中考英语句子成分与五大基本句型 24页

英语句子成分与五大基本句型 ‎ 适用学科 英语 适用年级 初三 适用区域 全国 课时时长（分钟）‎ ‎1课时/60分钟 知识点 英语句子成分与五大基本句型 教学目标 知识：英语句子成分与五大基本句型 方法：简明扼要的讲解，并配套经典习题的练习 能力：提升对英语句子成分与五大基本句型的熟练程度 教学重点 英语句子成分与五大基本句型 教学难点 掌握规律，正确做题 教学过程 一、 课堂导入 英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。‎ 二、复习预习 复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。然后给学生 一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下，让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释，促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。‎ 三、 知识讲解 知识点1：英语句子成分与五大基本句型 ‎1【考查点】英语句子成分 句子成分包括：主语，谓语，宾语, 表语，定语，状语, 补足语，同位语，插入语等。‎ 一．主语 名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、wh-+动词不定式、从句都可以作主语。‎ ‎•1. Our English teacher is very kind.‎ ‎•2. He is a good boy.‎ ‎•3. Teaching them English is her job.‎ 二、宾语 ‎•名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、wh+动词不定式、从句都可以作宾语。‎ ‎•宾语包括及物动词宾语和介词宾语。‎ ‎•1) I don’t know the man over there.‎ ‎•2) Our teacher will help us to solve these problems.‎ ‎•3) Do you enjoy watching the movie? ‎ ‎•4) He wants to be an engineer. ‎ 直接宾语(sth)和间接宾语(sb)‎ ‎•1. He passed me a bottle of salt. = He passed a bottle of salt to me.‎ ‎•2. He promised his teacher to help us.‎ ‎•(对比) He asked his teacher to help him.‎ 三．表语 ‎•名词、形容词、表示方向或地点的副词、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、wh+动词不定式、介词短语、从句都可以作表语。‎ ‎•1) He isn’t a teacher.‎ ‎•2) John is tall.‎ ‎•3) Are they in?‎ ‎•4) His full-time job is selling newspapers.‎ ‎•(对比) He is selling newspapers now.‎ ‎•5) The cup is broken.‎ ‎•(对比) The cup was broken by the cat last night.‎ ‎•6) He was to leave when the phone rang.‎ ‎•7) The question is when and where to go for picnic.‎ ‎•8) The children are in the reading-room now.‎ ‎•9) The question is when and where we will go for a picnic.‎ 四．定语 ‎•定语可分为：前置定语和后置定语。‎ 名词、形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、(单个)动词ing形式、(单个)过去分词常作前置定语。 ‎ ‎•1) The farmers are planting apple trees.‎ ‎•2）The tall boy is Tom’s elder brother.‎ ‎•3) The dancing hall is being repaired now.‎ ‎•4) The broken cup isn’t mine.‎ ‎•5) The sleeping girl is my younger sister.‎ ‎•else 常作后置定语。‎ ‎•1) Mum, is there anything else for me to do?‎ ‎•2) What else did you say at the last meeting?‎ ‎•3) Who else went there with you last night?‎ ‎•4) Where else have you been besides Shanghai?‎ ‎•形容词修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything 等词常作后置定语。‎ ‎•1) A: Anything else to buy besides meat? ‎ ‎• B: Nothing else. Thank you, Jack.‎ ‎•2) A: Is there anything interesting in today’s newspaper? ‎ ‎• B: Yes. Look! And here is something important.‎ ‎•形容词短语、介词短语、动词不定式、动词ing短语、动词过去分词短语、定语从语等都常作后置定语。‎ ‎•1) The boy full of bravery rushed into the burning house and carried an old lady out.‎ ‎•2) Do you know the man with a blue hat on his head?‎ ‎•3) Today there is a little homework to do.‎ ‎（比较）Jack is always the first student to arrive.‎ ‎•4) The building being built next to the park is a museum.‎ ‎•5) I can’t recognize the bike stolen two weeks ago.‎ ‎•6) The man whose son is a soldier lives here.‎ 注意 enough 和 nearby ‎•1) I haven’t got enough money. I can’t afford it.‎ ‎•2) We have money enough to afford the tickets.‎ ‎•3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help.‎ ‎•= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help.‎ 五．状语 ‎ ‎1. 原因状语 ‎•1) Tom didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill / because of his illness.‎ ‎•2) Having finished my homework, I went out to play football.‎ ‎•3) Since all of us are here, let’s begin our meeting. ‎ ‎•4) As it was late, I made haste to go.‎ ‎2. 时间状语 ‎•1) They will be there at 8:00 a.m. Tomorrow ‎•2) The train had left before we got to the railway station.‎ ‎•3) It was then that I recognize him at the airport.‎ ‎•4) Only when she entered her house, did she find everything stolen.‎ ‎3. 地点状语 ‎•1) They wanted to go there for help ‎•2) My father works in this factory.‎ ‎•3) We, young people, should go where there are a lot of difficulties.‎ ‎4. 方式状语 ‎•1) I will go to visit the museum by bike this Sunday.‎ ‎•2) A: How did you get to the mountain? B: On Foot.‎ ‎•3) He looked at me strangely.‎ ‎•4) The children came into the classroom, singing and laughing.‎ ‎5. 条件状语 ‎•真实条件 ‎•1) If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go out for a picnic.‎ ‎•2) I won’t come unless I am invited.‎ ‎•= I won’t come if not invited.‎ ‎•3) You will go out so long as you promise to come back before 10 o’clock tonight.‎ ‎•(注意) I don’t know if he is in the lab now.‎ 虚拟条件 ‎•1) If I were you, I wouldn’t say that.‎ ‎•2) He would see my uncle if he stayed here now.‎ ‎•3) You would have met the famous professor if you had attended the meeting ‎•= Had you attended the meeting, you would have met the famous professor.‎ ‎6. 结果状语 ‎•1) He is so kind that all the children here like him very much.‎ ‎•2) John got up so early that he caught the first bus this morning.‎ ‎7. 目的状语 ‎•1) He started at 6:00 a.m. in order that he could arrive there in time.‎ ‎= He started at 6:00 a.m. in order to arrive there in time.‎ ‎= He started at 6:00 a.m. so that he could arrive there in time.‎ ‎= He started at 6:00 a.m. so as to arrive there in time.‎ ‎= In order to arrive there in time, he started at 6:00 a.m.‎ ‎8. 让步状语 ‎•1) Although he is young, he knows a lot.‎ ‎= Young as he is, he knows a lot.‎ ‎9. 比较状语 I. 同级比较 ‎•1) He is as tall as I.‎ ‎•2) This river is twice as long as that one.‎ II. 比较级 ‎ ‎•1) Bob is taller than Tom.‎ ‎•2) He ran much faster than his classmate, Jack.‎ ‎10. 程度状语 ‎•1) He works very hard.‎ ‎•2) It is quite hot today.‎ ‎•3) This dictionary is very helpful.‎ 六．补足语 ‎•补足语可分为主语补足语和宾语补足语 ‎•名词、形容词、表示方向地点的副词、动词的现在分词、动词的过去分词、动词不定式、介词短语等都可以作补足语 ‎•1) We all made Jack monitor at the last class meeting.‎ ‎• Jack was made monitor at the last class meeting.‎ ‎•七．同位语和插入语：‎ ‎ Our English teacher, Mr. Wang, is very strict with us.‎ ‎ What do you think cause the global warming?‎ ‎2【考查点】五 大 基 本 句 型 ‎1.主语 ＋谓语(这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词)这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如： ‎ ‎①The students work very hard. ‎ ‎②The accident happened yesterday evening.‎ ‎2. 主语 ＋系动词 ＋ 表语 ‎ 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类： ‎ ‎(1)表示状态的连系动词：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等。‎ ‎①Several players lay flat on the playground. ‎ ‎②This kind of food tastes terrible. ‎ ‎(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如： ‎ ‎①Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. ‎ ‎②Don't have the food. It has gone bad. ‎ ‎③The facts prove true.‎ ‎3. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。如： ‎ ‎①You can put the books in your bag. ‎ ‎②Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. ‎ ‎③She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage. ‎ ‎4.主语＋谓语＋ 间接宾语＋直接宾语 这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如： ‎ ① Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.‎ ② The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.‎ 这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1) 动词 ＋ 宾语＋to sb..； 2) 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ for sb如： ‎ ‎①Please show me your picture. ‎ ‎②Please show your picture to me. ‎ I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don’t lose heart. ‎ ‎—I'll offer a good chance for you as long as you don't lose heart. ‎ ‎5.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 这种句型中的宾语＋ 补语可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： ‎ ‎① He painted the wall white. ‎ ‎② His mother told him not to play on the street. ‎ 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如： ‎ The boss made him do the work all day. ‎ He was made to work all day by the boss.‎ ‎ 四、例题精析 ‎ 划分下列句子成分 ‎【例题1】‎ ‎ To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday.‎ ‎【答案】To catch the train ,（目的状语)I（主语) got up （谓语)early yesterday （时间状语)‎ ‎【解析】主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物；谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样；表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样；宾语:表示动作、行为的对象；定语：用来修饰名词或代词；状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。‎ ‎【例题2】‎ ‎ They are working on the farm now.‎ ‎【答案】They(主语） are working（系表结构做谓语） on the farm（地点状语） now（时间状语）. ‎ ‎【解析】They人称代词作主语， are working是be动词加主要动词构成谓语， on the farm是介词短语 表地点作地点状语，now是副词作时间状语。其中，主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物；谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样；表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。‎ ‎【例题3】‎ ‎ All of us like Tom very much.‎ ‎【答案】 All of us（主语） like （谓语）Kobe Bryant （宾语）very much （程度副词状语）‎ ‎【解析】All of us 代词作主语 ， like 动词作谓语， Kobe Bryant 名词作宾语， very much 是程度 ‎ 副词做状语。其中，主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物；谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或 ‎ 怎么样；宾语:表示动作、行为的对象；状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。‎ ‎【例题4】‎ He asked her to take the boy out of school.‎ ‎【答案】He（主语） asked（谓语） her（宾语） to take the boy out of school（宾语补足语）‎ ‎【解析】主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物；谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样；表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样；宾语:表示动作、行为的对象；定语：用来修饰名词或代词；状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。宾语补足语：是用来补充宾语。‎ ‎ 课程小结 认识句子的成分和结构是学习英语的一个很重要的基础，当然该知识点属于总结归纳性的知识点，需要学生有了一个比较好的学习基础再讲这一章节最好。‎