上海中考英语语法满分熟记页就够了 29页

‎2015年中考英语语法满分熟记30页就够了 Ⅰ 词类。‎ 词类 英语名称 意 义 例 词 名词 The Noun (缩写为n)‎ 表示人或事物的名称 basket, mouth, hospital, year, train 冠词 The Article (art)‎ 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a, an, the ‎ 代词 The Pronoun (pron)‎ 用来代替名词、形容词或数词 they, his, him, mine, which, all ‎ 形容词 The Adjective (adj)‎ 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry ‎ 数词 The Numeral (num)‎ 表示数量或顺序 three, thirteen, twenty, second ‎ 动词 The Verb (v)‎ 表示动作或状态 hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing ‎ 副词 The Adverb (adv)‎ 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes ‎ 介词 The Preposition (prep)‎ 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系 from, with, at, into, behind, between, for ‎ 连词 The Conjunction (conj)‎ 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 and, or, but, so, because ‎ 感叹词 The Interjection (interj)‎ 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear ‎ （一） 名词：‎ ‎ ‎ 专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .‎ ‎ 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . ‎ ‎ 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 可数名词 普通名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . ‎ ‎ 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词 ‎ ‎ ‎ 2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。‎ ‎ 3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。‎ ‎ （二）冠词 ‎ 1．定冠词－the .‎ ‎ 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good.‎ ‎ 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?‎ ‎ 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .‎ ‎ 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .‎ ‎ 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .‎ ‎ 乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the 。I like playing the piano / violin .‎ ‎ 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . ‎ ‎ 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China .‎ ‎ 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV .‎ ‎ 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .‎ ‎ 2．不定冠词－a / an .‎ ‎ 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.‎ ‎ 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.‎ ‎ 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.‎ ‎ 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.‎ ‎ 3．零冠词。‎ ‎ 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .‎ ‎ 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice .‎ ‎ 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.‎ ‎ 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.‎ ‎ 在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. ‎ ‎ 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers’ Day. ‎ ‎ 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.‎ ‎ 在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English .‎ ‎ 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。‎ ‎ （三）形容词 ‎ 1．形容词的构成。‎ ‎ 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .‎ ‎ 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.‎ ‎ 2．形容词的用法。‎ ‎ 修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl .‎ ‎ 作表语。He is very strong. ‎ ‎ 作宾语补足语。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .‎ ‎ “定冠词＋形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to the old politely. ‎ ‎ 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。‎ ‎ 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。‎ ‎ 3．形容词的位置。‎ ‎ 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.‎ ‎ 与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away .‎ ‎ 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。 Something important . nothing ‎ serious .‎ ‎ 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列： 冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）－描述形容词（brave, beautiful）－表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词－表示年龄或新旧的形容词－表示颜色的形容词－表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词－表示材料、物质的形容词－表示用途或类别的形容词－被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .‎ ‎ 4．形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ，不规则见表）‎ ‎ 原级的用法：“……和……相同”‎ A． 肯定句：A ＋ 动词 ＋ as ＋ 形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B . He is as tall as me .‎ B． ‎ 否定句：A… ＋ not as ＋形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B （即A 不如 B 那么…）‎ ‎ A… ＋ not so ＋形容词原级 ＋ as ＋ B = A…+ less + 形容词原级＋than + B .‎ ‎ 比较级的用法：‎ A． A ＋ 动词 ＋ 形容词的比较级 ＋ than ＋ B . （A 比B 更… ，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一点儿”。‎ B． ‎“比较级 ＋ and ＋ 比较级”、 “more and more ＋ 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越…”。‎ ‎ 最高级的用法：（个体用－of ，范围用－in，最高级前面要用定冠词－the）‎ A． 三种最高级表示法。‎ 最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China .‎ 比较级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .‎ 原级： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .‎ ‎ （四） 副词 ‎ 1．副词的种类：‎ ‎ 时间副词：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …‎ ‎ 地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …‎ ‎ 方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …‎ ‎ 程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …‎ ‎ 疑问副词：how, when, where, why …‎ ‎ 关系副词：when, where, why … （引导定语从句）‎ ‎ 连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether …‎ ‎ 频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …‎ ‎ 其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe …‎ ‎ 2．副词的用法：‎ ‎ 作状语 ： He can finish the work easily .‎ ‎ 作定语（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin .‎ ‎ 作表语 ： I must be off now .‎ ‎ 作宾补，构成复合宾语 ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .‎ ‎ 3．副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加 er / est ,不规则见表）‎ ‎ 副词的原级：‎ A． as + 副词的原级 + as “与…一样”‎ B． not as(so) + 副词的原级 + as “与…不一样”‎ A． too + 副词的原级 + to do sth . “太…而不能”‎ B． so + 副词的原级 + that 从句 “如此…以致于…”‎ C． 副词的原级 + enough to do sth . “足够…能做…”‎ ‎ 副词的比较级：‎ ‎ A．A + 动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B ‎ ‎ B．副词比较级前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。‎ ‎ C．比较级 ＋ and + 比较级，表示“越来越…”，the more … the more … 表示“越…就越…”‎ ‎ D．副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .‎ ‎ （五）数词 ‎ 1．基数词：‎ ‎1－12‎ ‎13－19‎ ‎20－90‎ ‎100－‎ ‎1 one ‎13 thirteen ‎20 twenty ‎100 a‎ hundred ‎2 two ‎14 fourteen ‎21 twenty-one ‎300 three hundred ‎3 three ‎15 fifteen ‎22 twenty-two ‎1,000 a‎ thousand ‎4 four ‎16 sixteen ‎30 thirty ‎5,000 five thousand ‎5 five ‎17 seventeen ‎40 forty ‎1,000,000 a‎ million ‎6 six ‎18 eighteen ‎50 fifty ‎1,000,000,000 a‎ billion ‎7 seven ‎19 nineteen ‎60 sixty ‎8 eight ‎70 seventy ‎9 nine ‎80 eighty ‎10 ten ‎90 ninety ‎11 eleven ‎12 twelve ‎ ‎ ‎ 2．序数词：‎ ‎1-10‎ ‎11-19‎ ‎20-90‎ ‎100-‎ ‎1 first 1st ‎11 eleventh 11th ‎20 twentieth 20th ‎100 one hundredth 100th ‎2 second 2nd ‎12 twelfth 12th ‎21 twenty-first 21st ‎103 one hundred and third 103rd ‎3 third 3rd ‎13 thirteenth 13th ‎30 thirtieth 30th ‎134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th ‎4 fourth 4th ‎14 fourteenth 14th ‎37 thirty-seventh 37th ‎200 two hundredth 200th ‎5 fifth 5th ‎15 fifteenth 15th ‎40 fortieth 40th ‎1000 one thousandth 1,000th ‎6 sixth 6th ‎16 sixteenth 16th ‎50 fiftieth 50th ‎1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th ‎7 seventh 7th ‎17 seventeenth 17th ‎60 sixtieth 60th ‎1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th ‎8 eighth 8th ‎18 eighteenth 18th ‎70 seventieth 70th ‎9 ninth 9th ‎19 nineteenth 19th ‎80 eightieth 80th ‎10 tenth 10th ‎90 ninetieth 90th 作主语：The first is better than the second .‎ ‎ 作宾语：He was among the first to arrive .‎ ‎ 作表语：He is the first to come to school .‎ ‎ 作定语：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .‎ ‎（六）代词 类 别 作 用 例 词 例 句 人称代词 代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语 ‎ 数 格 人称 单 数 复 数 I am a teacher .‎ They are students .‎ We all like him .‎ He gave the book to me .‎ 一 二 三 一 二 三 主 格 I you he she ‎ it ‎ we you they 宾 格 me you him he ‎ t ‎ us you them 物主代词 形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系 ‎ 词义 类型 我的 你 的 他的 她 的 它 的 我们的 你们的 他们的 My book is there.‎ Her father is a worker.‎ This bike is yours, ours is broken .‎ 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词 起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语 数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 We ourselves did the work.‎ He did the work by himself.‎ 单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves 相互代词 表示相互关系，作宾语 宾 格 所 有 格 We should help each other.‎ Please correct each other’s mistakes .‎ each other（两者相互）‎ each other’s（相互的）‎ one another（三者或三者以上）‎ one another’s（相互的）‎ 指示代词 起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same ‎ Take this book to his room.‎ My point is this .‎ 不定代词 代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.‎ Neither answer is right.‎ 疑问代词 表示疑问，构成特殊问句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?‎ 关系代词 引导定语从句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.‎ 连接代词 引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）‎ what, who, that ‎ I know what you are doing .‎ That’s what I hope .‎ ‎ （七）动词 类 别 意 义 例 子 例 句 行为动词 含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。‎ 及物动词 后面一定接宾语 Open, visit, hear …‎ He visited Gaozhou yesterday.‎ 不及物动词 后面可以不接宾语 Laugh, cry, live …‎ He lives in Beijing .‎ 连系动词（link v）‎ 本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。‎ Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem … ‎ The meat smells bad .‎ He is a student .‎ 助动词（v.aux.）‎ 本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would …‎ He doesn’t speak English .‎ We are playing football .‎ He had gone to Beijing .‎ 情态动词（Modal Verbs）‎ 本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。‎ Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to …‎ She can speak English .‎ May I speak to Ann, please、‎ We must go now .‎ ‎ 注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词－ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。‎ ‎（八）介词 ‎ 1．介词的种类：‎ ‎ 简单介词：in, at, of, from, since, around, to …‎ ‎ 合成介词：onto, into, without, upon, within …‎ ‎ 短语介词：because of, in front of, according to …‎ ‎ 分词介词：regarding, following, concerning …‎ ‎ 2．介词短语在句子中的作用：‎ ‎ 作定语。I know the answer to the question .‎ ‎ 作状语。The children are playing basketball in the playground .‎ ‎ 作表语。Mike is in the classroom .‎ ‎ 作宾语补足语。He found himself in the middle of the river .‎ ‎ 作主语补足语。Tom was seen inside the cinema .‎ ‎ 3．常用介词的基本用法：‎ ‎ 表示时间的介词（at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within …）‎ ‎ 表示位置，方位的介词（in, at, on, to …）‎ ‎ 表示交通方式的常用介词（by, on, in …）‎ ‎ 其他一些词组搭配介词（be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth …）‎ ‎（九）连词 ‎ 1．并列连词：‎ ‎ 表联合关系连词。（and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .）‎ ‎ 转折连词。（but, while, yet, however .）‎ ‎ 选择连词。（or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .）‎ ‎ 2．从属连词：‎ ‎ 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .‎ ‎ 引导状语从句的从属连词：‎ A． 连接时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …‎ B． 连接让步状语从句：although, though, even if, however …‎ C． 连接原因状语从句：as, because, since, now that, for …‎ D． 连接目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that …‎ E． 连接条件状语从句：if, unless, once, in case …‎ F． 连接结果状语从句：so…that, such…that …‎ G． 连接方式状语从句：as, as if, as though …‎ H． 连接地点状语从句：where .‎ I． 连接比较状语从句：as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …‎ ‎（十）非谓语动词 ‎ 1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。‎ ‎ 2．动词不定式：to ＋ 动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带to ）。（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化）‎ ‎ 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)‎ ‎ 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)‎ ‎ 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)‎ ‎ 用法：‎ A． 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .‎ B． ‎ 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .‎ C． ‎ 作宾语：‎ a. 动词＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)‎ b. 动词＋疑问词＋to do I don’t know where to put the bike .‎ c. 动词＋形式宾语(it)＋宾补＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .‎ D． 作补语：‎ a. 动词＋宾语＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)‎ b. 动词＋宾语＋不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)‎ E． ‎ 作状语：‎ a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .‎ b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren’t old enough to go to school .‎ c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .‎ ‎ F．作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .‎ ‎ 动词不定式to 的省略：‎ A． 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。‎ ‎ I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .‎ B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。‎ ‎ 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用－never + to do 结构。‎ ‎ 3．动名词：动词原形＋ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。‎ ‎ 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)‎ ‎ 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 ‎ （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don’t remember having ever seen the film .‎ ‎ 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you .‎ ‎ 用法：‎ A． 作主语：‎ a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important to learn English .‎ b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .‎ B． 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .‎ C． 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .‎ D． 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名词的用途、功能等）‎ E． 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?‎ ‎ 4．分词：动词原形＋ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词）‎ ‎ 现在分词 ‎ 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生) ‎ ‎ 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状 ‎ 态之前就发生）‎ ‎ 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .‎ ‎ 用法：‎ A． 作表语。The result is surprising .‎ B． ‎ 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)‎ C． ‎ 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw ‎ a girl playing the piano .‎ A． 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass. ‎ ‎ 过去分词 ‎ 形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。‎ ‎ 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。‎ 用法：‎ A． 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .‎ B． ‎ 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .‎ C． ‎ 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .‎ D． 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday . ‎ ‎ （十一）动词的语态 1． 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .（被动）‎ 2． 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词（be +p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：‎ 时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子 一般现在时 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词 Colour TVs are made in the factory .‎ 一般过去时 Was / were +动词过去分词 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .‎ 一般将来时 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 The film will be shown again .‎ 现在进行时 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 The walls are being painted .‎ 过去进行时 Was / were +being动词过去分词 The tickets were being well sold then .‎ 现在完成时 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here .‎ 时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子 过去完成时 Had + been +动词过去分词 Much had been done before mother came back .‎ 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词 The composition must be handed in today .‎ 1． 被动语态中值得注意的问题：‎ ‎ 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .‎ ‎ 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .‎ ‎ 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow .‎ ‎ 在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.‎ ‎ 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .‎ ‎ 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .‎ ‎ 下列情况不能用被动语态：‎ A． 不及物动词： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .‎ B． ‎ 连系动词： The girl looks like her sister .‎ C． ‎ 宾语为反身代词：He always dresses himself neatly .‎ D． 宾语为相互代词：The students often help each other .‎ E． ‎ 同源宾语：At that time, they lived a happy life .‎ F． ‎ 表示状态的及物动词：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .‎ ‎（十二）动词的时态：‎ 时态 表示内容 谓语动词的构成 常用的时间状语 例句 一般现在时 动词原形（包括第三人称单数形式＋s / es）‎ often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the ‎ He is often late for school.‎ She usually goes to work on 现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态 morning (afternoon …)等 ‎ foot.‎ 一般将来时 将要发生的动作或存在的状态 shall / will + 动词原形 am / is / are going to + 动词原形 am / is / are to + 动词原形 am / is / are about to + 动词原形 am / is / are + 动词－ing ‎ tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.‎ I am going to buy a book tomorrow.‎ They are to see a film in a hour.‎ She is about to mend the bike later.‎ I am flying to Guangzhou next week.‎ 一般过去时 过去发生的动作或存在的状态 动词过去式 （一般＋ed , 特殊见课本不规则表）‎ yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 ‎ I finished my homework yesterday.‎ He went to Gaozhou three days ago.‎ 现在进行时 现在正在进行的动作 am / is / are + 动词现在分词 now、It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen 等词提示 They are doing their homework now.‎ Look! The boy is playing basketball.‎ 过去进行时 过去某个时刻正在进行的动作 was / were + 动词现在分词 at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引导的从句 I was sleeping at 11 last night .‎ They were cooking when the bell rang .‎ 现在完成时 动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。‎ have / has + 动词过去分词 （一般＋ed , 特殊见课本不规则表）‎ already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等 I have already finished my work .‎ He hasn’t found out who broke the door .‎ 过去完成时 过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作 had + 动词过去分词 By the end of last month、when、before等引导的从句 I had seen the film when I was in college.‎ The meeting had begun before we arrived .‎ 过去将来时 从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作 should / would + 动词原形 was / were going to ＋动词原形 was / were to + 动词原形 was / were about to + 动词原形 was / were + 动词－ing 通常在宾语从句中出现，主句为过去时 He said (that) he would go to Maoming the next day .‎ She told me (that) she was moving to France in two days .‎ Ⅱ 句子 句子的成分 ‎1．定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。‎ 句子成分 意 义 例 句 主 语 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。‎ Lucy is an American girl .‎ We study in No.1 Middle School .‎ 谓 语 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致 We love China . / She is singing .‎ Mike hopes to be a doctor . / His parents are farmers .‎ 表 语 说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。‎ Her aunt is a driver . / Are you ready ?‎ We were at home last night .‎ 句子成分 意 义 例 句 宾 语 表示动词、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。‎ He often helps me . / We study English at school.‎ Did you see him yesterday ?‎ 定 语 用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。‎ The black bike is mine. / What’s your name, please ?‎ We have four lessons in the morning ?‎ 状 语 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。‎ People are all working hard. / It is very nice.‎ We had a meeting this afternoon .‎ 宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等。‎ He made me very angry.‎ I find him a good boy .‎ 句子的种类 ‎1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。‎ ‎ A．陈述句。‎ ‎ 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。‎ ‎ a．陈述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night. ‎ ‎ b．陈述句的否定形式。‎ ‎ （1）谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词have, will, shall, be或情态动词，只须在其后面加not构成否定句。‎ ‎ She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping .‎ ‎ （2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上do not，第三人称单数现在时用does not，过去时用did not。‎ ‎ He didn’t send me an invitation .‎ ‎ （3）由具有否定含义的词never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等构成的否定句。‎ ‎ Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .‎ B. 疑问句。‎ ‎ 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。‎ ‎ a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。‎ ‎ （1）一般疑问句的基本结构：‎ ‎ Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+表语…？‎ ‎ Have动词(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主语+宾语…？‎ ‎ 情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?‎ ‎ 助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词…？‎ ‎ 助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词…？‎ ‎ （2）否定形式的疑问句，通常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：‎ ‎ Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(对，我不是)‎ ‎ b．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。‎ ‎ （1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .‎ ‎ （2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“疑问词＋一般疑问句”形式。Where have you been ?‎ ‎ c．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答。‎ ‎ （1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ? ‎ ‎ （2）特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei . ‎ ‎ d．反意疑问句：陈述部分＋提问部分。‎ ‎ （1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . ◎前陈述句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈述句内容有把握，后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。‎ ‎ （2）陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时，附加疑问句需分别用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。‎ ‎ My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?‎ ‎ （3）陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?‎ ‎ （4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。‎ ‎ I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?‎ ‎ （5）在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若must 表示推测，提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用must。‎ ‎ He must be tired, isn’t he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？ You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?‎ ‎ （6）陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用will you(表请求)。注：let’s 用shall we（包括说话人），let us 用will ‎ you（不包括说话人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?‎ ‎ e．祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形）‎ ‎ （1）let + 第一人称，第三人称＋（not）动词原形。Let me try again .‎ ‎ （2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .‎ ‎ （3）Don’t (never)+动词原形＋其他成分。Don’t look out of the window .‎ ‎ （4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .‎ ‎ f．感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。What 修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词。‎ ‎（1） How ＋ 形容词 / 副词。‎ ‎ ◎ How + 形容词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ··· ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !‎ ‎ ◎ How ＋ 副词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ··· ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !‎ ‎ ◎ How + 形容词 ＋ a / an + 名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ··· ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !‎ ‎（2）What + 名词。‎ ‎ ◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词单数＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ··· ！ What a fine day it is today !‎ ‎ What an honest man his father is !‎ ‎ ◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词复数 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋···！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !‎ ‎ ◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 不可数名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ··· ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !‎ ‎ 句子类型 ‎ 1．从结构上看，英语的句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。‎ ‎ 2．简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：‎ 型号 句型 例 子 ‎1‎ 主语＋不及物动词（＋状语）‎ The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .‎ ‎2‎ 主语＋连系动词＋表语 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .‎ ‎3‎ 主语＋及物动词＋宾语 You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .‎ ‎4‎ 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 Can you tell me the way to the Summer‎ ‎Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.‎ ‎5‎ We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 ‎ room .‎ ‎6‎ There +be+主语＋状语 There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year .‎ ‎ 3．并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的结构：简单句＋并列词＋简单。‎ ‎ Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today . ‎ ‎ She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .‎ ‎ 4．复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。‎ ‎ A．状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。‎ ‎ 时间状语从句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。‎ 主 句 从 句 例 子 一般将来时 一般现在时 I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .‎ 带有情态动词 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .‎ 祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .‎ 过去时的某种时态 过去时的某种时态 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .‎ I was reading a book while he was singing a song .‎ ‎ 条件状语从句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。‎ ‎ I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .‎ ‎ 原因状语从句：由because（因为）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因为）等引导。‎ ‎ He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .‎ ‎ 目的状语从句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。‎ ‎ He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .‎ ‎ 结果状语从句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。‎ ‎ The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead . ‎ ‎ 比较状语从句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the（＋比较级）…the（＋比较级）等引导。‎ ‎ Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .‎ ‎ 地点状语从句：由where 和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时则不用逗号。‎ ‎ He follows her wherever she goes .‎ ‎ 方式状语从句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要用过去时（虚语语气）。‎ ‎ Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .‎ ‎ 让步状语从句：由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。‎ ‎ Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .‎ ‎ B．宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序）‎ ‎ 宾语从句的连词。‎ a． 如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的，要用连词that来引导，that可以省略。‎ b． 如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether .‎ c． 如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词（what, when, where…）。‎ ‎ 宾语从句的时态：‎ 主 句 从 句 例 子 任何一种时态 一般现在时（表示真理、科学原理、自然现象）‎ The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun. ‎ 一般现在时 任何一种时态 I hear that he will come back next week.‎ 一般将来时 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .‎ 一般过去时 过去时的某种时态 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .‎ ‎ 宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。‎ ‎ She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before .‎ ‎ when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状语从句中，后面的时态有差别。‎ ‎ I don’t know when (何时)she will be back（宾语从句）, but when(当…时候) she comes back, I’ll let you know（状语从句） .‎ ‎ I don’t know if(是否) she will come back（宾语从句）, but if (如果)she comes back, I’ll let you know （状语从句） .‎ ‎ C．定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格), whom(人，宾客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引导从句的关系副词有：where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。‎ ‎ The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .‎ ‎ 主句/先行词 从 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 ‎ 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。‎ a． 主谓关系：He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking .‎ b． 动宾关系：The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious .‎ ‎ 只能用that 的情况：‎ a． 先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .‎ b． 先行词被序数词修饰。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .‎ c． 先行词同时有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .‎ d． 先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .‎ e． 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 That is the best book that I have read .‎ f． 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。 It is the very book that I am looking for .‎ g． 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .‎ h． 先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?‎ i． 主句以who / which开头，定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?‎ ‎ 只能用which的情况：‎ a． 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year .‎ b． 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .‎ c． 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .‎ ‎ 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。‎ ‎ a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .‎ ‎ b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .‎ ‎ c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .‎ ‎ d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .‎ ‎ e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .‎ ‎ 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间（in, on, at, during等）、地点（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介词＋which 表达为介宾结构。‎ ‎ a．I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .‎ ‎ b．That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child .‎ ‎ c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?‎ ‎ 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。‎ ‎ I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .（√）‎ ‎ 注意下面的变化：‎ a． This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year .‎ ‎ This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year .‎ b． This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen .‎ This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .‎ ‎ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：‎ a． 限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。‎ b． 非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。‎ ‎◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .‎ ‎◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .‎ Ⅲ There be 句型 1． 英语“There + be + (not)”结构表示“有（没有）某人或某物”时，there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。‎ 2． 肯定句：There +(助动词或情态动词)＋be 主语＋地点（时间）状语。‎ There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .‎ 3． 否定句：There + be(助动词或情态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主语…。‎ There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won’t be a football ‎ match tomorrow .‎ 1． 一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +主语… ？ / 助动词或情态动词 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主语… ？‎ Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?‎ 2． 特殊疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）＋be ＋there + 状语 ？‎ How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?‎ 3． 如果there +be 之后是并列主语，应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。‎ There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .‎ 4． 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。‎ There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .‎ ‎ Ⅳ 主谓一致 1． 主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。‎ 2． 单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。‎ Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn’t very large . / His family are all music lovers .‎ 3． 有些名词以“s”结尾，但谓用单数。（news, physics, maths, politics等） Maths is very important to us .‎ 4． People, police, youth, cattle等常作复数处理。 The youth are full of living .‎ 5． 既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…）‎ There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street . / The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .‎ 6． 当主语是两个名词由and 连接时，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单数。‎ The teacher and writer is coming（同一个人） . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)‎ 7． 有every 或each 修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.‎ 8． 表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。A hundred miles is a long distance .‎ 9． 有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .‎ 10． Number, population 等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.‎ The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.‎ 1． 当名词后有with, together, like, but, except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .‎ 2． Each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.‎ 3． What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?‎ 4． ‎“None 或none of+名词（代词）复数”可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。‎ None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.‎ ‎ 15．“Either, neither (+of +名（代）词复数”作主语时，通常看作单数。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .‎ ‎ 16．“many a +单数名词”或“more than one +单数名词”作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.‎ ‎ 17．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可数名词，谓语用单数。 All of meat is bad .‎ ‎ 18．All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可数名词复数，谓语用复数。 Some of students are absent .‎ ‎ 19．“one of +名（代）词复数”为主时，谓语通常用单数。One of the girls is from America .‎ ‎ 20．“a pair of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。‎ ‎ 21．“（a）part of +名词”作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数；若名词是复数，谓语用复数。‎ ‎ 22．“a group of +名词”作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数；若强调group 中的各成员，谓语用复数。‎ ‎ 23．“a lot of /lots of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。‎ ‎ 24．“most of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。‎ ‎ 25．“plenty of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。‎ ‎ 27．由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名词＋and + 名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。‎ ‎ My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .‎ ‎ Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .‎ ‎ Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .‎ ‎ There is a man and three children over there .‎ ‎ Not only you but also he knows that thing .‎ ‎ 28．动词不定式和动词－ing形式作主语时作单数处理。‎ ‎ To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .‎ ‎ Taking means no holes .‎ ‎ Seeing is believing .‎ ‎ Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .‎