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时态
初中英语中常用的时态有一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时等八种时态。
一．一般现在时的用法
一）定义：
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语如always, often, usually, sometimes, never, every...等连用。
E.g. I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
She usually goes to school by bike, but sometimes she walks.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Our teacher told us that the earth is round.
3) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
Danny likes eating donuts very much.
二）动词的形式：
1．一般现在时态的动词常用原形，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词用第三人称单数形式。
E.g. I YouWeTheyLi Ming and Wang Mei like sports very much.
He She Kate My father His uncle likes sports very much.
2．动词的第三人称单数形式的构成：
1）一般在词尾加-s清辅音后读作，浊辅音和元音后读作[z]。如：help(helps), play(plays)
2）以s ,x ,ch ,sh结尾的词，在词尾加-es,原词尾已有e，一般只加-s，读作[iz]。如：watch(watches), wash(washes), pass(passes), fix( fixes) , close(closes)
3) 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加-es，读作[iz]。如：fly(flies), study(studies),
4) 个别不规则的变化：have( has) , do(does), go( goes), are(is).
三）一般正在时的结构：
1．含有be动词或can等情态动词的句子：
He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. They can play the guitar.
★变疑问句将be动词或can等情态动词移到句首
Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students? Can they play the guitar?
★变否定句在be动词或can等情态动词后面加not
He is not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students. They can’t play the guitar.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, he is.No, he is not. Yes, she is.No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. Yes, they can.No, they can’t.
2．不含有be动词或can等情态动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子：
a. 主语是第三人称单数及单数名词时
He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型；
Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
He doesn’t like books. She doesn’t like him. The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
b. 主语是其他人称及复数名词时
I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
You don’t want to have a bath. We don’t have any meat. The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, we do. No, we don’t Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
练习：
一、单项选择题
1. Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital.
A. work works B. works work
C. work are working D. is working work
2. One of the boys_____ a black hat.
A. have B. there is C. there are D. has
3. We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.
A. don't rain B. didn't rain
C. doesn't rain D. isn't rain
4. He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.
A. rose; set B. rises; sets
C. rises; set D. rise; sets
5. Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.
A. like; listen B. likes; listens
C. like; are listening D. liking; listen
6. Jenny____ English every evening.
A. has study B. studies C. study D.
studied
7. _____Mike from Japan?
A. Are B. Do C. Does D.Is
8. _____you come from Japan?
A. Are B. Do C. Does D.Is
9. What language do you_______?
A. say B. talk C. tell D. speak
10. The elephant likes______her friends and _____grass.
A. play with; eat B. play with; eats
C. to play with; eat D. to play with; eats
二、所给动词的正确形式填空
1. I can take Li Ming there when he _____(come) to visit.
2. _____your sister_____(know)English?
3. Her home____ (be) away from her school.
4. The pot_____(not look) like yours very much.
5. Where _____you____(have)lunch every day?
6. Who_____(want)to go swimming?
7. ______she_____(do) the housework every day?
8. Jenny and Danny usually______(play) games in the afternoon .
9. ______you ______(like) English?
10. What______his father_____(do) ?
二．现在进行时
一）定义：表示现在正在进行的动作。
二）构成：be(amisare)＋动词的现在分词。
1．肯定句：主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分
We are having lunch. He is reading a book. The dog is running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river.
2．否定句：肯定句变否定句在be动词后面加 not
We are not having lunch. He is not reading a book. The dog is not running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river.
3．一般疑问句：肯定句变疑问句将be动词移到句首与主语对换位置。
Are we having lunch? Is he reading a book? Is the dog running after a cat? Are the boys swimming across the river?
4．特殊疑问句：.
疑问词（what, which, how, where, who）＋be动词＋主语＋现在分词+其它成分？
What are you doing? What is she doing? What is the dog doing? What are the boys doing?
Who is swimming across the river?
三） 现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b.
习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
四）现在分词的构成：
1. 一般情况下，在动词后加-ing构成：
work→working 工作 sleep→sleeping 睡 wait→waiting等待
study→studying 学习 read→reading 读 talk→talking 谈话
2. 在不发音的-e结尾动词去掉e后再加-ing：
smile→smiling 微笑 move→moving write→writing 写
但是，若是发音的e结尾，则不能去e：
see→seeing 看见 agree→agreeing 同意
3. 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing：
sit→sitting 坐plan→planning 计划 swim→swimming 游泳
4. 以字母ie结尾的动词，通常将ie改为y，再加ing：
die→dying 死 lie→lying 躺
【注】① 以字母l结尾动词，若末尾一个音节为重读音节，则必须双写l再加ing，如control / controlling，但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节，则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语)，如travel / travel(l)ing。
② 名词变复数、形容词和副词变比较级和最高级、动词变过去式和过去分词等都有“改y规则”，但动词的现在分词没有“改y规则”。
练习：
一、按要求改写句子
1. The boy is playing basketball.
否定句：____________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________
肯定回答：__________________________否定回答：__________________________
对“ The boy”提问：__________________________
2.造句:
1).she,the window,open,now.(用现在进行时连词成句.)_____________________
2).is,who,the window,cleaning?(连词成句)______________________
3).She is closing the door now.(改成否定句)______________________
4.)You are doing your homework.(用"I"作主语改写句子)______________________
5).they,the tree,sing,now,under.(用现在进行时连词成句.)____________________
6).The Young Pioneers are helping the old woman.(改成一般疑问句)__________
二、单项选择
（ ）1.我在照看孩子.
(A)I am looking after the baby.(B)I'm look aftering the baby.
(C)I look am aftering the baby.(D)I looking after the baby.
( )2._____friend's making______a kite.
(A)I,me (B)My,my (C)My,me (D)His,his
( )3.Is the woman ______ yellow your teacher?
(A)in (B)putting on (C)wearing (D)having
( )4.Look!The twins_____their mother do the housework.
(A)are wanting (B)help(C)are helping (D)are looking
( )5._____are the birds doing? They are singing in a tree.
(A)Who (B)What (C)How (D)Where
( )6.Is she____something?
(A)eat (B)eating (C)eatting (D)eats
( )7.你在干什么?
(A)What is you doing? (B)What are you do?
(C)What are you doing? (D)What do you do?
( )8.What are you listening_____?
(A)/ (B)for (C)at (D)to
( )9.我正在听他说话.
(A)I listening to him. (B)I'm listening to him.
(C)I'm listen to him. (D)I'm listening him.
( )10.They are_____their clothes.
(A)makeing (B)putting (C)put away (D)putting on
( )11.Listen! She____in the classroom.
(A)is singing (B)sing (C)to sing (D)is sing
( )12.Today Jim______ his white shirt and brown trousers.
(A)is putting on (B)wear (C)put on (D)is wearing
( )13.______are you eating?I'm eating______meat.
(A)What,some (B)Which,any (C)Where,not (D)What,a
( )14.They______TV in the evening.They do their homework.
(A)are watching (B)can't watching (C)don't watch (D)don't watching
( )15.The children_____football.
(A)is playing (B)are playing (C)play the (D)play a
( )16.They are flying kites.
(A)他们喜欢放风筝. (B)他们在放风筝吗?
(C)他们在放风筝. (D)他们常放风筝.
( )17.Look,They are swimming in the river.
I want_____you.
(A)to go with (B)go with (C)helping (D)help
( )18.Look.Lucy is_____a new bike today.
(A)jumping (B)running (C)riding (D)takeing
三．一般将来时
一．定义：
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用。
二．结构：
1．主语+助动词will+动词原形+其它。
I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
What will you do tomorrow? When will the pillot fly to Japan? Where will jack move tomorrow morning?
2．主语+be(amisare) +going to +动词原形＋其它。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
例：
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
The pilot is going to fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack is going to move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to go to America tomorrow?
Is the pilot going to fly to Japan the month after the next?
Is Jack going to move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I am not going to go to America tomorrow.
The pilot is not going to fly to Japan the month after the next.
Jack is not going to move into his new house tomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t.
★特殊疑问句：
What are you going to do tomorrow? When is the pillot going to fly to Japan? Where is jack going to move tomorrow morning?
3．一般将来时还可用“shall＋动词原形”表示，只用于第一人称，在肯定句中常被will 所代替，但在疑问句中不能代替。
例：I shall play football after school. Shall I open the door now? Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?
4. 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow. She is coming soon. Are you staying here till next week?
练习：
1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be
2. Charlie ________ here next month.
A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work
3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.
A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be
4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.
A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be
5. –________ you ________ free tomorrow?
– No. I ________ free the day after tomorrow.
A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will
C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be
6. Mother ________ me a nice present on my next birthday.
A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give
7. – Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? –________. （不，不要。）
A. No, you won’t B. No, you aren’t.
C. No, please don’t D. No, please.
8. – Where is the morning paper? – I ________ if for you at once.
A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get
9. ________ a concert next Saturday?
A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are
10. If they come, we ________ a meeting.
A. have B. will have C. had D. would
have
11. He ________ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.
A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to giving
12. He ________ to us as soon as he gets there.
A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote
13. He ________ in three days.
A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back
14. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating.
A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine
15. – Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow?
– No, ________ （不去）.
A. they willn’t B. they won’t. C. they aren’t D. they don’t.
四．现在完成时
（一）构成：主语+助动词have/has+动词过去分词
（二）用法：
1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
Have you finished your homework?
Have you been to Beijing?
Has he seen the film?
3)表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情
I have never had a bath.
I have never seen a film.
I have never been to cinema.
I have ever been to Paris.
Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
I have been to London.(人已经回来)
He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
4)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
I have lost my pen.
I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher.
She has broken my heart.
5)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作,常与“for+一段时间”或“since+过去的某个时刻”等表示一段时间的时间状语连用。特殊疑问句常用“how long”进行提问。些时句中的动词必须用延续性动词，不能用非延续性动词（瞬间性动词）。
I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
I have worked for this school since I graduated .
注意：延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
（一）.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
（二）.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。
否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。
（三）.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：
leave --- be away, borrow --- keep,
buy --- have, begin/start --- be on,
die --- be dead, finish --- be over,
join --- be in+组织机构/ be a member of+组织机构,
fall ill --- be ill, put on→ wear；
get up---be up, catch a cold --- have a cold,
come here --- be here, go there --- be there,
become --- be, come back --- be back,
fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in/at),
get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out，
（三）句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.
e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
What have you done?
What has he done?
练习：
1． All the furniture in the building _______ to the company not to his own.
A. is belonged B belongs C. belong D are belonged
2. When I was at college I _______ three foreign languages, but I _______ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke, had forgotten B spoke, have forgotten
C had spoken, had forgotten D had spoken, have forgotten
3. -----We would have walked to the station. It was so near.
----- Yes, a taxi _______ at all necessary.
A wasn’t B hadn’t been C wouldn’t be D won’t be
4. I don’t really work here. I _______ until the new secretary arrives.
A just help out B have just helped out C am just helping out D will just help out
5. He _______ his leg when he _______ in a football match.
A broke, played B was breaking, was playing C broke, was playing D was breaking, played
6. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _______.
A will arrive B arrives C is going to arrive D is arriving
7. As she _______ newspaper, Granny _______ asleep.
A read, was falling B was reading, fell C was reading , was falling D read, fall
8. ---Do you like the material?
---Yes, it _______ very soft.
A is feeling B felt C feels D is felt
9. ---Come on in, Tom. I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you! I _______ you _______ to bring me a gift.
A never think, are going B never thought, were going C didn’t think , were going
D hadn’t thought , were going
10. ----You’ve agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?
----But I _______ that you _______ us to start at once.
A don’t realize, want B don’t realize, wanted C haven’t realized, want D didn’t realize, wanted
11. The house is dirty. We _______it for weeks.
A didn’t clean B hadn’t cleaned C don’t clean D haven’t cleaned
12. ----_______ the sports meet might be put off.
---- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A I’ve been told B I’ve told C I’m told D I told
13. ---- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
----Oh, not at all. I _______ here only a few minutes.
A have been B had been C was D will be
14. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met B have met C met D meet
15. The cost of living _______ by ten percent before the government took any action.
A was going B went up C had gone up D has gone up
五．一般过去时
一．定义：
表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help
me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
二．结构：
含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
I was at the butcher’s.
You were a student a year ago.
The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
Were you at the butcher’s?
Were you a student a year ago?
Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★肯定回答否定回答
Yes, I was. No, I was not.
Yes, you were. No, you were not.
Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I was not at the butcher’s.
You were not a student a year ago.
The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★特殊疑问句：
What did you do?
(必背)
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录
I finished my homework yesterday.
The boy went to a restaurant.
The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
Did you finish your homework yesterday?
Did the boy go to a restaurant?
Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
Yes, they did. No, they did not.
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
I did not finish my homework yesterday.
The boy did not go to a restaurant.
The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.
三．动词过去式的构成：
一）规则的动词过去式与过去分词变法一样
1、直接加‘‘ed” 如： want---wanted---wanted
2、以”e”结尾加“d” 如： love---loved---loved
3、以辅音字母加”y”结尾变为”i’’加”ed”, 如：
study---studied---studied try---tried---tried
4、双写最后一个字母加”ed”, 如：
stop---stopped---stopped plan---planned---planned
二）动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be---was/were—been
become---became---become blow---blew---blown
break---broke---broken build---built---built
choose---chose---chosen come---came---came
cost---cost---cost do---did---did
eat---ate---eaten draw---drew---drawn
fall---fell---fallen feel---felt---felt
find---found---found forget---forgot---forgotten
get---got---got give---gave---given
go---went---gone grow---grew---grown
have---had---had hear---heard---heard
keep---kept---kept leave---left---left
lose---lost---lost make---made---made
say---said---said speak---spoke---spoken
take---took---taken teach---taught---taught
tell---told---told think---thought---thought
write---wrote---written strive---strove---striven
练习：
( ) 1. Lee ________ his mobile phone at home.
A. was left B. has left C. had left D. left
( ) 2. ______ you _______ me? I thought I ________ you calling me.
A. Did, call, heard B. Have, called, heard
C. Have, called, have heard D. Were, call, heard
( ) 3. _____ he ________ a good rest? No, he didn’t.
A. Have, had B. Did, have C. Did, had D. Had, had
( ) 4. As soon as he ________, he ______ to his family.
A. arrived, writes B. arrived, written
C. arrived, wrote D. had arrived, write
( ) 5. Mr. Black was late because he _______ his way.
A. losted B. had lost C. has lost D. lost
( ) 6. How long _________ you _______ here?
A. did, study in B. have, study C. have studied D. has, studied
( ) 7. When _________ Lee ________ school this morning?
A. had, got to B. did, get to C. did, get D. did, got to
( ) 8. Will you please say it again? I ________ quite _______ you.
A. didn’t, hear B. haven’t, heard
C. didn’t, heard D. hadn’t, heard
( ) 9. ______ you ________ at six o’clock yesterday?
A. Do ,get up B. Did, get up C. Do, got up D. Did, got up
( ) 10.What did you see _________?
A. now B. every day C. since 1990 D. just now
六．过去完成时
（一）过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
那时以前 那时 现在
构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.
（二）过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。此时的动词同样要用延续性动词，而不能用非延续性动词。如：
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
（三）过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，但后来未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to London.
三．一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语：
For..., since..., so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in the past... years,
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
She returned from Paris yesterday. 她昨天从巴黎回来了。
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I finished my homework a moment ago.
I have finished my homework now.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
四．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）
练习：
1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family ______ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano
C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.
七．过去进行时
一．结构：was/were+doing
二．概念
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作，或描述一件事发生的背景，一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生，或一个动作正在进行时，另一个动作也同时正在进行。经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
常用的时间状语有：
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
例： I was doing my homework at nine o’clock last night.
At that time, the students were having an English class.
My brother fell and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
练习：
1. My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked
C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked
C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
4.I don’t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I’m terribly sorry.________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having
9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
10. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.”
“Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home.”
A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just
初中英语时态和语态专项练习题（总）
用括号中动词的适当的形式填空。
1．The boy is happy because he ___________(sell) out all the newspapers.
2．The plan _____________(give) up because of rain.
3．If it __________(not rain) tomorrow, we ____________(go )fishing.
4．Where ____________ you ____________(be) these days?
5．Where is Tom? He _________(go) to the post office. He said he _________(come) back soon.
6．Mike says he _________(want )to be a worker after he _________ (finish )school.
7．The last bus ____________ just ________(leave) when they ________(get) to the bus stop.
8．She _________(not go) to bed until she _______(finish) her work.
9．Light ___________(travel )much faster than sound.
10．I __________(feel) much better after I _______(take) the medicine.
11.“Where ________we________(meet)?”“Let's meet outside the park gate.”
12．I _________(be) afraid Mr Johnson __________(not visit) out school tomorrow.
13．I _________(lost) my bike. _________ you _________(see) it anywhere?
14．________this kind of car __________(produce) in Shanghai?
15．We __________(see) several members of the family since we ________(arrive)
16．I found that the students _________(play) football on the playground.
17．The shop ___________(close) at this time of
day.
18．Where ________your watch _________(lose)?
19．________the doctor __________(send) for last night?
20．Three children ___________(take) good care by the nurse.
21．Some children ___________(take ) good care by the nurse.
22．Some new houses _________(build) by the villagers themselves.
23．What language ________(speak) in Australia?
24．The colour TV _________(buy) in that shop three days ago.
25．He said he __________(stay) here for another two days.
26．The doctor said Jim must ________(operate ) on at once.
27.“__________the bridge _______(repair) yet?”“Yes, the workers _______ already
___________(repair) it.”
28．We are in Grade One this year, so we _________(teach ) physics next year.
29.“Where _________(be) you last night?”“I _________(ask) to help Tom at home.”
30．The big tree ________(blow)down in the storm last night.
31．I________ never ________(eat) such delicious noodles before.
32．When we reached the town, it _______(get) dark.
33．We ________(have) lunch when suddenly someone knocked at the door.
34．Lucy said she ________(visit) the school the next month.
35．I ________(wait) until he comes back.
36．You ________(watch) TV after supper, aren't you?
37．They _________(be) to that small village several times.
39．Can you tell me if it _________(snow) tomorrow?
40．Could you tell me if you _________(read) the story book?
41．He said the lights in the room _________(go) out when he opened the door.
42．I _________(be) fifteen soon.
43．Tom, your aunt _______(come) this afternoon.
44．My teacher often _________(tell) us not to play on the street.
45．They________(plant) trees on the hill. Do you see?
46．The teacher said that the earth ________(move) round the sun.
47．She said she _______(put) on a new coat the next day.
48．The Great Wall _________(know) all over the world.
49．Could you tell me where Alice ________ (live)?
50．________ the film ______(show) many times since last Sunday.
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