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名词
中考命题趋势
考纲解读(名词在近5年考试中的考查点)
1. 能够正确使用可数名词和不可数名词。
2. 掌握可数名词复数形式的规则变化和不规则变化。
3. 掌握名词所有格的构成和用法。
4. 掌握名词作主语时和谓语在单复数上保持一致。
命题预测
1. 名词多在单项选择、完形填空、短文填空和完成对话中进行考查。
2. 据统计,名词的常考点有:(1)名词所有格,如:2018·广西,38题;2017·泰安,23题等。 (2)语境中名词的选择,如:2018·达州,22题;2018·东营,19题等。(3)名词的数,如:2018·龙东,2题;2018·玉林,2017·兰州,31题等。
3. 预计今后中考中对于名词的考查将以名词辨析、名词所有格和可数名词与不可数名词的表达为重点,也可能对名词所有格及名词固定搭配进行考查。
名词知识点全览
名
词
名词的分类
专有名词
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词
物质名词
抽象名词
名词的数
可数名词
单数
复数(规则变化、不规则变化)
不可数名词
名词所有格
’s所有格
of所有格
双重所有格
名词的句法功能
主、宾、表、定、
状、补语、同位
名词辨析
中考考点清单
考点1 名词的分类
一、专有名词:名字(人名、地名、书名、机构名)、与国家有关的(国家、国民、语言)、日期(节日、星期、月份)
My name is Lucy. 我叫露西。
I am a Chinese. 我是中国人。
I will visit the Great Wall on Monday. 周一我要游长城。
二、普通名词:包括可数名词和不可数名词
1. 可数名词 &个体名词 表示个体的人或事物 如:sister,table,bike,window集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物 如:family,police,class,group
2. 不可数名词 &物质名词 表示构成物体的物质或材料 如:water,air,wood抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等 如:danger,interest
【注意】有些单词意义发生变化,单复数也发生变化,如:glass意为“玻璃杯”时是可数名词,意为“玻璃”时是不可数名词。
身兼两职的名词对照表:
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glass
fish
chicken
time
可数
玻璃杯
鱼类
小鸡
次,倍
不可数
玻璃
鱼肉
鸡肉
时间
orange
light
paper
hair
可数
橙子
电灯
报纸,试卷
(几根) 头发
不可数
橙汁
光
纸
头发
exercise
idea
life
work
可数
练习题
主意,意见
生命
著作
不可数
锻炼
了解
生活
工作
turkey
radio
youth
experience
可数
火鸡
收音机
青年男子
经历
不可数
火鸡肉
无线电
年轻,青春
经验
interest
room
可数
爱好
房间
不可数
兴趣
空间
【注意】
(1)family,class等词作为一个整体时视为单数,强调家庭成员或班级成员时视为复数;
(2)部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念:
①police指警察、警官的总称,本身表示复数。
The police(主语)+谓语动词复数
②people指人们、人民,本身表示复数。
people指民族,有单、复数变化。如:fifty-six peoples 五十六个民族
考点2 名词的数
一、可数名词的复数形式
1. 规则变化
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下:
规则
例词
1
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
2
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,box—boxes, watch—watches,dish—dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾的名词
变-f或-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,loaf—loaves,wife—wives
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs,gulf—gulfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i再加-es
party—parties,family—families, story—stories,city—cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
toy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero—heroes,Negro—Negroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano—pianos,photo—photos,auto—autos,kilo—kilos,solo—solos
两者皆可
zero—zeros/zeroes,volcano—volcanoes/volcanos
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7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio—radios,bamboo—bamboos,zoo—zoos
8
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,mouth—mouths, month—months,path—paths
2. 不规则变化
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母
man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse— mice
2
单复数相同
sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species,li,yuan,jin
3
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses (眼镜),compasses (圆规),contents (目录)
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
5
部分集体名词既可以视为单数(整体)也可以视为复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑,智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某 国人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans, Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchmen
8
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers,men servants
二、不可数名词的量的表达
不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词,当数词大于1时,量词须变为复数。如:a piece of advice(一条建议),five pieces of advice(五条建议),a bag of rice(一袋大米),three bags of rice(三袋大米)。
常见的量词及搭配:
a bag of flour 一袋面粉 a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶
a bowl of rice 一碗米饭 a bucket of milk 一桶牛奶
a can of beer 一罐啤酒 a cup of tea 一杯茶
a glass of milk 一杯牛奶 a pack of gum 一盒口香糖
a bowl of soup 一碗汤 a pot of tea 一壶茶
a spoon of sugar 一勺糖 a tin of soup 一个汤罐头
可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。如:two bags of apples两袋苹果。
考点3 名词所有格
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一、 ’s所有格
1、表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在名词后加’s,其构成形式如下:
①一般单数名词后加’s。如:my brother’s book,Jack’s cat,the girl’s pen等。
②以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只需在名词后加“‘”。如:girls’,teachers’等。
【注意】在不规则复数名词后,要加’s。如:women’s clothes。
③以-s结尾的专有名词的所有格,读音以[z]结尾的,一般在名词后加“‘”,也可加’s其读音分别为[z]和[Iz]。如:Dickens’/Dickens’s book。
【注意】若不以读音[z]结尾则仍用’s。如:Ross’s book。
④复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾’s加在后面的名词之后。
the President of the United States’s car美国总统的汽车
【注意】当出现同位语时,’s一般加在同位语后。
This is my sister Mary’s bag. 这是我妹妹玛丽的包。
⑤如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加’s,如果不是共有的,两个名词都要加’s。
Tom and Peter’s room汤姆和彼得的房间(共有的房间)
Tom’s and Peter’s rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(各自的房间)
⑥表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上’s代表全称。
at the doctor’s=at the doctor’s office在诊所
⑦在one及one/body和some-,any-,no-,every-结合起来的复合词后加’s。如:someone’s book某人的书。这些代词和else连用时,’s应加在else后。如:somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔。
2、表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾后加’s或“‘”构成所有格。如:today’s news,ten minutes’ drive,China’s industry等。
二、“of+名词”所有格
无生命的名词的所有格,通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如:the windows of the room(房间的窗户),the cover of the dictionary(词典的封面)。
三、双重所有格
(1)表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如:a,an,one,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等。
This is a picture of mine. 这是我的一张照片。
(2)双重所有格与of所有格的不同。
He is a friend of your father’s. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)
He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)
中考考点聚焦
考点1 名词辨析
例1 (2018达州)----What do you think of The Belt and Road Initiative(一带一路倡议)?
----Great! It will help China improve the _______ with those related countries.
A. relationship B. agreement C. environment D. information
解析:句意:--你觉得一带一路倡议怎么样?--非常好!这有助于提升中国和相关国家的关系。本题考查名词含义, relationship关系,agreement一致,environment环境,information信息,根据句子含义可以选出答案。
答案:A
考点2 名词所有格及其用法
例1 (2018广西)The woman in a hat is aunt.
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A. Jack and John B.Jack’s and John C.Jack’s and John’s D.Jack and John’s
解析:句意:--这女人是杰克和约翰的阿姨。本题考查名词所有格用法。在表示多个人或物共有的东西,在最后一个名词后加“’s”。
答案:D
考点3 名词的数
例1(2018玉林)—Hey, boys. Look at the falling .
—Well, it’s telling us that autumn is coming.
A.leaf B.leafs C.leafes D.leaves
解析:句意:--嘿!孩子们。快看落叶。--哦,这说明秋天来了。以f或fe结尾的名词变复数,变f或fe为v,加es。
答案:D
中考真题演练
考点1 名词辨析
1. (2018扬州)The Queqiao satellite(卫星) will form a B bridge between controllers on Earth and the far side of the Moon.
A. contribution B. communication C. celebration D. competition
2. (2018孝感) --- Which should we start with, Water World or Space World?
--- Either is OK, it makes no C to me.
A. mistake B. promise C. difference D. decision
3. (2018咸宁)— Could you give me a few B on how to spend the coming summer holiday?
— OK, let me see.
A. hobbies B. suggestions C. knowledge D. information
4. (2018武汉) --- Kate, I' m going shopping. Anything to buy for you?
---Yes, that will save me a__A ___.
A. hand B. trip C. visit D.bill
5. (2018徐州)You don't have to tell me your answer now. Give it some D and then let me know.
A. support B. help C. protection D. thought
6. (2018苏州)The boy has been missing for five days and his parents are worried about his___ B .
A. attention B. safety C. action D. growth
7. (2018沈阳)Small cars are useful in cities with narrow ____ A ______.
A. streets B. cinemas C. squares D. shop
8. (2018南京)--- Do you have this T-shirt in a small___ A ____?
----I'm afraid not. It only comes in medium.
A. size B. colour C. material D. taste
9. (2018连云港) National Treasure quickly rose to the top television rating ranks after it was presented on CCTV. It means a growing A in traditional culture among China’s youth.
A.interest B.direction C.habit D.dream
10. (2018兰州)If the temperature is below 0oC, water will turn into ____ A ___ in the open air.
A. ice B. steam C. fog D. rain
11. (2018荆州) —Kids often feel better in a happy family.
—That’s true. A happy family provides a loving ___ B___ for its children.
A. expression B. environment C. encouragement D. development
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12. (2018黄石) In fact, pandas have become so popular that they are now a ___ B ___of China.
A. subject B. symbol C. sign D. spirit
13. (2018东营)-- Hi, Li Mei. How is your new school?
-- Fantastic. We can choose the courses according to our C . I love operas, so I took the Beijing Opera class.
A. grades B. talents C. interests D. experiences
14. (2018呼和浩特)—It’ s Mr Zhang’ s new movie.But I think it’ s more meaningful than his others.
— I agree with you. His latest movie has come to his highest B .
A. spirits B. standard C. treasure D. development
15. (2018河南)- It's useless to regret what has been done. Don't make those mistakes again
一I won't. That's a(n) __ C ___
A order B. decision C. promise D. agreement
考点2 名词所有格及其用法
1. (2016·龙东)—How far is your home from school?
—About B walk.
A. five minute’s B. five minutes’ C. five minutes
2. (2017哈尔滨)—How time flies! It is two A since we met last.
—So it is. I miss you so much.
A. months B. monthes C. months’ D. month
3. (2017恩施)—Henry, have you seen the English book on the B desk? If you see it, please take it to the office.
—OK.
A. teachers’; teachers’ B. teacher’s; teachers’
C. teacher’s; teacher’s D. teachers’; teacher’s
考点3 名词的数
1. (2016·重庆)It’s sports time. Most A students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
2. (2017邵阳) —Mom, please give me two B . I want to make vegetable salad.
—OK. Here you are.
A. tomato B. tomatoes C. tomatos D. tomatoos
3. (2017南充)—Are you thirsty?
—Yes, please give us C .
A. three bottle water B. three bottle of water
C. three bottles of water D. three bottles of waters
4. (2017兰州) There are a lot of B on the grassland. sheep-dog is sitting next to them.
A. sheep; The B. sheep; A C. sheeps; The D. sheeps; A
5. (2018通辽) In China, there are more ___B___in primary schools than in high schools.
A. woman teacher B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teachers
6. (2017·广州)Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef,vegetables and A .
A. some rice B. a few rice C. a little rices D. a rice
7. (2017营口)—There A many foreign students in her class.
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—Yes. I know two of them are .
A. are; Japanese B. is; Australian C. are; Germany D. is; Ameirca
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