中考语法名词 11页

名词 一. 名词的分类 ‎ 个体名词 ‎ 集体名词:是一些人或物的总称，作主语时可用复形谓语动词 ‎ 普通名词 物质名词: 是无法分为个体的实物 名词 抽象名词:是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。‎ ‎ 专有名词:是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。: ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 可数名词 名词 ‎ 不可数名词 ‎[名词检测1]：‎ 写出下列词的复数 house_______ brush_______ city_______ match_______‎ Englishman _______ box_______ baby_______ actory_______‎ woman_______ roof_______ German_______ man doctor_______‎ glass_______ Swiss_______ hero_______ Japanese _______‎ belief_______ family_______ deer_______ tomato_______‎ piano _________ apple tree _________ child_________ Frenchman______‎ sheep_________ tooth__________ book shop ________ mouse_________‎ bus_______ wife_______ proof_______ potato_______‎ The singer and writer _________ (come) from China.‎ ‎【可数名词复数的变化规则】‎ A、 一般情况下，在单数名词的后面加-s。‎ ‎ 如：game-games，boy-boys...‎ B、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的单数名词变复数，在词尾加-es。‎ ‎ 如：box-boxes，bus-buses，peach-peaches，dish-dishes。 ‎ C、以o结尾，表示有生命的事物的单数名词变复数加-es；表示没有生命的事物的单数名词变复数加-s。‎ ‎ 如：potato-potatoes，tomato-tomatoes，photo-photos，piano-pianos等。 ‎ ‎ 可以巧记为：‎ ‎ Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes.‎ ‎ 黑人和英雄喜欢吃马铃薯和西红柿。‎ D、以辅音字母加y结尾的单数名词变复数，将y改成i后再加-es。‎ ‎ 如：factory-factories，story-stories，family-families。 ‎ E、 ②以“一f或-fe”结尾的名词变为复数时，变“一f或一fe”为V，再加-es的，初中英语中主要有下列单词：leaf树叶，half -半，self自己，wife妻子，knife刀子，shelf架子，wolf狼，thief小偷，life生命。可以巧记为：‎ ‎ 树叶半数自己黄，妻子操刀去割粮； ‎ ‎ 架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。‎ ‎ ③以“_f或-fe”结尾的名词变为复数时，只加一s的，初中英语中主要有如下单词：gulf海湾，roof屋顶，chief首领，serf奴仆，belief信仰，proof证据。可以巧记为：‎ ‎ 海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；‎ 谁说他们无信仰，证据又是谁人详。‎ ‎【不规则变化】‎ 1. man——men woman------women Policeman------policemen fireman-----firemen ‎ Spaceman-------spacemen Englishman------Englishmen Frenchman------Frenchmen 2. ‎.Foot-----feet Tooth----teeth Goose---geese ‎ Child--children mouse-- mice ‎ ‎3.国籍 ‎ Chinese-----Chinese Japanese-----Japanese Swiss------Swiss ‎ ‎ Englishman-----Englishmen Frenchman------Frenchmen ‎ German------Germans Russian------Russians American------Americans ‎ Australian-------Australians Indian------Indians Canadian-----Canadians ‎ 巧记口诀：中日（加瑞士）不变，英法变，其余s加后面 ‎4.单复数同形：‎ ‎ sheep-----sheep deer-----deer people--people Fish (三种情况）‎ ‎5.除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: ‎ ‎ a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters ‎ ‎6. 有些名词虽以-s 结尾，但表达的是单数意义。如: news, maths, politics, physics, the United States 等.‎ ‎（1）maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。‎ ‎（2）news 是不可数名词。 ‎ ‎（3）the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。‎ ‎7. 单复数意思变化的 ‎ Work___________ ‎ works_________‎ Water___________‎ waters________‎ time___________‎ times_________‎ good___________‎ goods_________‎ glass___________‎ glasses________‎ sand___________‎ sands_________‎ wood___________‎ woods________‎ 8. 做可数与不可数时，意义不同的词有：‎ ‎ room 可数：房间 不可数： 空间 ‎ orange 可数：橘子 不可数： 橙汁 ‎ 9. 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes , shoes, scissors ‎ 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers ‎ ‎10. 名词+名词构成的复合名词的复数 ‎ ① 由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词，把复数词尾放在一个名词上 ‎ an apple tree----apple trees a match box---match boxes ‎ ② man 和woman构成的复合名词变复数时，两个名词都要变 ‎ a man doctor---men doctors a woman drive---women drivers ‎11. 复合名词的复数形式：‎ ‎1. 一般将主体名词变为复数 ‎ Mother- in- law--- mothers- in- law 岳母 passer- by--- passers- by 过路人 ‎ Editor- in- chief--- editors- in- chief 主编 ‎2. 无主体名词构成的复合词, 在词尾加-s ‎ Go- between--- go- betweens 中间人, 媒人 grown- up--- grown- ups 成年人 ‎3. 将两个组成部分皆变为复数，这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,‎ ‎ 如： man doctor → men doctors男医生 woman teacher → women teachers ‎4. 名词做定语以单数形式存在（man, woman例外）‎ ‎ 如：a stone bridge, a meeting room.‎ ‎ 但是：a man doctor, two men doctors ‎【不可数名词】‎ 1、 可数名词才有单数与复数的区别；不可数名词没有复数形式；‎ 2、 不可数名词的谓语动词只能用单数形式；‎ 3、 有些名词即可做可数名词，也可做不可数名词；但是意思不同：‎ ‎ room 可数：房间 不可数： 空间 ‎ orange 可数：橘子 不可数： 橙汁 4、 不可数名词的修饰词：‎ 可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语: a lot of，lots of, some, a little, little, much 翻译：‎ 一张报纸____________________ 两条新闻____________________‎ 三碗饭____________________ 四瓶水____________________‎ 五杯橘子汁____________________ 六片面包____________________‎ 注意事项：‎ ‎①people作“人们”讲时，看作复数，不能在其后加“-s”，谓语动词用复数形式；family，class是集体名词，既指单数，又指复数，谓语动词可用单数亦可用复数，具体根据语境而定。‎ ‎ 常见的集体名词：people, police, cattle, youth, public, staff, crew, crowd,f, team, class, group, couple, army ②有些名词以-s结尾，但表达的是单数意义，‎ ‎ 例如：news；maths, politics, physics（学科名词）, the United States等。‎ ‎③表示由两部分构成(成双成对形式出现的名词)的东西，‎ ‎ 如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes，谓语用复数，‎ 但是若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); ‎ ‎ a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers这时要根据量词来判断 ‎④“the+姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”，‎ ‎ 例如：the Greens格林一家／格林夫妇，the Blacks布莱克一家／布莱克夫妇，the Smiths史密斯一家／史密斯夫妇。‎ ‎⑤年份前面加the，后面加一s，表示年代 ‎ 例如：the 1980s 20世纪80年代。‎ ‎[名词检测2]‎ 汤姆的车_______________ 丽丽和露西各自的书包___________________‎ 丽丽和露西的爸爸________________ 父亲节_________________________‎ 儿童节_________________ 教师节_________________________‎ 妇女节_________________ 中国地图_________________________‎ 门的钥匙________________ 两分钟的路程_________________________‎ 我爸爸的一个朋友______________‎ ‎【名词所有格 】‎ ‎1.表示人或物所属关系时,我们就需要使用名词所有格。‎ ‎ 如：“奶奶的房子”表示为“grandma's house”。‎ ‎2.名词所有格的构成有以下规则： ‎ A、一般情况下，在名词的末尾加“'s”构成。‎ ‎ 如：Mike's bike迈克的自行车,Tom's books汤姆的书.‎ B、以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只在其末尾加“ ’ ”‎ ‎ 如：my parents' car我父母的车,our teachers' books我们老师的书。‎ C、表示几个人共同拥有的东西时，只在最后一个名字上加所有格。 ‎ ‎ 如：Jenny and Joan's bedroom 詹妮和琼共同拥有的卧室;‎ ‎ 但如果是分别拥有的东西就要在每个名字上加所有格.‎ ‎ 如: Tim's and Jack's toy cars提姆和杰的玩具车。 ‎ D、没有生命的东西的所有格，我们通常用“of+名词”的方式来表示。 ‎ ‎ 如：The window of the classroom 教室的窗户; the capital of China中国的首都;‎ ‎ The weather of ShangHai上海的天气. ‎ ‎ 注意： 门的钥匙 the key to the door; 问题的答案 the answer to the question E . 表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“‘s”或“ ’ ”表示所有格 ‎ 如：today’s papers 今天的报纸, ten minutes’ walk 十分钟的路程 ‎ 注意：数词+分号+可数名词单数也可以做前置定语 ‎ 十分钟的路程 a ten- minute walk 三条腿的桌子 a three- leg table ‎ 十岁的男孩 a ten- year- old boy 100米赛跑 a 100-meter race ‎ F. 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。‎ ‎ At the tailor’s 在裁缝店 at a chemist’s 在药店 G. 被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。‎ ‎ 如：an old friend of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一个老朋友 ‎ a daughter of Mrs Green’s 格林先生的一个女儿 ‎ a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 练习巩固 ‎1. A new study proves a __________ walk every day is enough to keep away from becoming fat ‎ A. 30- minute B. 30 minute’s C. 30- minutes ‎2. Is there any ________ on the table?‎ ‎ A. noodles B. sugar C. dumplings D. Oranges ‎3. You are not a rich man or a famous person. But in my heart, you are one of the greatest _________ in the world ‎ A. businessmen B. man C. men D. person ‎4. Canadians speak ________ and __________‎ ‎ A. Italian, Japanese B. English, Chinese C. German, Russian D. French, English ‎5. ——Where do you come from?‎ ‎ ——I come from _______. I am an ________‎ ‎ A. Japan, Japanese B. America, American C. England, English D. Australian, Australian ‎6. How many ________ are there in your factory?‎ ‎ A. German B. Japanese C. Australian D. Englishmans ‎7. There are three __________ in my family ‎ A. people B. person C. peoples D. child ‎8. ——What’s in the __________?‎ ‎ ——There are some _________ and _________ in them ‎ A. photos, potatos, radios B. photos, potatoes, radios ‎ C. photoes, potatos, radios D. Photos, potatoes, radioes ‎9. Three _________ and two ________ are going to visit our school next Monday.‎ ‎ A. Japanese, American B. Japaneses, American ‎ C. Japaneses, Americans D. Japaneses, Americans ‎10. ——Good news! We will have a ________ holiday.‎ ‎ ——I’ ve heard of it. But it’s coming in _________‎ ‎ A. three days; three days’ time B. three days’; three days’‎ ‎ C. three- day; three days D. three days; three- day time ‎11. Please keep quiet! If you make a lot of __________, the others can’t hear me clearly.‎ ‎ A. music B. voice C. sound D. noise ‎12. ——How far is your cousin ‘s home from here?‎ ‎ ——It’s about two _________ drive ‎ A. hour’s B. hours C. hours’ D. hour ‎13. We don’t have enough nurses to look after the patients. At least ___________ are needed ‎ A. ten another nurses B. more ten nurses C. other ten nurses D. another ten nurses ‎14. ——What’s in the cupboard?‎ ‎ ——A few _______, but little __________‎ ‎ A. apples; coffee B. coffee; apples C. apple; coffees D. coffees; apple ‎ ‎15. It is five years since we began to enjoy a ___________ spring holiday each year.‎ ‎ A. ten- day B. ten day C. ten day’s D. ten-days ‎16. Last Saturday, I met _________ in the supermarket.‎ ‎ A. a friend of my B. a friend of mine C. one of my friend D. one friend of me ‎17. William could not offer MP4 because he had __________ money with him.‎ ‎ A. a few B. much C. little D. few ‎18. ——Good morning, madam. Can I help you?‎ ‎ —— Sure, I’d like _________ for cooking vegetables.‎ ‎ A. two cups of coffee B. three pieces of bread ‎ C. one bowl of dumplings D. five kilos of oil ‎19. After ten years, all these kids became __________‎ ‎ A. growns- ups B. grows- up C. grown- up D. grown- ups ‎20. Five kilometers __________ a long way for the children ‎ ‎ ‎ A. is B. are C. have D. has ‎21. My mother with my two brothers ________ gone to Beijing. They will be back next week ‎ A. is B. are C. has D. have ‎22. ___________ mothers could not go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu.‎ ‎ A. Li Lei and Lucy’s B. Li lei’s and Lucy’s C. Li Lei and Lucy D. Li Lei’s and Lucy ‎23. Where are the ________ bags?‎ ‎ A. childrens’ B. children’s C. children of D. of children ‎24. I want to find a shop which sells ________only ‎ A. men’s shoes B. men shoes C. man’s shoes D. the shoes of men ‎25. I love the two __________ behind our house.‎ ‎ A. apple tree B. apple trees C. apples trees D. apples tree ‎26. There are two __________ in the city.‎ ‎ A. car’s factory B. car’s factories C. factories of car’s D. car factories ‎27. I have two ________ in my pencil- box ‎ A. knife B. knifes C. knives D. a knife ‎28. How many ________ are there in your factory?‎ ‎ A. German B. Japanese C. Australian D. Englishmans ‎29. ——What’s in the __________?‎ ‎ ——There are some _________ and _________ in them ‎ A. photos, potatos, radios B. photos, potatoes, radios ‎ C. photoes, potatos, radios D. Photos, potatoes, radioes ‎30. A large number of ________ cut down ‎ A. trees; is B. wood; is C. wood; are D. trees; are Reading comprehension ‎ ‎ A Mr. King worked in a factory. He liked playing soccer and spent much time on it, so he was sometimes late for work. His boss was so angry that he fired Mr. King. Mr. King couldn’t find another job. Finally he got into trouble and lived a difficult life. ‎ ‎ One of his friends felt sorry for him and introduced him to a headmaster, whose school was just in need of swimming coaches. Mr. King began to teach the school children to swim. He wasn’t a good coach. Two months later, the children learned nothing. Few of them could swim. ‎ ‎ It was a hot Saturday. The children wouldn’t stay in the classroom and wanted to swim in the river. Mr. King failed to stop them. Before they started, he drew a red line below the knee of each child. He said to them, “Come out of the river at once if the water reaches the line.” ‎ ‎26. Why did the boss fire Mr. King? ‎ A. Because Mr. King didn’t like his job. B. Because Mr. King was ill. ‎ C. Because Mr. King talked too much. D. Because Mr. King was sometimes late for work. ‎ ‎27. Mr. King couldn’t find another job and his life was ________. ‎ ‎ A. happy B. hard C. relaxing D. free ‎ ‎28. Who helped Mr. King find a job in a school? ‎ ‎ A. The boss of the factory B. His friend C. The school children D. Nobody ‎ ‎29. Two months later, the children learned nothing because ________. ‎ ‎ A. Mr. King taught them to play soccer B. they didn’t like swimming at all ‎ ‎ C. they were afraid of water D. Mr. King was a poor coach ‎ ‎30. Mr. King _______, so he drew a red line below the knee of each child. ‎ ‎ A. didn’t want the children to swim B. wanted to make the children look funny ‎ ‎ C. wanted to make the children happy D. wanted to help the children swim better ‎ B ‎ 2011 is special year for all the people in Shenzhen. The 26th World Universidad will be held in the city ‎ from August 12th to 23rd. As we all know, “ Start Here” is the slogan of this great event. Does anyone know that a new life of two giant pandas will start here as well? Shenzhen is expecting the pair of pandas for the Summer Universidad. The pandas, a male and a female from Wolong Panda Research Center in Sichuan Province, will be ‎ ‎“Universidad Pandas”, just like “Asian Games Pandas” and “Olympic Pandas”. Shenzhen Safari Park will rebuild its panda house to welcome the pandas. The panda house has been empty since another panda, Yongba, 25, was returned to Sichuan in 2009 because it was too old. How old are the Universiade Pandas? What are their names? What are they like? What are their living habits? We will find out the answers in June when they arrive. ‎ ‎31. The 26th World Universidad will begin on __________. ‎ ‎ A. August 12th B. August 23rd C. September 12th D. September 23rd ‎ ‎32. The pair of pandas comes from ________. ‎ ‎ A. Shenzhen B. Sichuan C. Guangzhou D. Beijing ‎ ‎33. Yongba is a(n) _________. ‎ ‎ A. Universidad panda B. Asian Games Panda ‎ ‎ C. Olympic panda D. panda that used to live in Shenzhen Safari Park ‎ ‎34. From the passage we can know the _________of the Universidad Pandas. ‎ ‎ A. arrival time B. ages C. names D. living habits ‎ ‎35. The passage tells us that __________. ‎ ‎ A. the slogan of the 26th World Universidad is “Just Do It” ‎ ‎ B. there will be two male pandas coming to Shenzhen ‎ ‎ C. Yongba left Shenzhen in 2009 ‎ ‎ D. Wolong Panda Research Center will build a panda house for the Universiade Pandas ‎ C Fish and apple soup? Yes, and you won’t believe how delicious it is. This first came out of a restaurant in Singapore, but it is now very popular as the soup du jour in Chinese restaurants. ‎ Ingredients (serves 4): ‎ ‎1 whole fish ‎ ‎2 apples, quartered ‎ ‎4-6 ginger slices (姜片) ‎ ‎1 bunch of spring onions, cut into pieces ‎ ‎1red tomato, cut into 8 pieces ‎ Oil, salt and pepper ‎ Methods: ‎ ‎1. Remove the bones from the fish ‎ ‎2. Pour oil into a pan. Fry the ginger slices and the spring onions. Add the fish bones and fry. ‎ ‎3. Add enough water and boil it for about 15 to 20 minutes. ‎ ‎4. Add the apples, the fish and the tomato. When the apples go soft, add salt and pepper. ‎ ‎36. This passage is probably ___________.‎ A. a poem B. a piece of news C. a story D. a recipe ‎37. The name of the soup in Chinese restaurants is _________.‎ A. du jour soup B. tomato soup C. onion soup D. ginger soup ‎38. The underlined word "quartered" means __________.‎ A 榨汁 B. 切成四份 C. 洗净 D. 剁碎 ‎39. If you want to cook the soup for 8 people, you will need _________ red tomato(es).‎ A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4‎ ‎40. In what order should you add the ingredients while cooking the soup?‎ A. apples, fish and tomato→ ginger slices and spring onions→ oil→ fish bones B. oil→ fish bones→ ginger slices and spring onions→ apples, fish and tomato C. oil→ ginger slices and spring onions→ fish bones→ apples, fish and tomato D. ginger slices and spring onions→ fish bones→ apples, fish and tomato→ oil D Friday January 28.2011‎ China's world number seven Li Na became the first Chinese tennis player to reach a Grand Slam final at this year's Australian Open. "It was the first match easy or tough? Nothing between." said Li, who has defeated Zahlavpva Strycova on her way to the Australian Open final.‎ Tuesday March 52011‎ Besides China, more than 70 countries have offered Japan help after the earthquake. Two US search and rescue teams, with 144 stuff and 12 dogs, have begun work; The southern Afghan city of Kandahar announced it would donate (捐赠) $50.000 to die "brothers and sisters" of Japan Thursday May 19,2011‎ Canada pop star Justin. Bieber got a hugely disappointing greeting when he arrived in Hong Kon8 on Wednesday. Just seven fans showed up at the city's airport to greet Bieber. Bieber's concert—one of the last shows in his "My World" tour—is on Friday in Hong Kong,‎ Monday May 30. 2011‎ A serious drought aloft] the Yang River has affected over 34 million people, leaving farmers and livestocks (牲畜) without water. Over 4.23 million people are having difficulty finding enough drinking water, |while more than 5 million need help to tight against the drought. ‎ ‎41. Li Na _________. ‎ A. is one of the top table tennis players in the world B. is the first player to reach a Grand Slam final C. didn’t say anything about the match D. beat Zahlavaya Strycova on her way to the Australian Open final ‎42. Two search and rescue teams from _________have begun work in Japan.‎ A. Australia B. the US C. the UK D. Afghanistan ‎43. Justin Bibber might feel _________when he arrived at Hong Kong airport.‎ A. disappointed B. happy C. excited D. bored ‎44. When a drought happens, people are short of ________.‎ A. money B. oil C. food D. water ‎45. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the news?‎ A. An Afghan city of Kandahar will donate $50,000 to Japan.‎ B. More than 4.23 million people find it difficult to get enough drinking water.‎ C. All the Chinese were proud of Li Na after she won the match.‎ D. The concert Bibber will have in Hong Kong is one of his last shows in his “My World” tour.‎ E Look closely at your hands. Are they clean? It doesn’t matter how many times you wash your hands, tiny microbes（微生物）still stay on them. But don’t worry. Most microbes don’t harm you.‎ Now scientists say the microbes on our hands could be used in a surprising way: fighting crime. According to a recent study, microbes as well as fingerprints（指纹）could be used to identify the criminal.‎ Everyone has his own set of microbes on the hands. That is to say, if you and your best friend were able to see and compare all the microbes on your hands, your hands probably would look different. Some microbes only show up on your hands while others live only on your friend’s hands.‎ When you work on a computer, you leave the microbes from your hands on the keyboard. The scientists can easily tell the owner of the keyboard by looking at the microbes on it. Even if you don't leave your fingerprints behind, your microbes may give you away. ‎ Noah Fierer, a scientist says, “You can only clean a fingerprint, but you can’t sterilize（使无菌）a surface just by wiping（擦）it off.” He says that scientists have a lot more work to do before the microbe is used as a useful tool.‎ ‎46. According to the passage, ________could be used to identify the criminal.‎ A. fingerprints B. scientists’ hands C. microbes D. fingerprints and microbes on people’s hands ‎47. Paragraph 3 tells us that ______.‎ A. our hands look similar B. the microbes will make the keyboard dirty C. we should compare our hands often D. we have our own sets of microbes ‎48. When you work on a computer, the microbes ______.‎ A. just stay on your hands B. also stay on the keyboard C. will do harm to you D. will disappear ‎49. From Noah Fierer we know that _________.‎ A. fingerprints are no longer useful in fighting crime B. microbes can’t be found on everyone’s hands C. unlike microbes, fingerprints can be cleaned if people wipe them D. the microbe is used as a useful tool ‎50. What’s the best title of the passage?‎ A. Microbes May Tell Who You Are ‎ B. Scientists Say Everyone Has Microbes C. Noah Fierer Does Research Into Microbes ‎ D. Fingerprints Help Catch Criminals