中考必备语法 18页

第一篇 中考必备语法 第一章 名词 二、考点跟踪解读 ‎ ‎1．了解名词的概念及分类。‎ ‎2．掌握名词复数的构成及用法。‎ ‎3．熟悉名词所有格的构成及用法。‎ ‎4．理解名词在句中的功能，初步掌握名词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法。‎ ‎5．能够辨析部分名词的用法，区别并熟练运用，如home, house, family等。‎ 三、要点精讲全解 ‎ (一)名词的分类 ‎ ‎1．专有名词：表示个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing, Tom。由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面一般加定冠词the（表节日的词除外），并大写其实词的首字母。如：the Great Wall (长城)，the People’s Republic of China（中华人民共和国）。‎ ‎2．普通名词：表示一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名称， 如：pupil, family, man, foot。可分为可数名词和不可数名词。‎ 种类 定义 例词 普通名词 可数 名词 个体名词 表示某类人或物中的个体 boy, house 集体名词 表示有若干个体组成的集合体 family, police 不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料 air, water 抽象名词 表示人或事物的动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象的概念 work, education ‎▲可数名词：是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；‎ ‎▲不可数名词：不能用表示具体数量的词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, population, information .‎ 可数名词和不可数名词区别：‎ ‎（1） 数的区别：可数名词有单数和复数之分。如：apple-apples苹果; cake-cakes蛋糕；不可数名词没有复数形式，一般视为第三人称单数。如： tea茶,milk牛奶,water水。‎ ‎（2） 量的区别：可数名词可用a(n)及数词连用。如：a book 一本书, many restaurants很多餐馆；不可数名词不能与a(n)及数词连用，但可与表示不确切数量的词，特别是of短语连用。如：a piece of paper一张纸,two cups of tea两杯茶。‎ ‎（3） 修饰词的差异：可数名词和不可数名词前都可用all, some, any, a lot of, enough, plenty of等来修饰。但只能修饰可数名词有many, a few，a number of, 等。只能修饰不可数名词的有much, a little, a bit of等。如：‎ There is some white wine. 有一些白酒。‎ There are some flowers in the vase. 花瓶里有一些花。‎ How much fish do you want? 你要多少鱼？‎ How many people are there? 有多少人？‎ ‎(二)可数名词的单复数 英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。‎ ‎1．名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：‎ ‎（1）一般情况下在名词词尾加-s。如：map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses, table→ tables.‎ ‎（2）以s, x, ch， sh结尾的词加-es.如：bus→buses, class→classes, box→boxes, dish→dishes, brush→brushes, match→matches, beach→beaches.‎ ‎（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加-es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties. 但以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, toy→toys, day→days。‎ ‎（4）以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加-es。如： leaf→leaves, thief-thieves, half→halves, life→lives, knife→knives.‎ ‎【注】‎ ‎（1）以o结尾的词,变复数时有的在名字词尾加-es。在初中学过的有“一个人，两个菜”。即：hero→heroes, tomaoto→tomatoes, potato→potatoes;其它的一般在名词词尾只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos, zoo→zoos，radio→radios.‎ ‎（2）以ch结尾的名词，复数多数加-es，但ch发[k]时，复数加-s。如：stomach→stomach ‎（3）复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下：‎ 情　况 ‎ 读法 ‎  例　词     ‎ 在清辅音后 ‎ [s] ‎ cups, hats, cakes 在浊辅音或元音后 ‎  [z]  ‎ dogs, cities, knives   ‎ ‎[ʤ] [ʧ] [ʃ] [s][z]等后 ‎ [ɪz]‎ glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces  ‎ ‎2．不规则变化：‎ ‎(1)变元音字母。如：man→men, woman→women, policeman→policemen，tooth→teeth, goose→geese，foot→feet, mouse→mice ‎ ‎(2)单复数形式相同的。Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese, ,sheep→sheep, deer→deer.‎ ‎（3）child→children 请记住“男人女人变一个，牙齿鹅脚变两个，孩子后面加三个，中日绵羊鹿不变”。‎ ‎(三)名词所有格 在英语中，名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式，叫做名词所有格。名词所有格的构成主要有两种形式。一是由名词加’s构成；二是由of＋名词。‎ ‎1．’s所有格 表示有生命东西的，特别是人的，采用名词词尾加-’s的方法：‎ ‎ （1）以-s结尾的名词复数，词尾加 “‘”，如：teachers’ office 教师办公室，Teachers’ Day 教师节 ‎（2）不是以s结尾的名词，词尾加-’s。如：Women’s Day 妇女节， Jack’s family 杰克的家庭 ‎2．of所有格 表示无生命东西的名词，常用“of＋名词”结构。如：a map of China一张中国地图，the gates of school 学校门口 ‎3．双重所有格 ‎　　 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。其构成形式是：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如： a friend of mine 我的一个朋友，several cousins of Mary’s 玛丽的几个表兄妹. ‎ ‎4．特殊所有格 ‎ 一样东西，两人共有，则后一个人名用所有格；各自有，每个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。如： ‎ The woman is Mary and Alice’s mother.那个妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。 ‎ You should find what the difference between Mr Smith’s and Mr. Black’s cars is.‎ 你应当发现史密斯先生与布莱克先生的汽车的不同之处。‎ ‎【注】‎ 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等无生命的的名词也可用’s构成名词所有格。如：today’s newspaper今天的报纸，five minutes’ walk 五分钟的路程，China’s open-door policy中国的开放政策 ‎(四)名词的句法作用 ‎1．作主语。There is a bird singing in the tree. 树上一只小鸟在唱歌。‎ ‎2．作表语。He is a worker.他是工人。‎ ‎3．作宾语。I want an apple.我要苹果。‎ ‎4．作宾补。The students chose Tom monitor.同学们选汤姆为班长。‎ ‎5．作同位语。This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.这位是周先生，我们医院的院长。‎ ‎6．作定语。There are a lot of banana trees on the island.岛上有许多香蕉树。‎ ‎【注】‎ ‎1．名词作主语时，谓语动词要在人称和数上和主语保持一致。‎ ‎2．名词作定语时，一般不用复数形式，但man, woman作定语时，随其所修饰的名词的数而变化。 an apple tree→ apple trees, a man doctor →men doctors ‎ 四、思维误区警示 ‎(一)可数名词和不可数名词 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（湖北黄冈）—Good morning, madam. Can I help you?‎ ‎—Sure, I’d like _______ for cooking vegetables.‎ A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread C. a bowl of dumplings D. five kilos of oil 答案： D。该题考查不可数名词的用法。联系下文可知答案。‎ ‎2.（吉林通化）We need to come up with a/an ______ and make a decision at once.‎ ‎ A. information B. advice C. idea D. news ‎ 答案：C。能与a/an连用的是可数名词，上述选项中只有idea是可数名词。‎ ‎3. （河北）―Would you like some drinks, boys? ―Yes,  , please.‎ A. some oranges  B. two boxes of chocolates  C. some cakes  D. two bottles of orange 答案：D。 orange是不可数名词。可用“数词或冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示它的数量。量词（piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等）是可数名词，可根据情况用单数或复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 这类试题要求考生区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语,并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式。‎ ‎(二)名词所有格 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. (河北)This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.‎ ‎  A. Anne and Jane              B. Anne’s and Jane’s ‎ C. Anne’s and Jane             D. Anne and Jane’s ‎  答案：D。该题考查并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s.‎ ‎2.（山东东营）Shanghai World Expo(世博会) will open a time.‎ A. in; year’s B. after; years C. in; years’ D. after; years’‎ ‎ 答案：C。与一般将来时连用的是“in＋一段时间”，以-s结尾的复数名词的名词所有格应在名词后加’。‎ ‎3. （浙江宁波）—Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?‎ ‎    —No, it’s about _______.‎ ‎    A. 7 minutes walk      B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk     D. 7 minute’s walk ‎   答案：C。本题考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时，则只需要加“‘”即可，则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’ walk”。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 表示有生命的名词和表示时间、距离等名词的所有格，采用词尾加 “-s”的形式。但以s结尾的复数名词，只需在词尾加 “-’”。 A’s and B’s表示两者分别有, 如：John’s and Mary’s rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）。而A and B’s表示两者共有｡如：John and Mary’s room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary’s mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。‎ ‎(三)名词作定语 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. （湖北孝感）There are three________ assistants in that________ shop. ‎ ‎　　A. women; shoe B. woman; shoe C. woman; shoes D. women; shoes ‎ 答案：A。本题主要考查名词作定语的用法。名词作定语一般用单数形式，但man 和woman除外。‎ ‎2. （江苏无锡）_______the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are____teachers.‎ ‎ A. A number of; women B. A number of; woman ‎ C. The number of; women D. The number of; women ‎ ‎ 答案：C。本题主要考查woman作定语的用法和a number of和the number of的区别。‎ ‎3.（重庆）If I’m free, I’d like to spend _______holiday in the country.‎ ‎ A. a two-day B. two days’ C. two-day D. two days ‎ ‎ 答案：A。名词作定语时，用单数。A two-day holiday，也可替换为two days’ holidays.‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 名词作定语修饰主体名词时,常用单数形式。如：apple trees。但man, woman作定语时,若被修饰词用复数, man 和 woman 也要变为复数。如 women nurses。 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。如： an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。‎ ‎(四)词义辨析 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（南京）Tom regards Nanjing as his second____ because he has been here for over ten years. ‎ ‎　 　A. family B. room C. house D. home ‎ 答案：D。本题主要考查以上四个近义词的区别。family指“家庭、家庭成员”； house是“房屋、住宅”。home是“家”，主要指一个人出生或居住的地方；room是“房间”的意思。 ‎ ‎2. (河南省)When I hurriedly got to the airport, the lady at the window told me that there were no ______ left on that plane. ‎ A. places B. seats C. space D. room 答案：D。从were可知，后面名词是复数形式。A、D是不可数名词，而A不合题意。Room可当不可数名词“空间”讲。‎ ‎3.（辽宁）Could you send me_______to tell me something about your visit in America?‎ A. a ticket B. an e-mail C. a TV set D. a watch ‎ 答案：B。发送的应该是电子邮件。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 这类试题主要考查一些语义相近而极易混淆的名词｡考生在平时要注意积累，掌握一些常见易混名词的用法区别,如: family, home, room, house; problem, question; match, game等｡‎ ‎ (五)固定搭配 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（江苏盐城）—Sorry, Jane. I took your school bag by________. ‎ ‎　　—It doesn’t matter. ‎ ‎　　A. hand B. mistake C. bike D. heart 答案：B. 本题考查固定搭配by mistake “错误的”。‎ ‎2. （大连）We should have________ in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try. ‎ ‎　　A. success B. confidence C. progress D. knowledge ‎ 答案：B。本题考查 have confidence in oneself “相信自己”。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 这类试题主要考查考生对一些含有名词的固定短语的构成和意义的掌握情况,这就要求考生在日常的学习中熟记一些固定短语的结构和意义。‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ I.根据句意和词首字母, 用所给单词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎1. He hurt himself in the car a __________last year.‎ ‎2.－ What’s your e-mail a______?－It’s gina@126.com . ‎ ‎3. You must pay a_______ to your handwriting. ‎ ‎4. The c clicked and their picture was taken.‎ ‎5. Kate is Mrs Green’s d______. Mrs Green is her mother. ‎ ‎6. My father has made a d _______to give up smoking.‎ ‎7. I can’t go to school today because my mother is ill in h_________.‎ ‎8. －How many m _____are there in a year? －There are twelve. ‎ ‎9. －How far is it from here? －It’s about ten m ________walk. ‎ ‎10. － What’s your h_________? －I like singing best.‎ II.根据英语或汉语提示完成下面英语句子。‎ ‎1. The five _______ (German) have been to the Great Wall twice. ‎ ‎2. Would you like some _______ (tomato)?‎ ‎3. Mr Smith has three _______ (child). ‎ ‎4. I have some new _______ (information) for you. ‎ ‎5. We go to school on ______ (foot) every day. ‎ ‎6. The （地理）teacher fixed the map on the blackboard.‎ ‎7. The （人口）of this country rose by 10 percent.‎ ‎8. The boy can’t look after himself. He only has two________（牙齿）.‎ ‎9.You must read the （说明）before you take the medicine.‎ ‎10.－ How many___________（邮票）have you collected so far? －More than 200. ‎ III.用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。‎ message exercise story success knife safe language illness surprise leaf ‎1.－What are the ________used for? They are used for cutting things. ‎ ‎2. English is one of the most important ____________in the world.‎ ‎3. In spring the _________on the tree turn green. ‎ ‎4. Tom isn’t in. Can I take a ___________for you?‎ ‎5. We often do morning ____________ in our school.‎ ‎6. The children were led to a place of .‎ ‎7. My mother often told me _______when I was young.‎ ‎8. To work hard brings ____________.‎ ‎9. To my _________, he has passed the exam. ‎ ‎10. He didn’t go to work because of his____________.‎ IV. 用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。‎ Film parent dream job money ‎ Wang Baoqiang was born in a country of Hebei‎ ‎Province in 1984. His 1 are both farmers. When he was 8 years old, he went to Shaolin‎ ‎Temple to study Chinese Kungfu. When he was 14 years old, he went to Beijing with the 2 of being a kungfu star. He did many kinds of 3 at that time. He was always hungry because he did not earn enough 4 . He did not even return home for two years. Although he had many difficulties, he did not give up and went on to look for chances, to realize his dream. At last he got a part in the ‎5 A World Without Thieves directed by the famous director Feng Xiaogang. Since then, he has become known to many people. Then after The Soldiers’ Sortie, he became more famous than ever before, but he is working hard.‎ 第一章 名词 I.‎‎ 1.accident 2. address 3. attention 4. camera 5. daughter ‎ ‎6. decision 7. hospital 8. months 9. minutes’ 10. hobby II. 1. Germans 2. tomatoes 3. children 4. information 5. foot ‎ ‎6. geography 7. population 8. teeth 9. instruction(s) 10.stamps III. 1. knives 2. languages 3.leaves 4. message 5.exercises ‎ ‎6. safety 7. stories 8.success 9. surprise 10. illness IV. 1. parents 2. dream 3. jobs 4. money 5. film ‎ 第二章 代词 二、考点跟踪解读 ‎ ‎1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法；‎ ‎2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法；‎ ‎3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法；‎ ‎4 常见不定代词的一般用法；‎ ‎5. 指示代词的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法；‎ ‎6. 相互代词的基本用法；‎ ‎7. 疑问代词的基本用法。‎ ‎8. 关系代词的基本用法。‎ 三、要点精讲全解 ‎（一）人称代词 人称代词是表示“我、我们”，“你、你们”，“他、她、它、他们”的词。它有第一、二、三人称，单数和复数之分，还有主格和宾格之别。第三人称还有性别的区别。‎ ‎1.人称代词的形式 单数 复数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them ‎2． 人称代词的句法功能 ‎（1）作主语。人称代词作主语时，要用主格。‎ 如：She is a nurse.她是护士。‎ They are English teachers. 他们是英语教师。‎ ‎（2）作宾语。人称代词的宾格可用在动词或介词后作宾语。‎ ‎ 如：She helped me with my English yesterday. 昨天她帮助我学英语了。‎ Don’t worry. Mrs Green is taking care of them. 不要担心，格林夫人在照看他们。‎ ‎（3）作表语。人称代词作表语时一般用宾格形式，但在比较正式的场合也可用主格。‎ ‎ 如：－Who’s that? 谁啊？‎ ‎ －It’s me. 是我。‎ ‎【注】不同的人称在一起使用时，单数人称代词通常按照“二、三、一”排列，复数人称代词通常按照“一、二、三”排列。如：‎ You, she and I are good friends.你、她和我是好朋友。‎ We, you and they have been to the Great Wall. 我们、你们和他们都去过长城。‎ ‎（二）物主代词 物主代词是表示所属关系的代词。分为形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词。‎ ‎1.物主代词的形式 单数 复数 人称 一 二 三 一 二 三 形容性物主代词 my your his her its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs ‎2．物主代词的用法 ‎（1）形容性物主代词在句中作定语，修饰名词；如：‎ Our school is not far from here.我们学校离这里不远。‎ My teacher is friendly to me. 我的老师对我很友好。‎ ‎（2）名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语。如：‎ This is my book. Yours is on the desk. ‎ 这是我的书，你的在桌子上。（作主语）‎ My bike is broken. May I use yours? ‎ 我的自行车坏了，我可以用一下你的吗？（作宾语）‎ Look at the watch on the desk. Maybe it’s yours. ‎ 看桌子的那块手表，也许是你的。（作表语）‎ ‎【注】常见的含物主代词的短语有：on one’s way home, do one’s homework, with one’s help, to one’s surprise, do one’s best, all one’s life, change one’s mind等。‎ ‎（三）指示代词 表示“这个”，“那个”，“这些”，“那些”等意思的代词叫做指示代词 ‎1．指示代词的形式 单数 this that 复数 these those 作用 用于指离说话者所在地较近处 用于指离说话者所在地较远处 ‎2．指示代词的用法 ‎（1）指示代词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如：‎ This is a car, and that’s a bike. 这是汽车，那是自行车。（作主语）‎ How do you like this? 你觉得这个怎么样？（作宾语）‎ What you want is that, I know.我知道你想要的是那个。（作表语）‎ This magazine is about Chinese development.这本杂志是关于中国发展的。(作定语)‎ ‎（2）打电话时，常用that代替you，用this代替I。如：‎ ‎ －Is that Mr Green speaking? 您是格林先生吗？‎ ‎ －Yes. Who’s that? 是的，你是哪位？‎ ‎－This is Helen. 我是海伦。‎ ‎（四）反身代词 反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是：通过反身代词指代主语，使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此，反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上保持一致。‎ ‎1. 反身代词的基本形式。 ‎ 第一、二人称是由形容性物主代词加self或selves构成的，第三人称是人称代词的宾格加self或selves构成的。如下表：‎ ‎ 数 ‎ 人称 ‎ 单数 复数 第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself themselves herself itself ‎2. 反身代词的句法功能 ‎（1） 作动词或介词的宾语：在enjoy, teach, hurt, cut, buy, introduce, dress,等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如：‎ He is teaching herself English.她在自学英语。‎ She was talking to herself.她自言自语。‎ He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。‎ ‎（2）作主语或宾语的同位语：主要起加强语气的作用，译作“亲自，本身，本人”。如：‎ Did you make the cake yourself? 这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语)‎ The work itself is easy.这工作本身很容易。(itself作主语the work的同位语)‎ ‎（3）用作表语。如结构be oneself.例如：‎ ‎ I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。‎ ‎（4）用于一些简短的会话用语或固定说法中。如：‎ Help yourself to some cakes! 请随便吃蛋糕吧！‎ ‎ Make yourself at home! 别客气！‎ ‎（五）不定代词 不定代词是用来泛指人或事物的代词，大多数兼有名词和形容词的功能。初中英语中常见的不定代词有： some, any, each, every, no, none, all, both, many, much, a lot of, lots of, another, other(s), (a) few, (a) little, one(s), neither, either以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。‎ ‎1. some, any ‎ some和any既可修饰可和可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。some一般用于肯定句中， 而any一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中。如：‎ There are some flowers on the desk, but there isn’t any chalk.桌子上有些花，但是没有粉笔。‎ If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.‎ 如果图书馆来了新杂志，替我借几本。‎ 注意：some 也可用于表示请求，希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中。如： ‎ Would you please give me some paper？‎ 请你给我一些纸张好吗？‎ ‎2. many, much, a lot of,‎ ‎（1）修饰的名词不同。many用来修饰可数名词，much用来修饰不可数名词，a lot of 既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词a lot of 短语作主语时，动词要a lot of后面的名词一致。‎ ‎（2）所用的句式不同。many和much在使用时不受句式限制，可用于肯定句中，也可用于否定句或疑问句中。a lot of多用在肯定句中，在否定句中要把 a lot of 变为many 或much。‎ There isn’t much milk in the bottle. 在瓶子里没有多少牛奶了。‎ ‎3. （a）few, （a）little a few 一些，少数几个 few 几乎没有 用来修饰可数名词 a little 一点 little几乎没有 用来修饰不可数名词 表示肯定 表示否定 He made a few mistakes in his exam paper. 他在试卷上犯了几个错误。‎ The problem is so difficult that few of us can solve it. ‎ 这道题太难了，以至于我们中几乎没有人能解出来。‎ There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里几乎没有水， ‎ I have little money to buy books. 我几乎没有钱买书。‎ ‎4. each, every each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的“每一个”，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，只能作定语。 如：‎ There are trees and flowers on each side of the road. 在路的两边有许多树和花。‎ Every student in our class works hard. 在我们班里的每个学生都努力学习。‎ ‎5. another, other, others, the other, the others, any other, else ‎(1) another泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示“又、再、还”。如：‎ I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个，请给我拿另一个。‎ Where shall we be in another ten years? 再过十年我们会在哪里呢？‎ ‎（2）other可用作形容词或代词，其复数形式others。other和others 前面加定冠词the时是特指。要注意以下几种结构的不同含义。‎ one…the other… “（两个中的）一个……另一个……”‎ some…others…“一些……另一些……”‎ some… the others… “一些…… 其余的……”‎ other前有this, that, some, any, each, every等修饰时，表示单数概念，指代或修饰单数名词。如：He is taller than any other student in his class, 他比班上的任何同学都高。‎ ‎（3）else 常用来修饰疑问代词或不定代词，作后置定语； other 常用来修饰名词，作前置定语。‎ What else can you see in the picture? 在图画里你还能看见什么？‎ What other things do you like? 你还喜欢什么东西？‎ ‎6. both, neither, either ‎ both 表示“两方的”指两者的双方，其谓语是复数；either 表示“（两者之间）任意， 每一”指两者之间的任意一方，即兼指两者，谓语用单数。 not...either =neither,也是both 的否定形式。‎ ‎  Both of them are engineers.他们俩都是工程师。‎ ‎  Either of them is an engineer.他们中哪一个都是工程师。‎ ‎  I don’t know either of them=I know neither of them.他们俩我都不认识。‎ ‎  ⑵尽管both和either 表达的意义相近， 但有时不可互换。‎ ‎  It will be a good match. Both sides have(Either side has)been playing well recently.‎ ‎   这将是一场精彩的比赛， 因为双方最近竞技状态都很好。‎ ‎  If you keep still, you can sit at either end of the boat.(不可换成both ends)‎ ‎  如果你坐着不动,那你可以坐在小船的任意一边。‎ ‎7. all, both, either, whole ‎(1) all表示“三者，三者以上都”both表示“两者都”。all与both在句中可以作主语、宾语、同位语和定语，在句中位于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。对all的否定应用none。对both的否定应neither。 ‎ 如：Both (of them) are students. 他们两个都是学生。‎ ‎   The students all went to the movies last night. 昨天晚上学生都去看电影了。‎ ‎（2）all与whole都有“整个 ”“全部的”之含义。一般来讲， all可以修饰各类名词，要置于冠词、物主代词或其它限定词之前。 而whole 只能修饰具有整体意义的单数名词，要置于这些限定词之后。‎ ‎ all my life/ my whole life 我的一生 all the story/ the whole story 整个故事 ‎（3）either， “（两者之中）任一、任何一个”。在句中可作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，；作定语时，只能修饰单数名词。如： ‎ Either (of the books) is popular with the students. ‎ ‎（两本书）随便哪一本都受到同学们的欢迎。‎ You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。‎ ‎8.复合不定代词 ‎（1） some, any, no, every和body, thing, one等构成的词，叫复合不定代词。含some 和any的复合不定代词类似于some和any的区别，带some的一般用于肯定句，带any的一般用于否定句或疑问句中。含no的本身表示否定。如：‎ I have something to do this evening．今天晚上我有事要做。‎ Can I do anything for you? 我能为你做点什么吗？‎ ‎（2）复合不定代词在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用动词的第三人称单数。‎ ‎ Everyone is here today. 今天大家都到齐了。‎ ‎（3）形容词修饰复合不定代词时，应后置。如：‎ ‎ I have something interesting to tell you．我有些有趣的事情告诉你。‎ 四、思维误区警示 ‎(一)人称代词 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎（1）（北京海淀）My mother is a teacher. _______is very kind and easygoing.‎ ‎　　A. He B. Her C. She D. Him ‎　　答案：C。考查人称代词主格的用法。根据my mother,排除 A 和D项。作主语用人称代词的主格，不能用宾格D。‎ ‎（2）（吉林通化）－Look, that’s Mike, your classmate.‎ ‎－ Yes. Let’s go and say hello to ______.‎ ‎ A. him B. he C. her D. hers 答案： A。本题考查人称代词的宾格。用在介词to后用宾格。根据Mike,排除C、D。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 人称代词有主格和宾格之分。作主语时，要特别注意主谓一致，作宾语时，要用在动词或介词之后。‎ ‎（二）物主代词 ‎ 【例题解析】 ‎ ‎1. （江苏省苏州市） _______camera is not so expensive as _______，but it works well，too.‎ ‎　　 A. My; his B. Mine; him C. M; him D. Mine; his ‎　答案：A。考查物主代词的用法。如果后面所修饰的是名词则用形容词性物主代词，反之则用名词性物主代词。这样由第一个空可排除B、D项，而C项中的him又不符合题意，故正确答案为A项。‎ ‎2. （湖北黄冈）—The pet dog in your hand is very nice. Is it _______?‎ ‎—Yes, but I’ll give it to my friend, Lucy as _______ birthday present.‎ A. you; her B. yours; hers C. yours; her D. you; hers 答案：C。本题考查物主代词的用法。先是考查了名词性物主代词作表语，然后考查名词性物主代词作定语。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，形容性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语或表语等。两者的关系是：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。‎ ‎（三）指示代词　‎ ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. （黑龙江省）The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim’s.‎ ‎　　A. it B. that C. ones D. those ‎　　答案：D项。考查指示代词those的用法。those在句中用来代替前面出现过的复数名词。题意为“我篮子里的梨比吉姆的那些（梨）小”。‎ ‎2.（北京海淀区）—Can I get you an apple？‎ ‎—That’s very nice of you.I’ve already got . ‎ A. it B. one C. that D. this 答案：B。one与it都可作代词，one表示泛指，指前面提到过的那类人或物中的任意一个，it表示特指，指代前面提到的那个人或物。 ‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 指示代词有单数的this和that以及复数的these和those.当指较近距离的人或事物时用this或these；指较远距离的人或事物时用that或those. 在形容词或副词的比较级中，我们常用that代指前面的单数名词，用those代指前面的复数名词。‎ ‎（四）反身代词　‎ ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. （天津）—She is too busy to help us finish the work..—Let’s do it . ‎ A. herself B. myself C. ourselves D. itself 答案：C。这个句子的意思是“让我们自己做吧。”本题考查反身代词的用法，ourselves在句中作同位语。‎ ‎2.（浙江省丽水市）He is too young to look after _______.‎ ‎　　A. herself B. himself C. myself D. yourself ‎　答案：B。考查反身代词的用法区别。四个选项分别意为“她自己”、“他自己”、“我自己”、“你自己”。根据题意“他太小了不能照顾他自己”可知，正确答案为B项。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 反身代词的单复数和人称构成形式不同。第一、二人称是“物主代词＋self（selves）”，第三人称是“宾格代词＋self（selves）”。单数词尾是-self，复数词尾是 -selves。此外，反身代词还有以下常见搭配：by oneself（＝alone）独自，靠自己；enjoy oneself（＝have a good time）玩得开心；teach oneself自学；help oneself to，随便吃（喝），其中oneself有单复数之分。 ‎ ‎（五）疑问代词　‎ ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. （山东省）The new car has been here for several days. _______ is it？‎ ‎　　 A. Where B. What C. Whose D. Who ‎　　答案：C。考查疑问代词的用法辨析。根据题意“这辆新车已经在这里好几天了，它是谁的？”可知，正确答案为C项。‎ ‎2.（福州模拟）－__________is Tom like? －Oh, he’s short and fat. ‎ ‎ A. What B. How C. Whom D. Which ‎ ‎ 答案：A。句意是“汤姆长得怎么样？”空格部分应填疑问词作like的介词的宾语，应该用what，但不能用how。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个：who，whom，whose，what，which。whose在句中作表语或定语；who（whom）提问的是人的身份；what指某人的身份或职业。‎ ‎（六）不定代词　‎ ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1. （河北）—Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.‎ ‎ —OK. Let’s give him to eat. ‎ A. something different B. different anything ‎ C.anything different D. different something ‎ 答案：A。 ‎ some及some合成的代词一般用于肯定句中，any及any合成的代词一般用于否定句、疑问句中。形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等不定代词时，一般要放在它们后面。 ‎ ‎2. （安徽）—Which of the two English dictionaries will you buy？ ‎ ‎—I’ll buy of them, so I can give one to my friend, Helen. ‎ A. either B. neither C. all D. both ‎ 答案：D。 all表示“三者或三者以上都”；both表示“两者都”；与all相反的none表示“三者或三者以上都不”，与 both相反的neither表示“两者都不”。either表示“（两者之中）任何一个”，可以与of连用。‎ ‎3. (上海徐汇区) ________ of them has his own opinion.‎ ‎ A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each ‎ 答案：D。该题考查的是不定代词用法。因为谓语动词是单数形式，所以Both和Some都不对。Every 不能作主语，所以只有Each合适。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 不明确指代某个特定名词的代词叫作不定代词。根据所表达的意义，不定代词可以分为两大类，即肯定性不定代词和否定性不定代词。肯定性不定代词有：both，all，many，much，one，other，each，another，a few，a little，either，some（someone，somebody，something），any（anyone，anybody，anything），every（everyone，everybody，everything）。否定性不定代词有：no，neither，none，nobody，nothing.‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ I.单项选择。‎ ‎1. The man over there is my brother .     is a doctor .‎ A .She          B .He               C .Hers         D .His ‎2. —       does your father do ?—He is a worker .‎ A .Which            B .Who          C .What         D .How ‎3. I have two cats .One is black ,and        is white .‎ A .another      B .some         C .other            D.the other ‎4. The twins corrected the mistakes on the test papers  .‎ A .them         B .themselves       C .him          D .himself ‎5. She always thinks of more than herself .‎ A .other            B .others           C .the other        D .the others II. 词形转换 A）根据句意和首字母，完成下列句子。‎ ‎1. Here are two dictionaries. You can only take e of them.‎ ‎2.－Who taught your brother to surf the Internet?－Nobody. He learnt all by h_______.‎ ‎3. The exercise is too difficult. N can do it.‎ ‎4. This shirt is a little shorter. Please show me a  one.‎ ‎5. Help y to some fish, Lucy and Lily. ‎ B) 用所给单词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎6. Li Lei and Lin Tao are working much harder than before to improve (they).‎ ‎7. One of  (she) friends will go to America for further study.‎ ‎8. －This is my dictionary. Where is  （you）?‎ ‎    －It’s over there, on the desk.‎ ‎9. Can you tell me  (who) book this is?‎ ‎10. Some are dancing.  (other) are singing.‎ III.句型转换。‎ ‎1. Jim doesn’t like playing the piano, and Jack doesn’t, either.（变为同义句）‎ ‎ Jim Jack likes playing the piano.‎ ‎2. There is some milk in the glass.    （改为否定句）‎ ‎  There   milk in the glass.‎ ‎3. The girl in the hat is my sister?     （就划线部分提问）‎ ‎          is your sister?‎ ‎4. Both of the twins are good at English. （改为否定句）‎ ‎     of the twins good at English.‎ ‎5. I’m reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates.      （合并为一句）‎ ‎ I’m reading a book    about Bill Gates.‎ IV.根据所给中文意思完成句子，每空一词。‎ ‎1. 我们家人口很多。 ______ family is big. ‎ ‎2. 汤姆，好好保重自己。 Take good care of ______, Tom. ‎ ‎3. 我们从小就认识。 We have known ______ since we were children. ‎ ‎4. 她对他的话感到不快。 She is not happy at ______ he said. ‎ ‎5. 我们将再谈一次。 We’ll have ______ talk about it. ‎ ‎6 .她的父母都是教师。Her parents                  teachers .‎ ‎7 .任何东西都不能在月球上生存。 can live on the moon .‎ ‎8 .他们每个人都有一个幸福的家庭。         of them        a happy family .‎ ‎9.街道两边都有树和花。There are trees and flowers on                of the street .‎ ‎10 .老王昨天没有去看电影，我也没去。‎ Lao Wang didn’t go to see the film yesterday.  I .‎ V. 用所给代词的适当形式完成短文。‎ I he her many it One day, Mary went to the airport to see her friend off. Her friend’s name is Jack. ‎ There were so 1 people in the airport, so 2 was hard to find Jack among the people. ‎ Suddenly, Mary saw Jack and 3 felt very happy and shouted, “ Hi, Jack. Hi, Jack .Here, Here!” ‎ At the same time, Jack waved his arms. “I’m here!!” Within 3 minutes, so many policemen came to the front of Jack and caught 4 . “Please come with 5 to the police office.” ‎ The word “Hijack” in English has different meaning, you can find in the dictionary.‎ 第二章 代词 I.1－5BCDBB II. 1. either 2. himself 3. Nobody 4. another 5. yourselves ‎ ‎ 6. themselves 7. her 8. yours 9.whose 10. Others ‎ III. 1. Neither, nor 2. isn’t any 3. Which girl 4. Neither, is 5. that/ which, is ‎ IV. 1. Our 2. yourself 3. each other 4. what 5. another ‎ ‎6 .are both  7 .Nothing  8 .Every one ,has 9 .both sides或each side 10 .Neither did V. 1.many 2. it 3. she 4. him 5. me ‎ 第三章 冠词 二、考点跟踪解读 ‎ ‎1.不定冠词a和an的概念及基本用法。‎ ‎2. 定冠词the 的概念及基本用法。‎ ‎3. “零冠词”的概念及基本用法。‎ ‎4. 习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用方法。‎ 三、要点精讲全解 冠词是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成份，它们一般用于名词之前。冠词有不定冠词（a, an）和定冠词（the）之分。‎ ‎（一）a、an、the的区别 不定冠词有a和an两种形式，表示泛指，相当于汉语中的“一”。a用于辅音音素开头的单数的可数名词前，an用于元音音素开头的单数的可数名词之前。定冠词the，相当于this, that, these, those，表示特指。一个事物初次提到用a或an，再次提到用the。如：‎ This is a book. The book is mine. 这是一本书，这本书是我的。‎ The book on the desk is mine. 在桌子上的书是我的。 ‎ ‎（二）不定冠词的用法 用法 例句 泛指某一类人、事或物 An elephant is bigger than a horse. ‎ 泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。有“每一”的含义。‎ We go skateboarding once a month. ‎ He goes to school five days a week.‎ 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。‎ There is a bird in the tree. ‎ I have a good friend.‎ 用于某些固定词组中 a lot of, a few/little/ bit, a pair /piece of, have a good time, a number of, make a living ‎ ‎（三）定冠词的用法 用法 例词或例句 特指某(些)人或事物。‎ The girl in red is my sister. ‎ 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。‎ Open the window, please.‎ 指上文已经提到的人或事物。‎ I have a car. The car is red.‎ 指世界上独一无二的事物。‎ Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?‎ 用在序数词，形容词最高级前。‎ The first lesson is the easiest of all.‎ 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。‎ Have you been to the Great Wall?‎ 用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。‎ the young, the old, the rich 用在乐器名称前。‎ She plays the piano every day.‎ 用在某些固定词组中 in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left/right, in the middle of, all the same/ time, by the way ‎（四）零冠词的用法 用法 例词或例句 在专有名词和不可数名词前。‎ Class Two, Tian’an Men Square, water ‎ 可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some，any等)及所有格时 She is my friend.‎ Whose bike is this?‎ He goes to work every day.‎ 复数名词表示一类人或事物时。‎ Tigers like meat.‎ 在星期，月份，季节，节日前。‎ on Sunday, in March, in spring, Women’s Day 在学科，三餐和球类运动名称前。‎ He plays soccer every day.‎ 用于某些固定词组中 ‎ go to school/work/bed, at home/work, in bed, in/on time, at once/noon, by bus/ bike/ car/ train/ subway, in surprise 四、思维误区警示 ‎（一） a, an的用法 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（福州）－Do you have _____pen? －Yes, I have one. ‎ A. a         B. an         C. the       　  D. /‎ ‎ 答案：A。在以辅音音素开头的单词前，不定冠词要用a。‎ ‎２. （盐城） Bob is _____eleven-year-old boy, but he knows a lot about Chinese history.         ‎ A. an           B. a            C. the          D. /      ‎ 答案：Ａ。eleven-year-old是以元音开头的单词。‎ ‎　【易错知识点解析】‎ a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前。‎ ‎（二）定冠词的用法 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（浙江） Look at _______ skirt, I bought it for Mum on Mother’s Day. Isn’t it nice? ‎ A. a       B. an          C. the      D. /‎ 答案：Ｃ。特指某些人或某些事物用定冠词。‎ ‎２.（温州）－Where’s ________key to my bike, Jim?  －It’s in your bag.‎ A. a          B. an      C. the         D./ 答案：Ｃ。特指双方都知道的人或物用定冠词。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 定冠词the的最基本的用法是表示特指，也可表示双方都知道的人或事物。‎ ‎（三）“零冠词”的用法 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（湖北省孝感市）People often go skating in _________ winter.‎ ‎ 　　A. / B. a C. an D. the ‎ ‎　　　答案：Ａ。在季节前不加冠词the.‎ ‎2.（天津市）Jack enjoys watching TV, while Tom is interested in listening to______ music.‎ ‎ 　 A. the 　　　　B. / 　　　C. a 　　　D. an ‎　答案：Ｂ。在不可数名词music前不加冠词。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 一般在星期、月份、季节、三餐和球类前不加冠词the, 但在乐器前要加冠词the。‎ ‎（四）综合考查 ‎【例题解析】‎ ‎1.（汕头）People like to see films on ______TV instead of going to______ cinema. ‎ A. the; the         B. /; the      C. the; /‎ 答案：Ｂ。“在电视中”是on TV，“去看电影”是go to the cinema。均为固定搭配。‎ ‎２.（临沂）Pass me ____dictionary next to the radio, and I also need ___ pen to write something.                  ‎ A. a, a        B. the, the         C. the, a       D. a, the 答案：C。表示特指用the, 表示“一”这个数量在辅音前用a。‎ ‎３.（徐州） In the United States, Father’s Day falls on _____ third Sunday in _____ June. ‎ A. the; /      　 B. the; a    　   C. /; the    　 D. a; /‎ 答案：A。定冠词the常用在序数词前。季节、月份等前一般不用冠词。‎ ‎【易错知识点解析】‎ 不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。熟记不用冠词的用法和一些固定搭配是做好本类题的关键。‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ I.‎‎ 单项选择。‎ ‎1. There is ________ apple tree in my garden. It’s over 10 years old.‎ ‎　　 A. the B. a C. an D. /‎ ‎2. I looked under ________ table and found ________ pen I lost yesterday. ‎ ‎　 A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the; /‎ ‎3. I learned to play ________ piano at the age of four.‎ ‎　 A. a B. an C. the D. /‎ ‎4. —It’s ________ nice day, isn’t it? ‎ ‎　—Yes, what ________ fine weather! ‎ ‎　　A. a; a B. the; the C. a; / D. the; /‎ ‎5. —Why did you laugh just now? ‎ ‎　 —Ted wanted to tell us ________ very funny story, but he forget ________ end himself.‎ ‎　　 A. /; the B. a; an C. a; the D. the; the ‎6. Which bigger ___ elephant or ___ horse?‎ A. a; the         B. an; a         C. the; an      D. an; the ‎7. A little boy wrote_______ “U” and_______ “n” on the wall.‎ A. a; an          B. an; a        C. an; an       D. a; a ‎8. ___ girl in ___ Grade Three is ___ tallest in our school.‎ ‎    A. The, the, the   B. A, a, a        C. The, /, the     D. A, /, a ‎9. Mary is ____ only girl who has been to American.      A. a            B. the        C. an             D. /‎ ‎10. I He likes playing_______ piano, he doesn't like playing______ football.‎ ‎   A. the, the      B. the, /         C. / , the         D. /, /‎ II. 根据需要，在必要的地方填入冠词。‎ ‎1. There is _______ woman over there． _______ woman is Meimei’s mother.‎ ‎2. This is _______ useful book. I’ve read it for _______ hour.‎ ‎3. Tomorrow is _______ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _______ Christmas tree today ‎4. I often watch _______ TV in _______ evening.‎ ‎5. _______ Changjiang River is _______ longest river in _______ China.‎ ‎6. ______ old man is ______ teacher. He likes playing _____ basketball after _____ supper.‎ ‎7. He often goes to _______ school by _______ bike.‎ ‎8. ________second question is __________easiest of all.‎ ‎9. Beijing is ________ capital of __________ China.‎ ‎10. I often get to ______ school at about 7：‎30 in _____morning and I have _____lunch in ______ middle of ______day.‎ ‎  III.阅读下面的短文，在必要的地方填入适当的冠词。‎ A friend of mine, Sandy Milton, wanted to become a dancer when she was   1    girl. Every morning before school she used to practice in     2    living room at home.  Dancers need    3    lot of exercise, so Sandy used to go to the gym two or three times 4 week. In    5  end she got a  job in    6   theatre company and became   7  actress. In   8   fact,   last week I saw her in   9   program on    10   TV! ‎ 第三章　冠词 I.１－５CBCCC 6－１０BACBB Ⅱ. 1. a, the 2. a, an 3. /, a 4. /, the 5. The, the, /‎ ‎6. The, a, / 7. /; / 8.The, the   9.the, /  10. /, the, / , the, the  5.the, / ‎ Ⅲ.1. a  2. the  3. a  4.a  5 .the  6. a  7.an  8. /       9.a  10./‎