完。‎ Ⅲ often “时常、常常”强调经常性。如：‎ ① He often comes here to see me. 他时常到这儿来看我。‎ ② We have often been there. ‎ ① Ⅲ usually “经常”其动作频率仅次于always.常常与一般过时，一般现在时连用。‎ ‎① I usually get up at six in the morning.‎ Ⅳ never “从不”是否定副词。常常与完成时连用。‎ ① I have never been to the Great Wall.‎ ② She said she had never gone there.频繁ten uently "es here to see me. t.uently(70%)→usually(75%)→always(100%)‎ ‎§24　 among/ between/ in the middle of Ⅰ. among “在……之中/中间” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如：‎ ① Someone is wrong among us. 我们中间有人错了。‎ ② There is a small village among the mountains. 大山之间有座小村庄。‎ Ⅱ. between “在…之间”指在二者之间，有时与and 连用。如：‎ ① There is a river between us. 在我们两人之间有一条河。‎ ② I’m standing between a house and a big tree. 我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。‎ Ⅲ. in the middle of “在……中间”指在某事物中间，强调事物的两端的中间。如：‎ There is a bus stop in the middle of the road. 在这条公路中间有个车站。‎ ‎§25 another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others Ⅰ. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” （三个以上）用来代替或修饰可数名词。如：I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?‎ Ⅱ. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如：‎ We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.‎ Ⅲ. others 泛指“另外的人或物”， 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如：‎ Some like swimming, others like boating.‎ Ⅳ. the other 指两个中的“另一个”如：‎ He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing.‎ Ⅴ. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如：‎ There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my father’s.‎ ‎§26　 answer/ reply Ⅰ. answer “回答、答复”。是最普通的用语，包括用口头、书面或行动回答。它可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。如：‎ ① He answered my question.‎ ② It is a difficult question to answer. 这是一个难以回答的问题。‎ ③ Please answer my letter as soon as possible. ‎ ④ They left a boy to answer the bell. 他们留下一个孩子应门。‎ Ⅱ.reply “回答、答复”。 但比answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲，是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。 Reply 常用作不及物动词，回答某人或某事。后接to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时，才用作及物动词。如：‎ ① I didn’t reply to him.我没有答复他。‎ ‎② He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。 ‎ ‎§27　 anyone/ any one Ⅰ. anyone “任何人”其后不跟of 短语。如：‎ Is there anyone at home.?‎ Ⅱ. any one “任何人/物”其后可跟 of 短语。如：‎ I’ll send you any one of these pens.‎ ‎[注]：类似的用法还有：everyone & every one. ‎ ‎§28 around/ round Ⅰ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。‎ Ⅱ. around “在……周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如： ‎ ① They sat around the table. 他们围绕桌子坐着。‎ ② I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。‎ Ⅲ. round “环绕……周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如：‎ ① The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。‎ ② A wheel goes round. 轮子旋转着。‎ ‎[注]：这两个词现在可以通用，只是around 多用于美国，round多用于英国。‎ ‎§29 arrive/ reach/ get to Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意，意义基本相同，但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语，get to 是通俗用词，常用于口语。‎ Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词，表到达什么地点时，后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说，到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。（与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词）如：‎ ① He arrived in Beijing yesterday.‎ ② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.‎ Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词，后面直接跟表地点的名词。如：‎ When does the train reach London?‎ Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如：‎ ① He got to the shop at 5:00 o’clock this afternoon.‎ ② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.‎ ‎30as/ because/ for/ since Ⅰ. 这三个词都可以用作连词，表“原因、理由” 但有区别：‎ Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的，或者被认为是已知的时，则以用as 为好。如：‎ ① As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 因为他身体不好，我决定独自去了。‎ ② As it was getting very late, we soon turned back. 因为已很晚了， 我们很快就回来了。‎ ③ As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨，你最好乘出租车。‎ Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中，它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时，只能用because . 注意：because 不可以与so 连用。如：‎ ① He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天他只得呆在家里，因为他病了。‎ ② I did it because they asked me to do it. 我之所以做这件事，是因为他请我做的。‎ ③ ‎---Ｗhy can’t you do it now? --- Because I’m too busy.‎ Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式，说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。‎ ① Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快，所以我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。‎ ② Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。‎ ③ Since you are busy, I’ll do it for you.既然你忙，我替你做吧。‎ Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时，用以说明理由，只是解释性的。在这几个词中，它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中，也不用于句首。如：‎ ① I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶，因为我有事要告诉她。‎ ② We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为粗枝大叶常常差错。‎ ③ It must have rained, for the road is wet. 一定下雨了，因为路是湿的。‎ ④ I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me. 现在我得走了，我姐姐在等我呢。‎ ‎［注］：这几个词按语意的强弱来排，其顺序为：because—→since—→(as)—→for ‎§31　 as/ when/ while 这三个词都可以用作连词，表时间关系，　但有区别：‎ Ⅰ. as “当（在）……时候”往往可与when 或　while　通用，但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如：‎ ① I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。‎ ② As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候，感到越来越疲乏。‎ Ⅱ. when “当（在）……的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。‎ ① It was raining when we arrived. 当我们到达的时候，正下着雨。‎ ② Ｗhen we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。‎ Ⅲ. while “当（在）……的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间（a period of time）,而不能指一点时间（a point of time）如上面的第一个例子。又如：‎ ① Please don’t talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。‎ ② While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.我洗地板时，你可以擦窗户。‎ ‎§32 ask / question Ⅰ. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语，通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如：‎ ① I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。‎ ② I’ll ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。‎ Ⅱ. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如：‎ ① I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。‎ ② He was questioned by the police.　他受到警察的审问。‎ ‎§33 ask/ ask for ‎ Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如：‎ ① Don’t ask me, I don’t know.别问我，我不知道。‎ ② Ｔhen ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。‎ Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如：‎ ① He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。‎ ② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。‎ Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如：‎ ① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。‎ ② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。‎ Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如：‎ ① Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。‎ ② He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。‎ ‎§34　 asleep/ sleep / sleepy ‎ Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”；常作表语。如：‎ ① The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。‎ ② He was too tired and fell asleep at once. 他太累了，立刻就睡着了。‎ Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如：‎ ① You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。‎ ② Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。‎ Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如：‎ ① She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。‎ ② I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。‎ ‎§55　 at first/ first ‎ Ⅰ. at first “起初”，多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作，与前面的不同，甚至相反。如：‎ At first she knew nobody but now she has many good ‎ friends.起初她谁也不认识，但现在她有很多朋友。‎ Ⅱ. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如：‎ Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in. 要有礼貌。先敲门，再进去。‎ ‎§35 at last/ finally/ in the end Ⅰ. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如：‎ Did the man in the shop understand him at last?‎ Ⅱ. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”， 无感情色彩，只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。‎ ① Finally he went to see the famous man himself. ‎ Ⅲ. in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时，则只能用in the end 如：‎ ① I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.‎ ‎§36 at school/ in school/ in a (the) school Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如：‎ ① My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校，他不在家，也不在别的地方。‎ ② When my brother was at school, he studied very hard. 在学校时，我兄弟学习很用功。‎ Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如：‎ My daughter still in school She doesn’t work.。 我女儿还在上学，她不在工作。‎ ‎[注]：①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此，in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样，通常不互换使用。‎ Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”，不一定指上学。类似的还有：‎ in hospital “生病住院”‎ in a / the hospital表“在医院”（工作或探视病人等）‎ at table “在吃饭”‎ at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报）‎ ‎① Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗？‎ ① Your friend looked for you in the school just now. 刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。‎ ② Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。‎ ③ She is a good doctor in the hospital .她是医院里的一名好大夫。‎ ‎§37　 at the top of/ on the top of Ⅰ. at the top of “在……顶点上、在……上”。At 表示点，在句子中用作状语，反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在……底部”；‎ ‎ on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触，意思是“在……之上、在……上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在……脚底下”。如：‎ ① He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。‎ ② He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。‎ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好吗？§38　 at/ in Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前，用at 时是把该地方视为一点，用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如：‎ ① Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗？‎ ② They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近（里面）等你。‎ Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间（morning, evening, day, night atc）名词前，用on; 在段时间名词前（星期；年；月；周等）用in. 如：‎ ① I’ll meet you at eight. 我们8：00 钟会面。‎ ② See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。‎ ③ The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。‎ Ⅲ. 固定词组：如：in the morning ; at night.‎ ‎§39　 at/ to ‎ Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标，而to 则仅表方向。如：‎ ① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。‎ ② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。‎ ③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。‎ ④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。‎ ‎§40 be afraid of sb or sth/ be afraid of doing sth/ ‎ be afraid to do sth/ be afraid +that clause Ⅰ. be afraid of sb or sth. “害怕某人或某事”如 ① The man is afraid of nothing.这个人什么都不怕。‎ ② Jenny is afraid of her father, for he is very strict with her. 詹妮害怕她父亲，因为他对她要求很严格。‎ Ⅱ. be afraid of doing sth. “害怕、担心某事（自己也无法左右的突发事情）发生”如：‎ I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool.我担心掉进游泳池里去。‎ Ⅲ. be afraid to do sth. “害怕、不敢做某事”如：‎ ① The bat was afraid to leave his home. 蝙蝠不敢离开家。‎ ② I am afraid to go out at night. 我害怕晚上出去。‎ Ⅳ. be afraid +that clause. “恐怕”表带歉意的回绝或告知不好的消息。that 常省去。如：‎ I am afraid (that) I can’t do that today. 恐怕今天我不能做那件事。‎ Ⅴ. 在日常用语中，I am afraid 常表示歉意或客气，没有恐惧之意。往往相当于I am sorry , 引出不愿发生、可能使对方失望的情况。如：‎ ① I am afraid I don’t agree with you. 恐怕我不会同意你的意见。‎ ② I am afraid (that) you are wrong. 恐怕你错了。‎ Ⅵ. 口语中，在 I am afraid 之后用so / not,可省去上文提到的内容。如：‎ ‎①---Has he gone to Guangzhou? 他去广州了吗？‎ ‎ ---I’m afraid so.‎ ‎②---Are we on time? 我们迟到了吗？‎ ‎ ---I’m afraid not. 可能没迟到。‎ ‎§41　 be angry/ get angry ‎ Ⅰ. be / get angry “生某人的气”后面的介词要用with; “因某事而生气”后面的介词要用about / at; be / get angry 后接不定式，这时不定式动词大多为 see 和hear 其不定式同样表生气的原因。 如：‎ ① Miss Liu was / got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today. 刘老师生李平的气是因为他今天迟到了。‎ ② She was / got angry with my behaviour. 她对我的行为感到生气。‎ ③ What are you angry about ? 你生什么气？‎ ④ My father was angry at what I said. 我爸对我说的很生气。‎ Ⅱ. get angry 强调变化，强调由不生气变为生气这一过程；be angry 强调状态，表明正在生气这一状态。‎ His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school.当他告诉他母亲，他在校的行为时，她生气了。‎ ‎[联想]：类似的有：‎ ‎ be / become interested in. “对……有兴趣”‎ ‎ be / get married. “结婚”‎ ‎ have / catch a cold “感冒”‎ ‎ be / fall ill “生病” be / fall asleep “入睡、睡着”‎ ‎§42　 be good at/ do well in Ⅰ. be good at / in 意思接近于 do well in. “在（某方面）出色；擅长……”。be good at / in 强调一种笼统情况，而do well in 可表示一种情况，也可指在具体的一次活动中表现出色。‎ be good at 的反义词组为：be poor (weak) at (in). do well in 的反义词组为：do badly in. 如：‎ ① Mary is good at / in maths. = Mary does well in maths. 玛丽数学很好（指情况）。= 玛丽数学学得很好。‎ ② Tom did well in (不宜用be good at.指具体一次)that English test / sports meeting.汤姆在那次英语考试中（运动会中）考得很好（表现出色）。‎ ③ Wu Dong does badly in his lessons. = Wu Dong is weak / poor / at / in his lessons.吴冬功课不好。（指情况）‎ ④ Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英在跳高比赛中成绩不好。（具体一次，不宜替换。）‎ ⑤ Mei Ying is weak / poor in / at high jump.梅英不善于跳高。（指笼统情况）‎ Ⅱ. do well 和do badly可单独使用，表一种情况；而be good / weak / poor 一定要借助于介词in 或at, 强调在某一个方面，才能表达一个完整的意思。如：‎ He does well / badly at school. 他在学校里功课很好/很差。‎ ‎§43　 be made of / be made from Ⅰ. be made of “由……制成/造”成品看得出原料。如：‎ The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。‎ Ⅱ. be made from “由……制造/成”成品看不出原料。如；‎ Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。（已看不出原料）‎ ‎§44 be pleased with/ at/ to ‎ Ⅰ. be pleased with “对……人/物，感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如：‎ ① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。‎ ② I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。‎ Ⅱ. be pleased at “对……某事/物，感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。‎ He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。‎ Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意……； 因……而高兴”。to 不是介词，而是小品词。后接动词原形。如：‎ ① I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。‎ ② We are quite pleased to be working in this country. 能在这个国家工作，我们是十分高兴的。‎ ‎§45　 be sure/ make sure Ⅰ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握，常译为：“确信”；make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如：‎ ① I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。‎ ② I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。‎ Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接of 或about 引出的短语。如：‎ ① I am sure of success = I am sure that I will succeed. 我深信会成功。‎ ② Will you make sure of his return? = Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真的回来了。好吗？‎ Ⅲ. make sure 后面的that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时；‎ ‎ be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如：‎ ① Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。‎ ② I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。‎ Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式，均表示“一定要做某事”，但make sure 通常只用于祈使句；而be sure 则不受限制。如：‎ ‎①to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。‎ ‎② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。‎ ‎§46　 be surprised/ in surprise Ⅰ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构，在句中作谓语，意为：“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对……感到吃惊”‎ Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为：“吃惊地”。如：‎ ① She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。‎ ② Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。‎ ③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去，吃惊地看着他。‎ ‎§47　 be used for/ be used as/ be used by Ⅰ. be used for “（被）用来做……”，强调用途或作用。‎ Ⅱ. be used as “（被）作为……而用”，强调被当作工具或手段来用。‎ Ⅲ. be used by “被……使用”，by后跟人物，强调使用者。如：‎ ① Keys are used for opening locks. 钥匙是用来开锁的。‎ ② ‎“Swim” can be used as a noun. “Swim”可作名词用。‎ ③ Recorders are often used by English teachers. 英语教师经常使用录音机。‎ ④ Wood can be used for making paper. 木材能用来造纸。‎ ‎§48　 both/ either / neither 三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的。可用作代词、形容词、连词。‎ Ⅰ. 作代词时：both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式，不可作同位语。如：‎ ① Both of us are teachers.‎ ② Either of you can do it.‎ ③ Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。‎ ④ They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。‎ Ⅱ. 作形容词时：both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如：‎ ① Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。‎ ② You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。‎ ③ Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。‎ Ⅲ. 作连词时： neither 与nor 连用，“既不……也不……”； either 和 or 连用：“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如：‎ ① Neither Jack nor I have seen the film. 杰克和我都没看过这影片。‎ ② Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。‎ ③ Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。‎ ‎§49 beat/ win Ⅰ. beat “打赢”“战胜”。用于比赛时，后接宾语是战胜对手，表示“赢了某人”。如：‎ ① Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100-metre race. 李磊在百米赛跑中赢了所有的对手。‎ ② We are sure to beat them.我们肯定会赢他们。‎ Ⅱ. win “赢得；获胜”， 用作及物动词，后接宾语是表示某种比赛的名词或战争，而不是参加比赛的对手。如：‎ ① We won the basketball game. 我们赢得了篮球赛。‎ ② Who won the race? 谁赢得了赛跑？‎ ‎§50　 because/ because of Ⅰ. because 是连词，后接句子， 是主句的直接原因，常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。如：‎ ① Because he is ill, he is not here today. 因为他病了，所以今天没来。‎ ② ‎--Why are you in a hurry? ‎ ‎--Because I want to catch the first bus.‎ Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词，后接名词或代词，相当于名词词组。如：‎ He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了，所以没来。‎ ‎§51　 become/ get/ go/ grow/ turn Ⅰ. 这几个词都可作连系动词表“变化的”，但用法有别：‎ ‎ become ‎ 比较正式，常用于书面语中，表示由一个状态向另一个状态的变化。通常用于过去完成的事，不表未来的事。如：‎ ① I became a teacher three years ago.我是三年前当老师的。（由学生或其他职业变成老师）‎ ② He has become a famous person. 他已成为名人了。‎ Ⅱ.get 多用于口语中，后常接形容词，表“变化”的过程，特别常接比较级形容词。如：‎ ① The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。（含动作意识）‎ ② Things are getting worse.情况变得更糟了。‎ Ⅲ.go 表示因某种原因而进入某种状态，说明“变”的结果。‎ ① After he heard the news, his face went white. 听到这个消息，他的脸变白了。‎ ② The sky went cloudy. 天娈阴了。‎ Ⅳ.grow 表“渐渐地变”，强调逐渐变化的过程。 如：‎ ① The smoke grew bigger and thicker. 烟变得越来越大，越来越浓了。‎ ② My younger brother is growing tall. 我弟弟渐渐长高了。‎ Ⅴ.turn 含有“变得和以前完全不同”之意，说明变的结果。‎ ① The trees turn green. 树变绿了。‎ ② His love turned into hate. 他由爱生恨。‎ ‎§52　 before long/ long before Ⅰ. before long. “不久”，“不久以后”‎ Ⅱ. long before “很早以前”，“好久以前”如：‎ ① I hope to see you again before long. 我希望不久以后再见到你。‎ ② We finished our work long before. 我们早就把工作做完了 ‎§53 begin/ start Ⅰ. begin “开始”，是很普通的用语，指开始某一行动或进程，与end 相对。如：‎ ① It’s time to begin work. 是开始工作的时候了。‎ ② She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen. 她十五岁开始在工厂里工作。‎ ③ The meeting will begin at eight o’clock. 会议将于八点钟开始。‎ Ⅱ. start “开始”，往往与begin通用，但它着重于开始或着手这一点，与stop 相对。如：‎ ① When did you start work? 你什么时候开始工作的？‎ ② He started to study English. 他开始学英语。‎ ③ The child started crying. 小孩哭起来了。‎ ‎[注]：表示“动身；启程；开动（机器）”等。如：‎ ‎①I think we ought to start at 8. 我认为我们应该8点出发。‎ 另外commence是三词中最正式的，其后接动词时只能接动词的-ing形式。如：‎ ‎②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago. 首相是25分钟前开始发言的。‎ ‎§54　forget to do / forget doing Ⅰ. forget 如：‎ ① I forgot to tell him about it.我忘了把事告诉他。‎ ② I forgot telling him about it. 我忘了，我曾把这事告诉过他。‎ ‎[注意]：类似的还有：‎ ① try如：‎ 1． Let’s try knocking at the back door..让我们敲敲后门试试看。‎ 2． We will try to go home tomorrow. 明天我们争取回家。‎ ② remember regret doing sth/to do sth 与此亦同。‎ ③ go on ‎ ① need ‎ want doing sth / to do sth. 与此相同。‎ ‎§55　 besides/ but/ except/ beside/ except for/‎ Ⅰ.besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而except 和but “除了……之 没有……”，正好相反。如：‎ ① I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外，我别无所爱。‎ ② What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV? 除了看报和看电视之外，你今天上午还做了些什么。‎ Ⅱ.beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。如：‎ ① They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上散步。‎ Ⅲ. but 作介词用时：“除……之外没有……”与except同意。但它着重在整体，且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式，接不定式时，如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式，则用动词原形（省略“to”）。如：‎ ① He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。（前有does，故用动词原形laugh.） ‎ ② Nobody was late but you. 除你之外，没有人迟到。‎ Ⅳ.except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如：‎ ① I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外，我喜欢所有的水果。‎ ② The dress is quite nice except for the color. 除了颜色外，这件衣服很漂亮。‎ Ⅴ.except for “除了……以外”其中for 表示理由或细节，对句子含义起修饰作用。有时可与except 互换。如：‎ ① Betty worked out all the problems except for / except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外，其它的问题贝蒂都解决了。‎ ② Except for Sunday, all of us go to school every day. 除了周日外，我们每天都上学。（此处不用except）. ‎ ‎§56　 give a message/ leave a message / take a message.‎ Ⅰ. Leave a message.“留下个信儿”打电话的人常用。后与介词for 搭配。构成 leave a message for sb.‎ Ⅱ. take a message “捎个信儿”接电话的人常用.后与介词for 搭配。构成：take a message for sb.‎ Ⅲ. give a message “给某人个信儿”后与to 搭配，构成：‎ give a message to sb. = give sb a message.如：‎ ① Can I take a message for him? 我能给他捎个信吗？‎ ② Can you leave a message for her? 你能给她留个口信吗？‎ ③ I will give a message to her. 我将给她个信儿。‎ ‎§57　 big/ large/ great/ huge ‎ Ⅰ. big 和large 所修饰的一般是具体的事物。‎ ‎ big 侧重于表示一个物体的块头、重量，含有庞大、笨重的意思，其反义词是little; ‎ large 侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量，有广阔和众多的含义，其反义词是small。 在现代口语中两者常可互换，big 较口语化，large比较正式。如：‎ ① This is a big / large room. 这是一个大房间。‎ ② This coat is too big for her. 这上衣对她来说太大了。‎ ③ China is a large country. 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。‎ Ⅱ. big 还可作“长大了的”解，而large没有这个意思。如：‎ ① She is big enough to ride a bike. 她长大了，足可以骑自行车了。‎ Ⅲ. great 常表示“伟大的”，可修饰抽象名词，也可修饰具体的人或物，带有一定的感情色彩。有时可能表达说话人的喜悦、赞扬等感情。如：‎ ① We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall. 我们打算去参观人民大会堂。‎ ① Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家。‎ ② ‎--How do you like my coat? --Great! 你觉得我这件外衣怎样？ 好极了。‎ Ⅳ. huge “巨大的；极大的”，修饰具体事物，指规格数额超常。如：‎ ① How did they carry such huge stones? 他们是如何搬运这些巨石的？‎ ② The Great Hall of the People is a building.‎ 人民大会堂是座建筑物。‎ ‎§58　 boat/ ship Ⅰ. boat “船、艇，”是普通用语。主要指用浆、篙、帆或引擎的小船、小艇，但有时也指大轮船。如：‎ ① We crossed the river by boat. 我们乘船过河。‎ ② They pulled the boat up on to the shore. 他们把这条船拖上了岸。（指小船）‎ ③ When does the boat leave for Shanghai?(指轮船)‎ Ⅱ. ship “船、舰，”多指大的航海船只。如：‎ ① The ship is at sea. 船厂在航海。‎ ② They went to Guangahou by ship. 他们乘船去广州。‎ ‎§59　 borrow/ lend /keep Ⅰ. borrow “借”指从别人那里借来东西（借入）。指“向某人或某处借某事”时，用搭配: Borrow sth from sb / sw.如：‎ ① Can I borrow your pen? 可以借用一下的笔吗？‎ ② Do you often borrow books from the library? 你经常从图书馆借书吗？‎ Ⅱ. lend “借”指把东西供给别人（借出）。指“把某物借给某人”时用：lend sth to sb. 如：‎ ① Can you lend me your pen? 把钢笔供给我好吗？‎ ② You mustn’t lend it to others.你一定不要把它供给别人。‎ Ⅲ. keep 表“借多长时间”， 时延续性动词。可用于完成时态。而borrow 和 lend 是短暂性动词。则不能用于完成时态，或与表段时间的状语连用。如：‎ ① He has kept the books for two weeks.他借这书两天了。‎ ② ‎---How long can I keep the book? ---Two weeks.‎ ‎§60 both/ each Ⅰ. both “两个都” 而each则强调“各个”如：‎ ① Both of us won a prize. 我们两人共同赢得了一个奖。‎ ② Each of us won a prize. 我们每个人都赢得了奖。‎ Ⅱ. both 用作句子主语时，谓语总是复数，如：‎ ① Both these books are mine. ‎ 而each常用单数。但在下列情况下用复数，即它在复数名词或代词之后。如：‎ ‎①They each have beautiful stamps. ‎ ‎§61　 bring/ take/ fetch/ get/ carry 都有“拿”的意思，但用法差别很大，切勿混同。‎ Ⅰ.bring“拿来、带来”强调从别处带某人或某物来到说话人所在地。如：‎ The teacher asked the students to bring their dictionaries to the class.‎ Ⅱ.take“拿走、带走”强调人或事物离开说话人所在地，与bring的关系相当于go与come的相对关系。如：‎ May I take this magazine home?‎ Ⅲ.fetch“去取来、去拿来” 指去取了东西又回来这一往返过程，相当于go and bring,但不同于bring，如：‎ Please fetch me some chalk.‎ get与fetch意思相似，多用于口语。如：‎ Go and get/fetch some water.‎ Ⅳ.carry“携带、搬运”强调某物从甲地移至乙地，带有物体随身移动但无固定方向。如：‎ ① He carried the box upstairs.‎ 另外空气、水、电携带物也用carry.如：‎ ‎① The boat was carried by ocean currents to a small island.这船被大洋的水流飘至一小岛。‎ ‎§62 but/ however Ⅰ. 都有“然而，但是”的意思。However 比较正式，可以放在句首、句中或句尾；其前面或后面要加逗号隔开，如在句中，其前后都要加逗号，不能与but 连用；而but只放在句首。如：‎ ① I’d like to go swimming with you, but I have to tidy the garden now. 我很想和你去游泳，但是我现在必须整理花园。‎ ② It’s raining hard, however, they’re still working in the field. 雨下得很大，然而他们仍然在地里干活。‎ ‎③ Later, however, she decided to buy it. 可是后来她决定去买下它。‎ ① He said it was so, he was mistaken, however.‎ ‎§63 by/ at/ the end of ; in/to/ on the end Ⅰ. by the end of “在……末以前”“到……末为止”后一般接时间名词。如年、月、周等。也可接表活动的名词，如strike.‎ Ⅱ. at the end of “在……的尽头”，“在……的末端”如：‎ ① At the end of the book there is an index. 书后附有索引。‎ ② We shall have an exam at the end of the month. 本月末我们将有次考试。‎ Ⅲ. in the end “最终；终于”，后不接of 短语。如：‎ I hope everything will turn out all right in the end. 我希望最终一切都顺利。‎ ‎§64　 can/ be able to Ⅰ. can “能”表过去或现在“能力所及”时，与be able to 通用。如：‎ ① He can / is able to speak German. 他会说德语。‎ ② He could / was able to run very fast when I was a boy. 我小时候就跑得很快。‎ Ⅱ. be able to 的过去时还可表一种“经过努力做到了”的意思。而can的过去时则没有这种意义。如：‎ He started late, but he was able to catch the eight o’clock train. 他出发晚了，但他还是赶上了八点钟的火车。‎ Ⅲ.can 通常只用于上述两种时态，而be able to 则可用于各种时态。如：‎ He has not been able to come since he got hurt. 自从受伤以后，他就一直未能前来。‎ Ⅳ. 在表猜测时，只能用can，而不能用be able to ，如：‎ That can’t be your bag. 那不可能是你的书包。‎ ‎§65 can/ may Ⅰ.can的意思是能、会；可能。在正式用语中can通常是指能力而言。它也可以表示可能性。在非正式用语和口语中can经常用以表示“允许”的意思，特别在疑问句和否定句中。如：‎ ① Can you swim across the Yangzi River? 你能横渡扬子江吗？‎ ② He can speak English. 他会说英语。‎ ③ I can’t come at that time. 我不能在那个时候来。‎ ④ Can the news be true? 这消息会是真的吗？‎ ⑤ ‎-----Can’t I go? 我可不可以走？‎ ‎-----You cannot! 你不可以走。‎ Ⅱ.may的意思是可以、可能，在正式用语中它通常是指可能性或允许而言。如：‎ ① That may or may not be ture. 那可能是真的，也可能不是真的。‎ ② He may be right. 他可能是对的。‎ ③ You may take this book, I don’t need it. 你可以拿走这本书，我不需要了。‎ ④ May I go now? 我现在可以走了吗？‎ ‎§66　 care (about) / take care of/ care for Ⅰ.take care of“照料=look after,即指喂饭照看等。如：‎ ① Nurses take care of patients in hospital. ‎ ‎[注]：它还可表所负的责任，如：‎ ① Mr Savage takes care of marketing and publicity. 萨维奇先生负责销售和宣传。‎ Ⅱ.care about表你是否认为某件事是重要的，某件事是否引起了你的兴趣或使你忧虑，常用于疑问句或否定句中，后接从句时，about一般都要省略。如：‎ I don’t care whether it rains, I’m happy. 我才不在乎下不下雨呢，我快活着呢。‎ Ⅲ.care for 有以下几种意思 ‎1）“照料”（特别是多用在正式的或较文的文体中）如：‎ ‎ She spent the best years of her life caring for her sick father. 她把一生中最好的岁月都用来照料她那有病的父亲了。‎ ‎2）“关怀”“关心”如：care for the younger generation 关怀年轻的一代 ‎3）“喜欢、愿意”（多用在疑问句或否定句中）[care for sb. to do sth.] 如：‎ ‎① Would you care for a cup of tea? 你喜欢喝一杯茶吗？‎ ‎② I don’t/shouldn’t care for him to read this letter. 我不愿让他看这封信 ‎§67 cause/ reason Ⅰ.cause表示“原因、缘故、理由”等意思时，着重指产生某种结果的原因。如：‎ ① The cause of the fire was carelessness. 起火的原因是不小心。‎ ② What was the cause of it? 发生这事是原因何在？‎ ③ There’s no cause for anxiety. 没有理由要焦虑（不必焦虑）。‎ Ⅱ.reason的意思是“理由、原因、缘故”，着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由。如：‎ ① I have no reason for it. 我没有理由这样做。‎ Give your reason for changing the plan. 把你改变计划的理由讲一下。‎ ‎§68　 close/ near/ nearby/ next to ‎ Ⅰ. close “接近的，靠近”；还有“亲密的，密切的”含义，用法与near 类似，可指距离上、时间上或次序上紧接。也可用于引申含义，表关系或感情上的“亲近的”，可用作形容词或副词。如：‎ ① Mother’s Day is close (=near) . 母亲节快到了。‎ ② They are sitting quite close(=near) to each other. 他们坐得很靠近。‎ ③ She and I are close friends.她和我是亲密的朋友。‎ ‎[注]：near 当作形容词时，与close含义和用法相同，表距离近，都用be near / close to +地点。 但close 只能作形容词，而near 还可作介词使用，此时near不可再与to搭配。如：‎ ‎①I live near (=close to) the factory. ‎ Ⅱ. nearby 主要指空间上的附近，一般指较大范围。可用作形容词、副词或介词。如：‎ ① They live in the nearby village. 他们住在附近的村庄。‎ ② There was a traffic accident nearby. 在附近发生了一起车祸。‎ Ⅲ. next to 意思是“与……相邻，紧靠着”与be close to 很接近，但next to 强调距离上“紧邻”。‎ ① Our school is next to a supermarket. 我们学校紧挨着一家超市。‎ ② Our school is close to a supermarket. 我们学校距离一家超市很近。‎ ‎§69　 complete/ finish Ⅰ.complete用作动词表示完成的意思时，是指把已开始但尚未完成的事情完成。如：‎ ① He has completed his task. 他已完成他的工作。‎ ② The railway is not completed yet. 铁路尚未完工。‎ Ⅱ.finish的意思是“完成、结束”，着重指圆满结束已着手的事情，尤指完成精心之作的最后一步。如：‎ ① Have you finished your work yet? 你的工作做完了没有？‎ ② I finished reading the book last night. 我昨晚看完了这本书。‎ ③ The picture is finished. 这幅画画好了。‎ ‎§70　 cost/ spend/ pay/ take Ⅰ.cost 指某东西“值……钱”； “需要花费……钱/ 精力”等，它的主语一般为表示东西的名词，不能为表示人的名词，作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语，无被动语态。如：‎ ① I’ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。‎ ① The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。‎ ② The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。（使花（某种代价）；使损失）‎ ③ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。‎ ④ 作名词时意为“花费；成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价钱太高，我买不起。‎ ‎[常用搭配]：‎ ① at all costs 不惜一切代价，—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs. 军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。‎ ② at the cost of 以……为代价。 ‎ ‎ →1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作，但失去了健康。 ‎ ‎→2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出，但她自己却牺牲了。‎ ③ cost of living 生活费用。‎ ‎—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨，我的生活水准越降低。‎ Ⅱ.spend 的主语经常是人 ， 用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事，‎ 常用的句型有： 如：‎ ① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。‎ ② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。‎ Ⅲ.pay “支付，花费”，主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱，其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为……付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事，可以根据具体情况取舍。如：‎ ① I paid (him)5 yuan. 我付（给他）5元钱。‎ ② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。‎ ③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。‎ ④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。‎ Ⅳ.take 也可表“花费时间和金钱”，（一般只指花费时间）‎ 其常用结构为：It +take(各种时态)+time/money+to do sth. 如 It took me three hours to finish the work. ‎ ‎§71 wish/ want/ hope/ expect Ⅰ. wish 语气不如desire 强，且可以表示一种不能实现的愿望，（从句动词有虚拟语气形式）；后接“不定式”或“代词/名词+不定式”结构。所表示的“希望”大体是可以实现的；此外，还可以接双宾语，表“祝愿”或表委婉的语气。如：‎ ① I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day. 但愿有一天我能坐宇宙飞船飞向月球。‎ ② I wish I were you.但愿我是你就好了。‎ ③ We wish to visit Yanan. 我希望能参观延安。‎ ④ We wish you to be happy. 我希望你幸福。‎ ⑤ I wish you a long life. 祝你长寿。‎ ⑥ I wish you success. 祝你成功。‎ ① We can begin to work at once now if you wish（不及物动词）要是你愿意，我们现在可以立刻开始工作。‎ Ⅱ. want “想”其搭配关系为：want to do sth. Or want sb to do sth. 比较口语化，没有wish那样正式。如：‎ ⑦ She wants me to do with her.‎ Ⅲ. hope 表对愿望的实现抱有一定的信心。后接“不定式；that 从句。”但不能接 双宾语。‎ ① I hope to be a doctor. 我希望当一名医生。‎ I hope she will be well again. 我希望她会痊愈。‎ Ⅳ. .expect “期待、盼望、预料”等，指对某一特定的事件的发生抱有颇大的信心。如：‎ We are expecting a letter from her. 我们当时正期待着她的来信。‎ ‎§72 desk/ table Ⅰ. Desk “课桌、书桌、写字台”指读书、写字或办公用的桌子。如：‎ There are fifty desks in the classroom. 教室里有50张课桌。‎ Ⅱ. table “桌子、台”，指供吃饭、游戏、工作或安放其他各种东西的桌子或台子。它的广义包括desk在内。如：‎ We all sat at the same table. 我们同桌吃饭。‎ ‎§73 develop/ developing/ developed Ⅰ.develop既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，意为“发展”，“开发”。如：‎ The child is developing well. 这孩子发育很好。‎ Ⅱ.developing为现在分词，起形容词的作用，表示主动意义，意思是“发展中的”。如：‎ ① China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。‎ Ⅲ.developed为过去分词，起形容词作用，表示被动含意，意思是“发达的”。如：‎ Japan ia a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。‎ ‎§74　 die/ dead/ death Ⅰ.die 是不及物动词，一般指因生病，负伤等原因而死。且是非延续性动词（瞬间动词），不能和表示一段时间的状语（for+段时间短语；或since……）连用。如：‎ ① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913. 他生于1847年，死于1913年。‎ ② His grandfather has been dead for two years. = His grandfather died two years ago. 他爷爷去世两年了。‎ ③ He died ten years ago.他是10年前死的。（不可说：He has died for ten years. 或应说：It is 10 years since he died）‎ Ⅱ.dead 是形容词，表状态，可在句中作表语和定语。但不可作谓语。如：‎ ① He is dead, but his name sill live for ever in our hearts.他虽然死了但他的名字将永远活在我们心中。‎ ② It doesn’t look like a dead fox.看来不像一只死狐狸。‎ Ⅲ.death是抽象名词，只能在句中作主语或宾语。如：‎ ① The murderer was sentenced to death. 杀人犯被宣判死刑。‎ ② I heard of his death when I got to his house. 我一到他家就得知他已经去世了。‎ ‎[注]：①die /dye 此两词本来意义是完全不同的（die “死” dye “染，染上”）,只时二者的现在分词形式常易混淆。die—→dying dye—→dyeing ‎② die for / die from / die of/die away/die down/ die off/ die out 1. die for 表“为某一目的、事业等而死”；“渴望、极想”。‎ ‎1).To die for the people is a glorious death.. 为人民而死，虽死犹荣。‎ ‎2).I’m dying for a cup of coffee. 我很想喝杯咖啡。‎ ‎2. die from. 表“死于（创伤、劳累、忧愁等）”。(除疾病或情感以外的原因)。如：‎ ‎ 1).He died from a wound. 他死于创伤。‎ ‎ 2).She died from overwork. 她过度操劳而死。‎ ‎3. die of 表“死于（疾病、情感、饥饿、年老等）”。‎ ‎ 1).The old man died of cancer.那老人患癌症死的。‎ ‎ 2).His father died of starvation in Germany. 他的父亲饿死在德国。‎ ‎ 3). The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s deth. 那位老太太在失去丈夫后不久就因悲伤而死。‎ ‎4. die away “消失；停息”如：‎ ‎ 1).The sound of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的响声在远处消失了。‎ ‎ 2).The wind has died away. 风已经停息。‎ ‎5. die down 指灯火等慢慢地“熄灭”；指骚动等渐渐地“平息下来”如：‎ ‎ 1).They waited till the storm died down. 他们一直等到风暴停息。‎ ‎ 2).The fire died down. 火慢慢地熄灭了。‎ ‎ 3).The fighting has died down. 战斗渐渐停止。‎ ‎6. die off 指一个个相继“死掉”如：‎ ‎ 1).They had to watch their young children died off through lack of food. 他们不得不眼睁睁地看着孩子们因为没有东西吃而一个个地死掉。‎ ‎7. die out. “死光；绝种”如：‎ ‎ 1).These animals have already died out. 这类动物已经绝种。‎ ‎§75 difficult/ hard Ⅰ. difficult “困难”多指智力上的困难。一般可与hard代换。但比它程度要大。如：‎ ① The question is difficult to answer. ‎ Ⅱ. hard “困难”多指体力上的困难。如：‎ ‎①Some of the apples are hard to reach.‎ ‎§76 discover/ invent/ find / find out Ⅰ. discover “发现”发现的事物是本来存在的或是有人知道的。如：‎ ① Columbus discovered America. 哥伦布发现了美洲。‎ ② He discovered a box hidden under the floor. 他发现了一只藏在地板下箱子。‎ Ⅱ. invent “发明”， 发明的东西是从前没有的。如：‎ ① Who invented the steam engine?谁发明了蒸汽机？‎ ② He has invented a new way of making silk. 他发明了一种造丝的新方法。‎ Ⅲ. find “找到”指寻找的结果。是非延续性动词。如：‎ I am looking for my bike, but I may not find it. 我正在找我的自行车，可是不一定能找到。‎ Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”指经过观察、调查把某事、某物查出来，搞清楚，弄明白。如：‎ When he was a child, he liked to find out how things worked. 他孩提时代时，就爱弄明白各种事物的来龙去脉。‎ ‎§77　 dress/ put on/ wear/ in/ try on Ⅰ. dress “穿”指穿的动作，也指其状态。如：‎ ① His mother dressed him in new clothes. 他的母亲给他穿上了新衣服。‎ ② Get up and dress quickly. 快起床穿衣。‎ ③ She dresses neatly. 他穿着整齐。‎ ‎[注]：作vt，直接对象是人，而不是穿的衣服；作vi时，不能表穿什么衣服。‎ Ⅱ. put on “穿；戴”强调其动作。如：‎ ① Put on your coat. 穿上大衣。‎ ② He put on his hat and went out. 他戴上帽子出去了。‎ Ⅲ. wear “穿；戴” 强调其状态。如：‎ ① He wears a coat. 他穿着大衣。‎ ② The teacher wears glasses.老师戴着眼镜。‎ Ⅳ. in “穿；戴” 是介词。它构成的短语作定语或表语表其状态。其后还可接表颜色的词。如：①She is in a coat . 她穿着大衣。The boy in blue is my brother. ②那个穿蓝色衣服的男孩是我的弟弟。‎ Ⅴ. try on “试穿/ 戴”如：Please go to the tailor’s to have a suit tried on. 请到裁缝店去试穿一套衣服。‎ ‎§78　 drop/ fall Ⅰ. drop 可用作不及物动词或及物动词，意为“下降，丢下，放下”。fall 只用作不及物动词，意为“落下，下降”。 如：‎ ① The boy fell off the tree. 这男孩从树上掉了下来。‎ ② The temperature is dropping. 温度在下降。‎ ③ Can you drop me? 你能让我中途下车吗？‎ ④ I dropped the box on my foot. 我失手让盒子砸了我的脚。‎ ⑤ I’ll drop off at the next stop. 我要在下一站下车。‎ ‎§79 maybe / perhaps / probably Ⅰ. maybe, perhaps. & probably,都是副词，有“或许、可能”之意。用法略有不同。‎ Ⅱ. maybe 和 perhabs 意思基本相同。如：‎ ① Maybe / perhaps the weather will get better. 可能天气会变得好一些。‎ ② Maybe / perhaps you put it in your basket. 或许你把它放在蓝子里了。‎ Ⅲ. Probably “很可能”比maybe. perhaps 的可能性都大。如：‎ They will probably refuse to speak at the meeting.他们很可能会拒绝在会上发言。‎ Ⅳ. maybe 可用于句首或句尾。perhaps 可用于句首或句中； probably 一般用于句中，不用于句首。如：‎ ① Maybe they will come.他们可能来（也可能不来）。‎ ② They will perhaps come. 他们可能来（也可能不来）。‎ ③ They will probably come. 他们很有可能来。‎ ④ ‎§80 each/ every “每个”‎ Ⅰ. each 和every 常可通用，后跟单数名词。但也有一些区别：1）着重强调个体，而every 着重强调整体。如：‎ ① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生各有一本字典。‎ ② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生都有一本字典。（every student = all the students）‎ Ⅱ. each 用于指两个或两 个以上的人或事物， 而every 则用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 如：‎ ① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一侧都有一些广告。（each side – both sides.这个句子中的each 不能用every 代替。）‎ ② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you. 每次见到你，你都看起来更漂亮。‎ Ⅲ. each 可用作代词，后跟“of+复数名词 / 代词”。动词仍然用单数，every 则不能这样用，因every是形容词。如：‎ ① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每个学生各有一本新书。‎ ② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They like light music each.) 他们人人都喜欢轻音乐。‎ ‎§81 earth/ ground /field/ land/ ‎ Ⅰ.earth “地；地球；泥土”。它着重批“大地”，以别于“天空”；也可以指区别于坚硬岩石的泥土。如：‎ ① The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。‎ ② Snakes creep on the earth.蛇在地上爬行。‎ Ⅱ.ground. “地；地面”主要指大地表面。不论是呢地，沙地或水泥地，均可用这个词表示；也可用来指运动场地。如：‎ ① The ground is covered with leaves in the woods.树林的地面上落满了树叶。‎ ② There is a football ground in our school.我们学校有个足球场。‎ Ⅲ.field. 表“田；地”常用于指种植农作物的“农田、土地”有时也可指研究、活动的“范围；流域”如：‎ ① They are working in the fields.他们正在田里劳动。‎ ② What’s your field of study? 你的研究领域是什么？‎ Ⅳ.land. “陆地”与河流和海洋相对；也可指“土地”，可耕种的田地就叫做land;它还可以表示“国土；国家”如：‎ ① We travelled by land until we reached the sea.我们从陆路去一直旅行到大海。‎ ② All the waste land in this area has veen opened up.这个地方的荒地全被开垦了。‎ ‎§82 else/ other“别的、其它的”‎ Ⅰ. else adj.& adv 作形容词时，主要用在 who, whose , what , 等疑问代词，或，nobody, nothing, somebody, something, anybody, anything, 等不定代词之后作宾语；作副词用时，用在where,when等词后作状语。如：‎ ① He said what else you would like? 他问你还想要什么？‎ ② Where else are you going to stay? 你们还要在别的什么地停留？‎ Ⅱ. else 可带’s。读作：[′elsiz] . 如：‎ I took someone else’s book by mistake. 我错拿了别人的书 Ⅲ. other 是形容词，有来修饰名词时，须放在名词之前。如：‎ Where are the other boys? 其它的男孩在哪里？‎ Ⅳ. 还可以修饰代词one, 或ones. 如：‎ This story is more interesting than the other one. 这个故事比那个故事更有趣。‎ ‎§84　 end/ finish/ stop Ⅰ. ▲ end 指动作过程终止。‎ ▲ finish指动作已完成，再没有动作做。‎ ▲ stop 侧重动作的停止，即由“动”到“不动”。如：‎ ① Everything ended. 一切都结束了。‎ ② Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗？‎ ③ He stoppedreading to have a rest. 他停止阅读，休息了一会儿。‎ ‎§85　 even if / even though/ though ‎ 三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用，意为“即使、纵然”，引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情，有时动词可用虚拟语气；though 意思是“虽然”，引出的从句叙述的是事实。如：‎ ① He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。（他是肯定知道的）‎ ② He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息，但他不愿意告诉我。（他对消息或知或我知，句子含有一定的推测意味）‎ ③ I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败，我也要尝试一下。‎ ④ Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了，他还继续工作。‎ ‎[注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。‎ ‎§86　 evening/ night Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”，指从晚餐至就寝这段时间，如：‎ ① I must start by tomorrow evening. 我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。‎ ② We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。‎ Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”，指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如：‎ ① They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。‎ ② We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉，白天工作。‎ We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。‎ ‎§87 every day/ everyday Ⅰ.every day连写和分开，不但在句中的作用不同，意义也不同。 every day是副词词组，意为“每天、天天”，在句中作状语。如：‎ We go to school every day. ‎ Ⅱ.everyday是形容词，意为“日常的、普通的”，在句中作定语。如：‎ I study everyday English every day.‎ ‎§88　 every one/ everyone Ⅰ.every one是“每个”的意思，通常指物，后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人，也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如：‎ ① He ate up every one of those apples. 他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。‎ ② Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。‎ Ⅱ.everyone是代词（=everybody）,意思是“每个人、人人”，但一般不指具体哪个人，后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词，应用their或his，其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如：‎ ① Is everyone here?‎ ② Everyone can do it.‎ ‎[注]every one后不与of连用时，即可指人又可指物，指人时与everyone 相同。如：‎ Everyone (every one) can do it.相同eryone . there. day first ‎ every one与of连用必须分开写。‎ everyone 与not连用，只表示部分否定，并不是每个人的意思。‎ ‎§89　 exciting/ excited Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思，在句中可作定语或表语。‎ ‎ exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”，主语常是物。如：‎ ① Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。‎ ② It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。‎ Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”，主语常是人。如：‎ ① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了，都十分激动。‎ ② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。‎ ‎[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有：‎ interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的 worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的 tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的 bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的 frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的 ‎§90 family/ home/ house ‎ 这三个词都可以作“家”讲。‎ Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子，侧重于具体的建筑物。如：‎ There are four rooms in the house. ‎ Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭，是集体名词，既可把它看成单数（指整体概念），以可视为复数名词（指家庭成员）。如：‎ ① His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。‎ ② My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。‎ Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方，具有抽象的含义。如：‎ Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。‎ 另外，home还可作副词。如：Let’s go home.‎ ‎§91　 few/ a few/ little/ a little few和a few 修饰可数名词，little 和a little 修饰不可数名词；few和little表否定意义，可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义，可受only修饰。如：‎ ① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.‎ ② This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.‎ ③ ‎-------There is little water left in my glass.‎ ‎-------Will you please give me some?‎ ④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.‎ ⑤ ‎§92　 final/ last Ⅰ.final表终止或结束之意，有时带有决定性或结论性等意味。如：‎ ① Today is the final day of this term. 今天是本学期的最后一天。‎ ② We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我们将知道选举的最后结果。‎ Ⅱ.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或时间的先后居于最后，并意味着后面不再有了。如：‎ ① My house stands in the last row.‎ ② He was the last one to enter.‎ ‎§93　 finally/ at last/ in the end 这三个都可以作“最后”讲，但用法不同。‎ Ⅰ.finally表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”，无感情色彩，只用于过去时，它居句首时较多。‎ Ⅱ.at last 表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩，须用一般过去时。‎ Ⅲ.in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时或与 finally相互替换，但用于对将来的预测，则只能用in the end。如：‎ ① Did the man in the shop understand him at last?‎ ② Finally he went to see the famous man himself.‎ ③ I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.‎ ‎§94　 famous as / famous for Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以（某种身份）……出名（著名）”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如：‎ ① She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。‎ ② The town is famous as a car-making place. 该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。‎ Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而闻名（驰名）”表示由于某种特征而出名，for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如：‎ ① China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。‎ ② This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 该市因其大赌场而驰名。‎ ‎§95　fix/ mend/ repair Ⅰ. 这三个词都可译为“修理”，但fix 一词在美语中应用更广泛。fix 和repair 一样，都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性状或机能，如“修理、安装”钟表、收音机、照相机、电视机、汽车和机床等大型物体。repair 还可以用于修筑堤坝、道路和建筑等。如：‎ a ‎ Ⅱ mend 一般用于“修补”破损的东西使其恢复原样，一般指较小之物。如衣服、鞋袜、伞和桌椅等。如：‎ mend ‎§96 have been to / have been in / have gone to Ⅰ. have been to … 表示：“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如：‎ ① Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了？（现在已回来）I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。（现不在北京）‎ ② I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿，是吗？‎ Ⅱ. have been in 表示：“去了某地，并曾在那儿（一段时间），或现在仍在那儿。‎ ① She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks. ‎ Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示：“去了”指人已经走了，（至少目前不在说话的地点，在去的途中或已经到目的地）。如：‎ ① Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家，她上学去了。（在路上或已经在学校了）。‎ ② She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿，她去南京了。‎ ‎§97　 hear/ hear of/ hear from Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力，强调听的结果。如：‎ ① I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.‎ Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of，意义无多大的区别。如：‎ ① We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息，我们都很高兴。‎ ② Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗？‎ Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信（电话等）”如：‎ ① Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。‎ ② We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后，我们一直没有收到他的来信。‎ ‎§98　 hear/ listen Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如：‎ ① Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗？‎ ② I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音，但并不用心去听她说的是什么。‎ Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作，当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词，接宾语时常与介词to连用。如：‎ ① Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听！你听见她在说些什么？‎ ② We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天，但什么也没听到。‎ ‎§99　 if/ whether Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如：‎ ① I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。‎ Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether:‎ 1. 正式文体中，句中有or not时。如：‎ I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。‎ ‎ 2．引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如：‎ ‎ Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。‎ ‎ 3. 作介词宾语时，如：‎ ‎ I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。‎ ‎ 4. 放在不定式前，与不定式组成词组。如：‎ ‎ Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 李雷还未决定去还是不去。‎ ‎ 5. 作discuss等词的宾语时，如：‎ ‎ They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。‎ ‎ 6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如： ‎ ‎ Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。‎ Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能，意为“如果”引导条件状语从句；而whether另有“不管，无论”之意，引导让步状语从句。如：‎ ① I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我，我将很高兴。‎ ② Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢，你必须做这件事。‎ ‎§100　 ill/ sick Ⅰ. ill “病”，常用作表语，一般不作名词的前置定语用；而sick可直接作前置定语用。如：‎ ① She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。‎ ② He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。‎ Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如：‎ ① He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。‎ Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时，一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说：seriously sick/ ill. 如：‎ ① He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风，不久就更厉害了。‎ ② His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。‎ ‎§101 in the future/in future 这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思，但含义上有区别。‎ Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来，在时间上包括现在。如：‎ ① You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。‎ ② He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。‎ Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间，在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如：‎ ① Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么？‎ ② In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来，旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。‎ ‎[注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时，不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。‎ ‎§102　 job/ work ‎ 两者均表示“工作”，后者(work)含义更广，为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词；前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种，为可数名词。如：‎ ① I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。‎ ① The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。名词ot my fault. gdao this summer. he north of the Huai ‎ ② ‎§103　 join / join in / take part in ‎ Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等， 指成为其中的成员。如：‎ ① My uncle joined the Party in 1989.‎ ② We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我们要去游泳，你和我们一起去好吗？‎ Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动，后接名词或动词的ing 形式，表“参加某人的活动”可以说：join sb. in (doing) sth. 如：‎ ① He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。‎ ② Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我们一起打篮球好吗？‎ Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动，重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如：‎ ① The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。‎ ② When will you take part in the meeting? 你将在什么时候参加会议？‎ ‎[注意]：join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如：‎ Let me join in. 让我参加吧。‎ ‎§104　 learn/ study Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲，有时可以互换使用。‎ ① He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。‎ Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能，侧重学习的成果，有“学会、学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习，含有努力去学的意味，它侧重学习的过程，有“研究、钻研”的意思。如：‎ ① He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习，终于学会了这种语言。‎ ② He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。‎ ③ But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。‎ ‎§105　 look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up Ⅰ. look “看”指看的意识，强调看的行为动作。是不及物动词。不能直接接宾语。如：‎ ① Look, they are playing on the playground.‎ Ⅱ. look for “寻找”指有目的地找。强调“寻找”这一动作。‎ ① What are you looking for? 你在找什么？‎ Ⅲ. find “找到、发现”指经过一番努力后“找到”丢失的人或东西。强调“找”的结果。如：‎ ① I can’t find my pen. 我找不到我的钢笔了。‎ ② The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him. 这个可怜的老奶奶在找她的小儿子，我希望她能找到他。‎ Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”用着及物动词短语，常表达找出答案，弄明真相，查明情况等意思。如：‎ ① Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。‎ Ⅴ. look up “向上看；查字典”如：‎ ① She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky. ‎ ② You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it.‎ ‎§106　 may be/ maybe ‎ Ⅰ. may be “也许是”“可能是”may 是情态动词，与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词，意为“也许”“可能”用作状语。如：‎ ① Maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。‎ ② But I’m afraid I may be a little late. 但我担心我可能晚了一点。‎ ③ Maybe he’s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或许他错了。‎ ④ Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。‎ ⑤ Maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week.‎ ‎ 他们下周可能要去野餐。‎ ‎§107 much too/ too much Ⅰ. much too 太、非常， 用作副词词组，修饰形容词或其它副词。如：‎ ① It’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。‎ ② The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。‎ Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法：‎ 1． 用作名词词组。如：‎ ③ You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。‎ 2． 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如：‎ ④ I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天，因为雪和冰太多了。‎ 3． 用作副词词组，修饰动词，如：‎ ⑤ Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。‎ ‎[注]：much too 与too much都可用作副词词组，但too much 不可以修饰形容词，much too 不可以修饰动词。动词。ow and ice.because there' working. presents. ‎ ‎§108　 must/ have to Ⅰ. must “必须”，往往着重于主观上认为有义务，有必要。‎ ① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。‎ ② Ｉmust go. 我必须走。‎ Ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要，含有“不得不”的意味。如：‎ ① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗 ② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚，我们只得呆在家里。‎ ‎§109　 neither/ either Ⅰ. neither “（两者）都不”，pron 如：‎ ① Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。‎ ‎［注］作连词用时，neither 与nor连用，表示“既不……也不”如：‎ ② The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太湿，也不太干。‎ Ⅱ. either “（两者中的）任何一个”pron. 如：‎ ① There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车，你可以任骑一部。‎ ‎［注］作连词用时，与or连用，表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如：‎ ② They were either too big or too small. 它们不是太大，就是太小。‎ ▲ 作副词用时，二者都有“也不”之意，但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如：‎ ① He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either.‎ ② He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中)‎ ‎§110　 neither/ none Ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对，其后的谓语动词用单三式。如：‎ ① Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母亲（任何一个）都不在家。‎ Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”，与all相对。如：‎ ① None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不（一个也不）在教室里，他们都到操场上去了。‎ ‎§111　 point to/ point at point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准；瞄准”之意。如：‎ ① She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother.‎ ② He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口对准敌人，大声喊：“举起手来”。‎ ‎§112　 real/ true Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在，并非想象和虚构的，它是与“无”相对而言的。如：‎ ① This is a story of real life. 这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。‎ ② This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。‎ Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的，强调真实性。如：‎ ① True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。‎ ② Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗？‎ ‎［注］：come true “（梦想）实现”不用real.‎ ‎ genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的，货真价实的，强调纯真度。如：‎ Is the bracelet[｀breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗？‎ ‎§113　 see sb doing sth/ do sth Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”，用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，表动作正在进行。‎ Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”，表动作发生了，即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有：hear, feel, watch,等感官动词，及have, let, make等使役动词。如：‎ ‎① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。‎ ‎② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。‎ ‎③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时，听见Jim在读英语。‎ ‎§114　 so/ such Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：‎ ① I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。‎ ② He writes so well. 他写得这么好。‎ Ⅱ. Such 是形容词， 用来修饰单数可数名词，其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如：‎ ① He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ‎ ② You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。‎ ‎[注意]：当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时，也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。‎ ① He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。‎ 如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时，用 so 而不用 such. 如：‎ ① Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他，他只是这么小的一个孩子。‎ ② We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走，但所剩的水已很少了。‎ ‎§115 sound/ voice/ noise Ⅰ. sound “声音”，为最常用词，指可以听到的任何声音，强的，弱的，令人愉快的或不愉快的，有意义的或无意义的。如：‎ ① I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时，突然听到隔壁房间有声音。‎ ② Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。‎ Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。‎ ① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。‎ ② The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。‎ Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如：‎ ① That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。‎ ② She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。‎ ‎§116　 stop/ station Ⅰ.stop 表“站”，一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。‎ Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站，范围较前者在。如：The bus stop is in front of the station. ‎ ‎§117　 surprise/ surprising/ surprised ‎ Ⅰ.surprise作名词，意为“惊奇，诧异”。如：‎ ① To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了！‎ ② He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说：“你不会滑冰”？‎ Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词，意为“使人惊奇，使感到意外”。如：①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。‎ Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用，意为“使惊奇的，出人意料的”，常指物。如：‎ The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。‎ Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用，指人“对。。。。。。感到惊奇”。如：‎ We’re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。‎ ‎[联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”，“主动”的含意；而过去分词常表“完成”，“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如：‎ ① I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。‎ The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。‎ ② We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。‎ She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。‎ ‎§118　 thanks for/ thanks to Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如：‎ ① Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。‎ ② Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。‎ Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”；“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如：‎ ① Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。‎ ② Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。‎ ③ Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。‎ ‎§119 till/ until till 和until 都可作介词或连词，其用法有两种：‎ Ⅰ. 在肯定句中，意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如：‎ ① I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。‎ Ⅱ. 在否定句中，意为“直到……才……”，表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如：‎ ① They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。‎ ‎§120 to do sth/ doing sth 动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式，都是非谓语动词。一般地， 不定式表示：具体的，某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示：抽象的，一般地，具有普遍性的，或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补等。如：‎ ① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳，但今天我不想去。‎ ‎[注]：下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义：‎ ‎1．‎ ‎2．‎ ‎3．‎ ‎4．‎ ‎5．‎ ‎6．‎ ‎7．‎ ‎§121　 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/ be used to do sth/ would Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”（现在不做了），只用于过去时态。如：‎ ① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。（现在已不这样了）‎ ② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物，但现在她周日去了。‎ Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”，be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如：‎ ① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。‎ Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”， be used 是被动语态结构，其中不定式表目的，可用于多种时态。如：‎ ① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。‎ ‎[注]：used to 的否定式有两种：一是：used not to 二是：didn’t use to 如：‎ ‎① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。‎ ② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country.‎ 其疑问式是将used 提前，或添加助动词 did.‎ Ⅳ.would 是情态动词，没有象used to那样，有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。‎