中考英语冲刺之阅读理解之细节题及主旨题 25页

阅读理解之细节题辅导讲义 主 题 阅读理解之细节题及主旨题 教学内容 Step 1: 阅读理解题命题特点 ‎ 改革前的广州中考英语试卷阅读理解有20个小题，共40分。改革后增加了“阅读填空”题型，分值增至45分。‎ 中考阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：史地、社会生活、科普知识、人物传记等。体裁有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文。‎ 1. 记叙文以描述人或事及相关情景的发生和发展经过。‎ 2. 说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。‎ 3. 议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与论证构成。‎ 4. 应用文以广告、信件等为主。‎ 从历年中考真题来看，对细节题的考察比重明显比较高，一般在18-24分之间。阅读主要考查点为事实询问、主旨大意、推理判断、根据上下文猜测词义。随分值提升，题目难度也有所提升。如有数字的加减、词义辨析等。考生需要在采集信息的基础上进行加工分析，才能得到正确的答案。 ‎ 重点 事实询问（细节题），主旨大意，词义猜测及指代题，推理判断及排序题，句子理解；‎ 难点 根据上下文猜测词义，长难句的理解，主旨大意题既推理判断；‎ 易错点 猜测词义，主旨大意题；‎ 高频考点 事实询问，推理判断，主旨大意。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 阅读理解之细节题 下面就各种阅读理解题的题型举例，谈谈解题方法。‎ ² ‎1．细节题的设问方式： ‎ ‎ 此类题型的问题以what, who, which, when, where, how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答。如：‎ ‎1）特殊疑问词提问类型How many ……？What/who/when/where/how/why ……?‎ ‎2）排序题类型Which of the orders is correct according to the passage ?‎ ‎3）例证题类型The author gives the example in ……paragraph in order to ……‎ ‎4） 表唯一细节概念题类型：……the most / ~est …………the only ……‎ ‎5）True or NOT true 是非判断类型 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? ‎ Which of the following statements is NOT true? ‎ Which of the following is NOT considered as ……?‎ ‎2. 细节题解题方法：‎ 分步解读：‎ Ø 我们读完文章后，第一步工作就是审清题目。‎ ‎ 第二步就是根据题目，定位文章了。‎ ‎ 第三步就是仔细揣度文意，根据选项进行判断了。‎ ‎ 注意： 在做题过程中要学生划出关键词 A. 事实节细题，‎ There was once a large, fat woman who had a small, thin husband. He had a job in a big company and was given his weekly pay every Friday evening. .As soon as he got home on Fridays, his wife used to make him give her all his money, and then she used to give him back only enough to buy his lunch in the office every day.‎ ‎( ) (1) How much money was the husband allowed to keep every day?‎ ‎ A. Just enough to buy chocolates.‎ ‎ B. Just enough to buy a sandwich.‎ ‎ C. Just enough to buy his lunch in a restaurant.‎ ‎ D. Just enough to buy his lunch in the office.‎ 筒析：这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据这段最后一句话，可以得知D为正确答案。解这类题的主要方法是：1）明确题意。2）寻找答案来源。3）找准关键词。4）反复阅读。‎ B.数据推算题 此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。如：‎ ‎ In the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the school gate every hour on the half hour during the day. The dining room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00pm. during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 p.m. at weekends. The library will keep its usual hours during the week, but have shorter ‎ hours on Saturdays and Sundays. The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 p.m.‎ ‎( ) (3) At which of the following times will the bus leave the school gate?‎ ‎ A. 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00 B. 8:30, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30‎ ‎ C. 8:30, 9:00, 9:30, 10:00 D. 8:00, 9:30, 11:00,12:30‎ 简析：做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出哪些是有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。注意文章中的第一句“…every hour on the half hour...”意思为校车每小时发一次，发车时间在每一小时的半点上。故B是正确答案。‎ C 数字计算题 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。‎ ‎ …It was a very hot afternoon, and we decided to cool off in the river near my home. As we climbed down a small rocky hill toward the water, my boyfriend John suddenly started to shout then jumped into the water below. Peter and Mary quickly followed but I was too far away to jump. I was trapped…‎ ‎（2010年广州市中考题，A篇）‎ ‎46. How many people went swimming that day?‎ ‎ A. Two. B. Three C. Four D. Five Key: C D. 排列顺序题 做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。‎ 典型例题 The hardworking blacksmith Jones used to work all day in his shop.The son of Mr. Smith, a rich neighbor, used to come to see the blacksmith every day and for hours and hours he would enjoy himself watching how the tradesman worked.‎ ‎“Young man, why don’t you try your hand to learn to make shoe tacks (钉), even if it is only to pass the time?” said the blacksmith. “Who knows, one day, it may be of use to you.”‎ The lazy boy began to see what he could do. But after a little practice he found that he was becoming very skilled and soon he was making some of the finest tacks.‎ Old Mr. Smith died and the son lost all his things because of the war. He had to leave home and began to live a simple life in a small village in another country. In this village there were a lot of shoemakers who were spending a lot of money buying tacks for their shoes, and sometimes even when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country soldiers’ shoes were in great need.‎ Our young Mr. Smith, who was finding it difficult to earn his daily bread, remembered that once upon a time he ‎ had learned the art of making tacks and had the sudden idea of making a bargain with the shoemakers. He told them that he would make the tacks if they would help to get him settled in the workshop. The shoemakers were very glad for the offer. And after a while, Mr. Smith found that he was soon making the finest tacks in the village.‎ ‎“How funny it seems,” he used to say, “even making tacks can make my life better. My skill is more useful to me than all my riches that I’ve had before.”‎ ‎50. What is the right order of the events?‎ a. Young Mr. Smith became a tack maker in the village.‎ b. Young Smith learned the art of making tacks from Jones.‎ c. Soldiers’ shoes were in great need during the war d. Young Smith had to move to another country.‎ A.b d a c B. d a b c C.b d c a D.d c a b ‎ 注： 做这一类排序题，可以分为b, d两种开头的排序，从文章中意思，可以排除B、D选项，在A、C选项中，a与c 看一看，根据文中信息，可以排除A项; key: C ‎ E 判断正误 ‎【例1】“三错一对”题 Shopping on the Internet or shopping online is becoming more and more popular. More and more people are using the Internet to buy things. Why do people use the Internet to shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They don’t have to leave their homes to order something and they can shop for anything they want at any time, day or night. Some people say they can find things for sale that they can’t find in the stores near their homes. Other people say they can find better prices on the Internet.‎ ‎ If you want to buy something on the Internet, you need a credit card（信用卡）. You can apply it from a bank.You have to give your credit card number and information to the website which sends them to the store over the Internet.‎ ‎ You have to be sure that the store will not use your information in a wrong way. And if you don’t want someone to get your credit card number and buy something else with it, of course, you should always be careful with your credit card number because people sometimes steal credit card numbers.‎ For people who are too nervous to shop online, the Internet is a good place for window-shopping. Window-shopping is when you go to a store and look at things for sale, but don’t plan to buy anything. Window-shopping is easy on the Internet. You can see all kinds of things and how much they cost. You can visit stores with branches near you, or you can visit stores that are only on the Internet.‎ ‎51. Which following is True about shopping online according to the passage?‎ ‎ A. It can save people a lot of trouble. B. Nervous people choose to shop online.‎ ‎ C. People don’t have to use their credit card. D. People can buy only a few things on the Internet.‎ ‎ 这类是“三错一对”，从文中第一段说，人们为什么在网上购物？一些人说“网上购物可以更方便，任何时候可以不离开家就可以购物”，所以选择A ‎ ‎【例2】 “三对一错”题 This is a talk by a London taxi driver.‎ ‎　　"I've been a taxi driver for nearly ten years. Most London taxi drivers have their own taxis."‎ ‎　　"It's a nice job most of time. You meet a lot of people. I always work at night, because there is too much traffic during the day. I live twenty miles outside London and I go to work at 5:30 in the afternoon."‎ ‎　　"I usually go home between 2 and 3 in the morning."‎ ‎　　"Some very strange things happened late at night. The other day I was taking a woman home from a party .She had her little dog with her. When we got to her house, she found that she had lost her key. So I waited in the car with the dog while she climbed in through the windows."‎ ‎　　"I waited and waited. After half an hour of ringing the bell I decided to find out what was going on .I tied the dog to a tree and started to climb in through the window. The next thing I knew was that the police came. They thought I was a thief.‎ ‎　　Luckily the woman came downstairs. She must have gone to sleep and forgotten about me and the dog!"‎ ‎49. Which of the following is wrong?‎ ‎　　A. The driver worked until 2 or 3 in the morning.‎ ‎　　B. The police made a mistake.‎ ‎　　C. The woman had no money to pay the driver.‎ D. The woman had forgotten about the driver and the dog.‎ 此类题是“三对一错”题，A 文章第五行，作者说凌晨2-3点回家，符合A ；B 文章第10行说警察来了，他们以为我是小偷，符合B ：C妇女说没有钱付给司机，根据题意是错的；所以选择C 。‎ ‎5 细节题中的小陷阱：‎ Ø 选项中部分是正确的，但是部分是不正确的。‎ Ø 选项是文章中的内容，但是题干中要求的。‎ Ø 符合常识，但不是原文想要表达的。。‎ Ø 与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动。‎ ‎ ‎ A ‎ ‎ According to Forbes magazine, Oprah Winfrey is one of the richest women in America. She has worked as a news reporter, movie actress, and author, but she is best known for her popular television talk show, Oprah.‎ ‎ Life has not always been easy for Oprah. When she was young, her parents did not live together and she often moved house. Her family was poor, and Oprah did not have her first pair of shoes until she was six years old. But Oprah was smart, she learned how to read before she started school. And even from her young age, Oprah loved to talk.‎ After graduating from high school, Oprah got a job as a newsreader at a television station in Baltimore. Oprah was very different from the other reporters. She laughed when she made a mistake, and cried if a story was sad. Her style was not right for news reporting, so she was fired(解雇).‎ Oprah’s boss at the TV station offered her a job as the co-host of a morning talk show called People Are Talking. She was very popular on that show, and in 1981 Oprah moved to Chicago where she had a larger studio audience who ‎ loved her program so much. Five years later, her show Oprah was broadcast(广播) for the first time. ‎ Every day, 14 million people watch Oprah in the USA and 130 other countries. She interviews not only famous people but also ordinary people, who she asks to talk about their personal problems. When a guest’s story moves her, she cries and opens her arms for a hug（拥抱）. People throughout the USA and around the world feel close to Oprah because of her emotional（情感的） communication style.‎ ‎56. Oprah got her first pair of shoes when she was years old.‎ ‎ A. five B. six C. seven D. eight ‎57. Why was Oprah Winfrey fired?‎ ‎ A. She was the same as the other reporters.‎ ‎ B. The TV station wanted to reduce its workers.‎ ‎ C. Her style was not suitable for news reporting.‎ ‎ D. She was too famous.‎ ‎58. When did the talk show Oprah begin?‎ ‎ A. 1986 ‎ B. After she graduated from high school ‎ C. Before she worked for a morning talk show ‎ D. 1981‎ ‎59. What makes Oprah so popular according to the passage?‎ ‎ A. It shares people’s joy and sadness.‎ ‎ B. It helps people solve problems.‎ ‎ C. It teaches people how to interview others.‎ ‎ D. It only tells famous people’s lives.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ B ‎ ‎ Who is the greatest teacher in Chinese history? You can’t think of anyone else when you hear people read Confucius’(孔子) 2，500 – year – old words: “All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.”‎ ‎ September 28th was Confucius’ birthday. He was born in the Kingdom of Lu（鲁国）, in today’s Shandong Province. Chinese look upon Confucius as the greatest thinker and also the greatest teacher. He had about 3，000 students. For more than 2，500 years, Confucius’ ideas have been around in people’s everyday lives. Now they have gone far into Western countries and south Asia. People can still hear them today.‎ ‎ Why are his ideas so popular? They help not only in everyday life but also in society.‎ ‎ Confucius’ most important ideas are kindness and good manners. Confucius said young people should take care of the old. People should give up thinking of themselves and work for others. As a great teacher, Confucius said that all should go to school if they wanted to learn.‎ ‎ Some of Confucius’ popular words are “ A kind person should care others” and “ Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others.” People use his ideas to help themselves and society. Now, more than 100 Internet web sites are teaching people about Confucius and his ideas.‎ ‎ “ Kindness and honesty are the best values of the world today,” said 79 – year – old Kong Fanjin who is studying Confucius.‎ ‎46. Confucius was born about .‎ ‎ A. 500 years ago B. 2500 years ago C. 3000 years ago D. 2800 years ago ‎47. Confucius was not only a greatest teacher but also a greatest .‎ ‎ A. artist B. thinker C. fighter D. leader ‎48. Which of the following isn’t Confucius’ ideas?‎ ‎ A. All thinking but no study makes people lazy ‎ B. Young people should take care of the old.‎ ‎ C. Be strict with others, but be kind to yourself. ‎ D. A kind person should care others.‎ ‎49. According to the text you can find more about Confucius and his ideas .‎ ‎ A. on the internet B. in the library C. from your teacher D. on TV. ‎ ‎ C ‎ Have you ever thought of being able to fly around the world in a few hours though it is about 40,000 kilometers? Now, maybe you can. Last Saturday, the American X-43A airplane made its first flight. It reached a speed of 8,000 kilometers an hour. This makes it the fastest plane in the world. X-43A is only three to four meters long, but it’s very heavy: it weighs 1,270 kilos.‎ How old can an insect be? 400 million years! Last Wednesday, scientists found the world’s oldest insect fossil(化石) in Britain. The fossil shows that the body of the insect was as big as a piece of rice and had wings(翅膀). In the past, people thought the earliest insect was 380 million years old.‎ There will be a new “star” in the sky soon. China plans to send a satellite(卫星) into space in September 2009. It will stay in space for one year. It will go around the moon and take pictures. It must be very expensive, right? That’s for sure －1.4 billion yuan!‎ Yuan Long ping, the father of hybrid rice (杂交水稻), won the World Food Prize on Monday. Yuan developed the world’s first popular and widely grown hybrid rice. Hybrid rice plants can make more rice than the ones people grew before.‎ ‎51. If the X-43A goes round the Earth, it will take about hours to finish the trip.‎ A.3 B.5 C.8 D.12‎ ‎52. The newly-found insect fossil showed that the earliest insect was years older than believed.‎ A.10 million B.400 million C.20 million D.380 million ‎ D ‎ Mail sent at 7:35 pm March 28‎ To: The Manager Clothes Horse Store I am writing to tell you about an annoying experience I have just had in your store.‎ Yesterday morning I bought a shirt from your store. The product was a red shirt, shirt, size 12 price $140.When I returned home and took it out of the bag the sleeve was almost completely off. I had traveled home in the train with the bag and treated it carefully.‎ I went back to store in the afternoon to return the shirt and exchange it for another. The shop assistant refused to exchange the shirt or return my money. She told me that I must have worn it already and caused the damage. I told her this was impossible because I had touched it that morning. She still refused to give me my money.‎ I have bought things from your store many times and my friends also buys things from your shop. I am extremely disappointed with your shop assistant. This should have been a simple ???.‎ I look forward to hearing from you and working out this problem as soon as possible.‎ Your sincerely.‎ Jenry Morris ‎62. When did the writer return to the store to talk about her problem?‎ A. Morning of March 27. B. Afternoon of March 27.‎ C. Morning of March 28. D. Afternoon of March 28.‎ ‎ ‎ Key: A 56 —59：BCAA B 46—50 BBCA C 51-52 B C D 62 -B ‎ 学 法 升 华 ‎1、专题特点：‎ ‎ 细节题是阅读理解中常考的一道题型，占据所有题目的50%及以上。答案基本能在原文找到，在做题过程中老师一定要注意培养学生提取关键信息并在文中寻找答案的能力，并养成划出答案的习惯。‎ 2、 解题方法 ‎ 细节题的解题步骤：‎ ‎ ‎ 审清题目 定位文章 比较选项 分析判断 ‎（知道问什么） （根据关键信息） （注意选项的差别） （遵从文章）‎ 注意在原文中划出关键词 ‎3、注意事项 ‎ 注意的原则：‎ ‎1. 比答案的原则是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不对的。‎ ‎2．注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every，most （最高级）、the only（唯一）、none（全否） 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。‎ ‎ 3．避免常见的陷阱 n 选项中部分是正确的，但是部分是不正确的。‎ n 选项是文章中的内容，但是题干中要求的。‎ n 符合常识，但不是原文想要表达的。。‎ n 与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动。‎ ‎ 4．“傻瓜”原则。‎ ‎ 文章中没有提到的就当不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 阅读理解之主旨题 ‎1. 主旨题命题特点 ‎ 主旨题是考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。主旨问题是阅读理解题较难回答的题型。纵观广州中考阅读理解，期末主旨题每年会占一至二个，学生在这一块丢分比较严重。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2. 主旨题型设置 ‎ A. 主旨题的设问方式：‎ 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题、主题思想、标题或目的。主要提问方式是：‎ ‎ (1) Which is the best title of the passage?‎ ‎ (2) Which of the following is this passage about?‎ ‎ (3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that .‎ ‎ (4) The passage tells us that____.‎ ‎ (5) This passage mainly talks about____.‎ ‎3.主旨题解题技巧方法：‎ ‎　　●概括的、抽象的、与中心思想核心名词沾边的是正确选项。‎ ‎　　●段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句;如:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等 ‎　　●作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨;‎ ‎　　●首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨;‎ 选项特点:‎ ‎　　●正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词;‎ ‎　　 ●干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统。 ‎ ‎ A ‎ A survey has been published which shows that British people don’t like their neighbors very much. 80% of the people who took part in the survey feel that their neighbors hardly pay attention to other’s feelings. 25% don’t talk to the people who live next door and 10% don’t even know their names. In fact, one million people in Britain would like to move because they don’t get along well with their neighbors.‎ According to the survey, the biggest problem is noise. Many of the complaints about noise came from people who live in flats and old houses. These places often have thin walls which can’t stop the noise from next door.‎ The other main problems are disagreements(不和) about car parking spaces, and old people complaining about the young. Some disagreements last a long time. In one case, people who live in the same building haven’t talked to each other for fifteen years. Sometimes the disagreements end in violence. In one of the worst cases, a man killed a neighbor because he kept parking in “his space”.‎ Another survey shows that 90% of the neighbors never share a meal, 80% have never had a drink together and 20% have never even spoken. However, when neighbors become each other’s friends, they are often ready to offer help, as we can see in many parts of the world.‎ One solution（解决办法） to such problems is to talk about them with a professional(专业的) organization and, if necessary, to sign a written agreement. Now people can get this service in more and more towns.‎ ‎54. What is the third paragraph about?‎ ‎ A. How to solve the problem.‎ ‎ B. Old people and the young.‎ ‎ C. How the survey was done.‎ ‎ D. The other main problem.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ B ‎ ‎ Your busy school life is going to end soon. What do you plan to do for your summer holiday? How about going camping? Camping trips can be a great way to relax and learn new things. If you have a good plan for your camping trip, you will have a good one. Of course different places offer different challenges, so start by making a list of things you ‎ might need for your trip.‎ First, consider what kind of trip you want. This will help you enjoy your trip. If you are planning activities, you must be honest with yourself and make sure that you can deal with the challenges you will face. If the challenges are too hard, the camping trip will make you feel tired and sad. You should also think about what to do if you meet some wild animals on your trip, such as bears, snakes or spiders.‎ ‎ You should also think about the weather. You must bring everything you need for the trip. For camping trips in some far places, you may need special vehicles. You must first think about how you are going to get there. You also need maps if you don’t want to get lost. You have to consider food and places where you will sleep. Water is also important because you need to drink lots of it every day. If you’d like more information about camping trips, you can find other articles at http. // www. Campingtrips.com.‎ ‎65. The passage was written to . ‎ ‎ A. give some advice on your camping trip ‎ B. remind travelers to stay safe ‎ ‎ C. advice people to go to far places for camping ‎ D. advertisement about camping trips on the Internet.‎ ‎ C William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 on April the 23rd. His father was an important man in the town, so Shakespeare had a good upbringing. Shakespeare probably went to school (although no records survive to prove this) but not university. He got married when he was 18 to Anne Hathaway and the couple had 3 children.‎ Shakespeare wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets (a sonnet is a kind of poem). He began working in his hometown of Stratford, but by 1592, he began writing in London. He became rich enough to buy a house in the capital and another in Stratford. He wrote sad stories called tragedies（悲剧）, like Romeo and Juliet, funny stories or comedies, romantic stories and stories about history, such as Julius Caesar. ‎ Shakespeare died on his birthday in 1616, almost 400 years ago. But why are his works still popular today?‎ His works looked at common human themes, such as betrayal, murder, lust, power, ambition and love. These themes are as much a part of human nature today as they were all those years ago and are the themes we see in modern soap operas and Hollywood films. Even though his theatre, The Globe, burned down in 1613 it was rebuilt in London in 1997 and you can still see his plays performed there today.‎ Shakespeare’s influence on the English language can still be felt today. We talk about“fair play”, meaning honest behavior but this phrase was first used by Shakespeare. And it was Shakespeare who came up with the expression of ‎ “disappear into thin air”, which we still use it today when we lose something. Besides, Shakespeare’s works have been translated into many languages in the world. And perhaps we’ll still be as fascinated by his works 400 years from now as we’ve been for almost the last 400.‎ ‎60. What is mainly about in the last paragraph?‎ ‎ A. Shakespeare’ works have been translated into many languages.‎ ‎ B. Shakespeare invented many interesting words and phrases in English.‎ ‎ C. Shakespeare wrote many articles on how to understand English phrases.‎ ‎ D. The influence of Shakespeare’s works on the English language to us.‎ ‎ 8‎ ‎　　All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(链条). Some food chains are simple, while others are not. But all food chains begin with the sun, and all food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.‎ ‎　　All life needs sunlight to live on. But only plants can use sunlight directly. Plants are "factories". They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air. Plants feed all other living things. Animals can only use the sun’s energy after it has been changed into food by plants. Some animals feed directly on plants,  others eat smaller animals. Meat-eating animals are only eating plants indirectly.‎ ‎　　What about human beings? We are members of many food chains. We eat rice, vegetables, and fruits and so on. We also eat meat and drink milk. But men often break up the food chains. They kill wild animals. They also make rivers, lakes and seas polluted, when these rivers, lakes and seas are polluted, the fish in them can not be eaten. If men eat the fish, they will get strange diseases.‎ ‎　　Each form of life is linked to all others. Breaking the links puts all life in danger.‎ ‎55. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. The sun’s energy.                  ‎ B. Plants.‎ C. Food Chains.                     ‎ D. Living Things.‎ D ‎ ‎　　One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is, you can take something positive out of it. The one time I wasn't sure of that was on September 11.‎ ‎　　I usually wake up at 6:30 or 7:00 in the morning. That day, I happened to wake up earlier. I turned on the TV and I saw that a plane had crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. My first reaction was that it was a terrible accident. Then I saw another plane fly into the South Tower and I realized that I was witnessing an act of terrorism（目击恐怖袭击）.‎ ‎　　My wife and I spent the day watching the terrible pictures over and over again. When I watched family members looking for their loved ones, the pain in their eyes was something I would never forget. I couldn't understand how something this terrible could have happened.‎ ‎　　It wasn't until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy(悲剧). People seem different now, more understanding, more tolerant（宽容的）. Little things that seemed to be such a trouble before are no longer big things. Personally, I am more tolerant than I was. I realize life is too short to let myself get worried over small things.‎ ‎　　People go to work and don't come back. One moment they're living and the next minute they're not. And, it doesn't matter who you are, there is nothing you can do about it. We never know when our time here will be over, so we all need to make the most of every minute we have.‎ ‎　　You try to learn from what happened. You can't be used up by it. You can't live by it. All you can do is just live.‎ ‎60. What's the best title of this passage?‎ ‎　　A. A Report about September 11       B. September 11 and My Family ‎　　C. September 11 and My Turn         D. The Tragedy of September 11‎ ‎ E ‎ Mark Twain left school when he was twelve. He had little school education．In spite of this，he became the most famous writer of his time．He made millions of dollars by writing．His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens．but he is better known all over the world as Mark Twain, his pen-name．‎ ‎ Mark Twain was born in l 83 5 and he was not a healthy baby．In fact，he was not expected to live through the first winter．But with his mother’s tender care，he managed to survive．As a boy， he caused much trouble for his parents．He used to play jokes on all of his friends and neighbors．He didn’t like to go to school，and he constantly(经常)rail away from home．He always went in the direction of the nearby Mississippi．He was nearly drowned nine times．‎ ‎ After his father’s death in 1847．Mark twain began to work for a printer，who only provided him with food and clothing．Then, he worked as a printer，a river-boat pilot and later joined the army．But shortly after that he became a miner．During this period，he started to write short stories. Afterwards he became a full-time writer．‎ ‎ In 1870．Mark Twain got married．In the years that followed he wrote many books including Tom Sawyer in l876，and Huckleberry Finn in 1884，which made him famous，and brought him a great money．‎ ‎ Unfortunately, Mark Twain got into debts in bad investments(投资)and he had to write a large number of stories to pay these debts．In 1904，his wife died，and then three of their children passed away．‎ ‎ At the age of 70，his hair was completely white．He bought many white suits and neckties．He wore nothing but white from head to foot until his death on April 21,1910．‎ ‎60．Which of the following would be the best title .‎ A．Mark Twain’s works C．Mark Twain’s fame B．Mark Twain’s life D．Mark Twain’s success ‎ Key: （A) 54 --D （B) 65- A （C) 60-D （D) 60-C E 60-B ‎ ‎ 学法提炼 ‎ 学法提炼 ‎1、专题特点：主旨题主要考查同学们在理解全文的基础上，运用概括，判断，推理等逻辑思维方法对文章进行高度概括或总结的能力。‎ ‎2、解题方法：首先通读全文，把握好文章大意；其次应抓住文章主题句。‎ ‎3．分类：主旨大意型，文章标题型，目的态度型 ‎4．注意事项 ‎ ‎1）通读全文，把握文章大意 ‎2）找出主题句或与主题句有关的关键词，把握文章的主旨 ‎3）站在作者的立场想问题，推断作者的写作态度及目的 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 例1.记叙文 ‎(A) （2014年广州市中考试题）‎ ‎ I had hidden the long black bag in the garage for the past two days. Tonight, in the dark, I would finally take it away. If everything went OK, it would be done by morning. But I had to be sure no one, not even my wife, saw me. ‎ ‎ It was more difficult to get away from the party than I expected. I said that the children were tired and needed to get to bed. It was partly true. But the main reason for leaving was that I wanted to complete my plan. ‎ ‎ First I had to get the kids to sleep. That was never easy at any time and tonight it was even more difficult. The eldest one wanted to know why we left the party early. I told him 10:30 pm was not early. As usual, I read them a bed time story, but I had to stop myself reading too quickly or they would learn my secret. ‎ ‎ Silence finally came, and feeling like a thief in the night, I went out of the house and into the garage. Taking one end, I dragged the bag out from its hiding place and took it into the garden. I was worried that my neighbours might see me and call the police. ‎ ‎ It was already eleven o'clock. By the light of the moon I started working, trying to make as little noise as possible. And that was not easy with a saw (锯子) and a hammer. ‎ ‎ After much effort, my work was finally completed. I looked down at my watch. It was exactly 4:00 am. Then I went inside to have a shower and get a few hours of sleep. It wouldn't be long now before the kids would rush into my room and wake me up to tell me about the new tree-house Father Christmas had brought them this year. ‎ ‎46. Why did the man feel nervous? ‎ A. He left the party too late. ‎ B. He was afraid of the darkness. ‎ C. He didn’t know where the black bag was. ‎ D. He worried that others would discover his secret. ‎ ‎47. The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refers to __________. ‎ A. thieves B. parents C. children D. neighbours ‎ ‎48. In what order did the man do the following? ‎ a. Read the kids a story. b. Had a shower. ‎ c. Worked in the moonlight. d. Dragged the bag from the garage. ‎ e. Went to a party. ‎ A. e-d-a-b-c B. e-a-d-c-b C. a-b-e-d-c D. a-e-d-c-b ‎ ‎49. What did the man want to do after finishing his plan? ‎ A. Go to sleep. B. Wake up his children. ‎ C. Open the bag. D. Call the police. ‎ ‎50. How would the children feel when they saw the man’s work? ‎ A. Confused. B. Excited. C. Tired. D. Angry. ‎ ‎46.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第一段最后一句：“但是我需要确定所有人包括我的妻子没有看见我”，“所以我是害怕别人看到发现他的秘密，同D项符合。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎47.【考点】猜测词义题（指代题）‎ ‎ 【解析】第三段提到，他需要先哄孩子睡觉，和往常一样他先给孩子读故事，但是他不能读太快，以免孩子们发现他的秘密。所以they指孩子们。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎48.【考点】推理判断题（排序题）‎ ‎ 【解析】第二段第一句提到“离开聚会”；第三段最后一句提到“给孩子读故事”；第四段第二句提到“把包从仓库里拿出”；第五段第二句提到“半夜开始干活”；第六段第四句提到“洗了一个澡”。所以顺序为e-a-d-c-b。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎49.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第六段第四句提到：做完之后我就去洗澡睡觉了。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎50.【考点】推理判断题 ‎ 【解析】最后一段最后一句提到父亲期待孩子冲来叫醒他，并告诉他很高兴收到礼物。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎(A) （2013年广州市中考试题）‎ Once when I was a teenager, my father and I were standing in line to buy tickets for the circus. Finally, there was only one family between the ticket office and us. This family made a big impression on me.‎ ‎ There were eight children, all probably under the age of 12. You could tell they didn’t have a lot of money. Their clothes were not expensive, but they were clean. The children talked excitedly about the clowns. It was clearly a very important day out for them. The father and mother seemed happy as they could be.‎ ‎ The tickets lady asked how many tickets the father wanted, he proudly answered, “Please let me buy eight children’s tickets and two adults’ tickets, so I can take my family to the circus.”‎ ‎ The ticket lady told him the price. ‎ ‎ The man’s wife lowered her head. There was no longer a smile on the man’s face. He quietly asked, “How much did you say?”‎ ‎ The ticket lady again told him the price.‎ ‎ The man obviously didn’t have enough money. But how could he tell his kids the bad news?‎ ‎ Seeing what was happening, my dad took a $20 note from his pocket and dropped in on the ground. (We were not rich ourselves at all!) He then tapped the man on the shoulder and said, “Excuse me, sir, you dropped this.”‎ ‎ The man understood my father was helping him. He picked up the money, looked straight into my dad’s eyes, and in tears replied. “Thank you. This really means a lot to me and my family.”‎ ‎ Although we did not go to the circus that night, we didn’t go without.‎ ‎46. Why does the writer say “Their clothes were not expensive, but they were clean”( Paragraph 2)?‎ A. To show the children were well looked after.‎ B. To show cheap clothes could be popular.‎ C. To show how hard the mother worked.‎ D. To show how rich the family were.‎ ‎47. Why was the poor man unhappy after he spoke with the ticket lady?‎ A. He had lost his money. B. His children were noisy.‎ C. The tickets were sold out. D. The tickets were too expensive.‎ ‎48. Who did the $20 note belong to?‎ A. The poor man . B. The writer’s father.‎ C. The poor man’s wife. D. The ticket lady.‎ ‎49. Why was the poor man in tears at the end of the story?‎ A. He found the money he lost. B. He wanted others to help him.‎ C. He made his children unhappy. D. He was thankful for the kindness.‎ ‎50. Which of the following statements is probably true according to the passage?‎ A. The poor mans saw the circus that night. ‎ B. The two families became close friends.‎ C. The writer’s father earned some money.‎ D. The writer saw the circus that night.‎ ‎46.【考点】细节题 ‎ 【解析】他们的衣服不贵，但是很干净，这里是想表达虽然他们家比较贫穷，但是孩子们穿戴整齐干净，得到了很好的照顾，故选A。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎47.【考点】细节题 ‎ 【解析】原文出处The man obviously didn't have enough money.由此可知，门票的价格超出了这个人的经济能力，所以他感到不开心。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎48.【考点】推理判断 ‎ 【解析】原文出处Seeing what was happening, my dad took a$20 note from his pocket and dropped it on the ground.由此得知，这20 美金是作者的爸爸自己拿出来帮助这户人家的。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎49.【考点】推理判断 ‎ 【解析】从全文来看，那个穷人买不起门票，本来他觉得很郁闷；这个时候，“我爸爸”无条件地拿出自己的钱帮助他，易推断出他肯定是非常感激“我爸爸”，故选D。‎ ‎【答案】D ‎50.【考点】细节题 ‎ 【解析】文章并没有提到两家人成为了好朋友，故B错；文中只是说“我爸爸”拿钱帮助这家人，并没有提他挣了钱，故C错；最后一段提到“we did not go to the circus that night”，故D 错。‎ ‎ 【答案】A 例2. 议论文/说明文:‎ ‎(C) （2014年广州市中考试题）‎ ‎ In today’s world of modern science and medicine, a more traditional treatment is once again becoming popular-animal friendship. ‎ ‎ It is now well-known that people with problems such as heart disease or cancer live longer and get better more quickly if they have pets. Keeping pets lowers blood pressure and makes people less worried. Animals are increasingly important in treating older people who have memory loss and other brain problems. These people often feel nervous and upset. Activities with animals help them improve their physical condition and also give them joy, entertainment and loving friendship. ‎ ‎ Here is a case that shows the benefits of animals. John was a six-year-old mute. He had no physical problems. He just refused to talk. His older cousin, Ned, had a parrot called Sally, and John used to visit it. When he arrived, Net used to say, “Hi, John!” We all know parrots copy what they hear. After a few visits, Sally began saying “Hi, John!” when John came into the room. Then, one day, John turned to the parrot and replied “Hi, Sally!” Staying with the parrot encouraged John to begin talking. ‎ ‎ Another use of animal helpers is in schools. In some cases, animals are used to help children with physical or personal problems. In other cases, they are used to teach children to get on and share with others, and even to teach them about animals. ‎ ‎ If you want to know more about animal helper programmes, you can get in touch with organizations like Riding for the Disabled or do a search under “animal therapy” on the Internet. You don’t have to be an animal trainer or a doctor to join in. ‎ ‎56. Which is NOT mentioned as an illness that animals can help with? ‎ A. Heart disease B. Cancer C. Fever D. Blood pressure ‎ ‎57. The underlined word “mute” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “_______”. ‎ A. a person who speaks slowly B. a person who does not speak ‎ C. a person who cannot hear D. a person who enjoys talking ‎ ‎58. The purpose of paragraph 3 is to _______. ‎ A. show how animals can help with illnesses ‎ B. discuss the problems of keeping pets ‎ C. describe how to train animal helpers ‎ D. introduce some new medical research ‎ ‎59. How can animals help school children according to the passage? ‎ A. They can improve children’s memory. ‎ B. They can make children more popular. ‎ C. They can increase children’s blood pressure. ‎ D. They can teach children to share with each other. ‎ ‎60. What is the best title of this passage? ‎ A. Be kind to animals B. Talking to animals ‎ C. The most dangerous diseases D. Get healthy with animal helpers ‎ ‎56.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第二段提到heart disease; cancer;;blood pressure,C选项的fever文章未提到。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎57.【考点】猜测词义题 ‎ 【解析】第三段第三句提到他只是拒绝说话，由此可知这个John是不能说话，同B选项符合。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎58.【考点】主旨大意题 ‎ 【解析】第三段讲通过鹦鹉和男孩的互动，最后男孩开口说话了。最后一句总结和鹦鹉在一起鼓励John开口会说话，同A选项展示了动物如何帮助病人意义方向一致。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎59.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第四段最后一句提到动物被用来教孩子如何和他人相处，同D选项相同。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎60.【考点】主旨大意题 ‎ 【解析】文章讲述动物是如何帮助有各种病症的人，第五段第一句也提到“animal helper”。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎ 例3. 人物传记 ‎ ‎(B) ( 2014年广州市中考试题 )‎ ‎ In early November of 1503, during Christopher Columbus’ fourth and final trip America, his ship was seriously damaged in a storm. Columbus and his men had to live on a small island for several months while they tried to repair their ship and return to Spain. ‎ ‎ At first, the local people on the island were very kind to the European visitors, giving them all the food and clothes they needed to survive. However, as the months passed, the local people became more and more unhappy with their guests, who were tricking and stealing from them. Finally the locals decided to stop helping. Without food or any way to leave the island, Columbus’ group was soon in serious trouble. ‎ ‎ Luckily for Columbus, he had a book about the stars and planets on his ship. It described the movements of all the objects in the night sky. The book, written by a well-known German scientist, said there would be a total lunar eclipse (月食) on the evening of February 29, 1504 and how long it would last. ‎ ‎ Columbus worked out the difference in time between Germany and North America. He then had a meeting with the local leaders just before the eclipse would take place. In this meeting, Columbus told them his god was angry because the local people were no longer giving food. So his god would take away the moon to punish them. At the moment Columbus finished talking, just as he had planned, the moon began disappearing. ‎ ‎ The local leaders grew frightened and quickly agreed to provide Columbus with food and anything else he wanted. But first, Columbus’ god had to return the moon. Columbus told them he would have to discuss the idea with his god on his ship. Knowing the moon would stay completely hidden for about 48 minutes, Columbus returned just before the moon began to reappear. From that day on, until they finally left, Columbus and his men no longer had any trouble getting the food they needed. ‎ ‎51. At first, the local people helped Columbus and his men by__________. ‎ A. giving them food B. building a house for them ‎ C. repairing their ship D. providing them with a book ‎ ‎52. The local people became angry because the Europeans__________. ‎ A. looked very different B. had nothing to trade ‎ C. were cheats and thieves D. wanted to take their land ‎ ‎53. Where did Columbus learn about the lunar eclipse? ‎ A. From a book. B. From the moon. C. From his group. D. From the locals. ‎ ‎54. What did Columbus do after returning to his ship on the night of the meeting? ‎ A. He discussed the problem with his god. B. He waited for the eclipse to finish. ‎ C. He read about the stars and planets. D. He told his men what happened. ‎ ‎55. What can we learn about the Europeans from the passage? ‎ A. They all believed in god. B. They never returned to Spain. ‎ C. They admired the local people. D. They caused their own problems. ‎ ‎51.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第二段第一句提到当地人给他们食物和衣物。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎52.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第二段第二句提到who were tricking and stealing from them同C选项cheats and thieves欺骗和偷窃意思相同。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎53.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第三段提到从船上得到一本书，书里写了和月食有关的信息。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎54.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】第五段的倒数第二句提到哥伦布在月食结束前回到船上，所以当天晚上他回到船之后是等月食的结束。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎55.【考点】推理判断题 ‎ 【解析】A选项说欧洲人都信仰上帝，本文中并没有提到。B选项，文章中最后一句提到知道他们最后离开，所以错误；C选项文章中并未说明他们对当地人的崇拜。D选项他们的问题是由他们自己引起的文章中提到因为他们的欺骗和偷窃行为让当地人和他们反目。‎ ‎ 【答案】D 例4. 应用文 ‎(D) （2014年广州市中考试题）‎ ‎ Mobile phones are more important than ever in the daily lives of students, but how they use them has changed greatly in the past six years. While phones are still widely use for communication, a recent study has found that most students think talking on mobile phones is now old-fashioned. ‎ ‎ London University researchers surveyed 1055 young people aged 13 to 18 about their mobile phone habits. The researchers divided mobile phone use into “communication”and “entertainment”. Communication included talking on the phone and writing messages using texting（短信）or chatting software. Entertainment was made up of playing games, watching movies, listening to music and surfing the Internet. The findings were then compared to a 2008 study, to see what changed. The results are shown below: ‎ ‎ Perhaps most surprising is how little time students spend talking on their phones these days. Six years ago the average student spent 36% of their mobile phone time making or receiving calls. In 2014, only 10% of time was used for talking. When students use their phones to communicate, more and more often it is done by using chat software like qq or wechat. ‎ ‎ “Communication is still an important function of mobile phones. But now mobile phones are being used more for entertainment than for communication,” said Dr Harry Lectre, the research leader. ‎ ‎61. What was the most popular mobile phone activity in 2014? ‎ A. Talking B. Texting C. Playing games D. Watching movies ‎ ‎62. In total, what percentage of time did students use their mobile phones for communication in 2008? ‎ A. 16% B. 28% C. 35% D. 71% ‎ ‎63. Which of the following is true about watching movies on mobile phones? ‎ A. It has increased most over the past six years. ‎ B.14% of students now watch movies on their mobile phones. ‎ C. It was the most popular type of mobile phone entertainment in 2008. ‎ D. Students now spend more time watching movies than talking on their phones. ‎ ‎64. Which mobile phone activities were more popular than surfing the Internet in 2014? ‎ A. Chatting and watching movies. ‎ B. Chatting and listening to music. ‎ C. Playing games and watching movies. ‎ D. Playing games and texting. ‎ ‎65. The passage can best be described as a/an_______. ‎ A. report B. story C. advertisement D. argument ‎ ‎61.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】表格中，2014百分比最高项目为playing games,占27%。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎62.【考点】数据推算题 ‎ 【解析】把表格第一部分2008年的百分比相加。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎63.【考点】推理判断题 ‎ 【解析】A选项，用于看电影的百分比增长了8%，低于上网和打游戏的11%，错误。B选项2014年用手机看电影的百分比为11%不是14%，错误。C选项，2008年最流行的娱乐方式是玩游戏，错误。D选项，用于看电影的百分比为11%大于打电话的10%。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎64.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】比上网百分比13%多的有聊天，玩游戏和听音乐；B选项聊天和听音乐符合。‎ ‎ 【答案】B ‎65.【考点】主旨大意题 ‎ 【解析】本篇文章是对于一个手机用户不同使用方向的分析和对比。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎(D) （2013年广州市中考试题）‎ PRIVATE ENGLISH LESSONS An experienced teacher is offering private lessons in English.‎ Please email me at the address below and tell me:‎ ‎◆Your age ‎◆Reasons for learning English ‎◆Your level of English ‎◆Areas that you need to focus on – grammar, listening, speaking, reading, writing, etc.‎ Mrs. M.Daniels( daniels_m@mail.com)‎ From: Li_Hua@gmail.com To: daniels_m@mail.com CC…:‎ Subject: English Lessons Dear Mrs. Daniels,‎ ‎ I recently saw your advertisement on the university website offering private English lessons. I’m very interested in your private lessons and would like some more information.‎ I am a student at Aston College here in HongKong studying English, so my language level is already quite good.‎ ‎ However, I feel that I need to improve my listening and speaking skills. This is because I’m planning to study at London University in England next year and I think your lessons will help me to live and study abroad.‎ ‎ Could you send me some more information about the lessons offered, such as where and when they will be held and how much they cost? Also, I would like to know whether you teach students in groups or one-on-one.‎ ‎ I would be glad to supply any further information you might need.‎ ‎ Regards,‎ ‎ Li Hua ‎61. Where did Li Hua see Mrs. Daniel’s advertisement?‎ A. At London University B. In a newspaper C. On the Internet D. On TV ‎62. Why did Li Hua write the email?‎ A. To make friends with Mrs. Daniels B. To apply to study at London University C. To get more information about Mrs. Daniel’s lessons D. To find out more information about Aston College ‎63. Which of the following information did Li Hua NOT mention in his email?‎ A. His age B. His reasons for learning English C. His language level D. The language skills he wants to focus on ‎64. Li Hua wants to take the lessons to improve his______.‎ A. listening and writing B. writing and speaking C. listening and grammar D. listening and speaking ‎65. What can we learn about Li Hua from his email?‎ A. He is now living in England B. He is a student in Hong Kong C. His level of English is very low.‎ D. He is studying at London University.‎ ‎61.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】从邮件第一句话可以看出，李华是在大学的网站上看到此信息的，所以选C。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎62.【考点】推理判断题 ‎ 【解析】从邮件第二句话可以看出，李华写邮件的目的是为了获取更多有关此课程的信息，所以选C。‎ ‎ 【答案】C ‎63.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】从邮件可以看出，李华并未提及自己的年龄，所以选A。‎ ‎ 【答案】A ‎64.【考点】事实细节题 ‎ 【解析】从邮件第三段第一句话得知，李华选择此课程的目的是为了提升自己的听和说的能力， 所以选D。‎ ‎ 【答案】D ‎65.【考点】主旨大意题 ‎ 【解析】从邮件第二段第一句话可以知道，李华是一名在香港读书的学生，所以选B。‎ ‎ 【答案】B