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中考专题三：阅读理解
一．中考阅读理解题命题特点：
阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点，也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，在各地中考试卷中约占30％的比例。一般设三到四篇短文，试题采用”“根据要求完成下列各题”“选择最佳答案”或“回答问题”等多种形式。纵观近年来安徽中考阅读题，其体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文（信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等）；所选材料内容广泛，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。文章的题材宽泛，体裁富于变化，形式多种多样。其特点是：时代气息浓，可读性强，理解难度较高。
阅读理解题主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘意图，揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系，又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括的说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，作出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨，事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下五个方面。
1. 直观性问题。直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
2. 常识性问题。考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识作出判断的题型．
3. 理解性问题。考查学生对文章的中心思想，某段的段落大意，某一事实的细节及意图等的理解程度。
4. 推理性问题。这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
5. 概括性问题。要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题思想，标题或目的。
二、阅读理解题命题的测试要求：
1、理解文章的主旨大意：考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。此类试题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题、主题思想、标题或目的。其主要提问方式有：
1). Which is the best title of the passage?
2). Which of the following is this passage about?
3). Passage Two is mainly about _________.
4). In this passage, the writer mainly tells us _______.
5). What’s the main idea of the passage?
2、理解文章的具体细节: 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。此类试题占比例较大，大多针对文章具体细节设计。其主要提问方式有：
1). Which is RIGHT according to the passage?
2). According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
3). In the second paragraph, we know ____________.
4). Which isn’t mentioned about the main reason why teenagers surf the Web?
5). The writer of the letter is ____.
3、根据上下文推测生词的含义：考察根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据文章中的上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式有：
1). The word “*” in this passage probably means ________.
2). The underlined words “We three” in Passage 2 refer to _______.
3). What does the underlined word “*” mean in this passage?
4). The Chinese meaning of the word “*” in this passage is probably “____”.
5). What’s the meaning of the underlined word “*”?
4、做出简单的判断和推理：考察依据文章内容和考生应具备的常识进行推理和判断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式有：
1). We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.
2). From the story we can guess ________.
3). You can't visit the History Museum on .
4). According to this passage, we can infer(推断) that ______.
5). We can infer from the text that _______.
5、理清指代关系：考察考生依据文章或段落的上下文对其中人物，事件等的发展变化的整体把握能力。其主要提问方式有：
1). What does the word "it" mean in Paragraph l?
2). The underlined word “them” means the ______.
3). In this story the underlined word “it” means _______.
4). 请根据短文内容，用英语表达 ①处划线单词his 所指代的内容。
6、理解文章的脉络结构：考察对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。此类题目主要考察的是句与句之间，段与段之间的逻辑关系。其主要提问方式有：
1). Which way is the cheapest and quickest to learn something about friends far away?
2). For the writer, what’s the best advice to manage time?
3). Ann does well in English and loves children. She can ca11 _ to ask for a job.
4). How many pieces of advice does the writer give?
5). What lesson did the writer’s grandfather probably teach him?
7、推测作者的写作意图和态度等：考察考生根据全文内容推测作者的写作意图和态度的能力。其主要提问方式有：
1). How did the writer feel at Vienna Station?
2). In the writer’s opinion, _______.
3). In this passage, the writer tried to tell us ________.
4). What’s the purpose of the passage?
5). The writer believes that ______.
三、阅读理解题型分析及解题方法
中考英语阅读理解要求考生对阅读材料从词汇、句子到段落、语篇均有准确的理解和把握。对阅读理解题的考察方式各地虽有不同，但考察的目的大体一致。常用方式有：
1. 四选一的选择题方式。常见的形式有：选择所给问题的最佳答案；选择适当的表达完成句子的形式等等。包括①具体信息题；②细节理解题；③词义猜测题；④逻辑推理题；⑤归纳概括题等等。
2. 任务型阅读题方式。即以任务的形式来考察考生对文章内容的理解。常见形式有：英译汉；连词成句；简要回答问题；从文中找近义词、句等等。任务型阅读理解题是一种介于阅读理解和写作之间的综合性新题型。要求考生在理解文章文字材料的基础上，完成各种不同的任务。主要考察考生收集信息和整理信息的语言应用能力。做这一类试题的解题思路是：①首先阅读原文，理清文章脉络，理解文章主旨大意，扑捉基本信息；②由于任务形式多样，考生在答题前要先明确任务，做到心中有数；③答题时要紧扣原文，读懂题干，对应原文信息，找出所需要的答案；④注重书写，按英语要求认真书写答案。
完成阅读理解题可以根据所设题目采用不同的解题方法。常见方法有：
①直接查找法：适用于具体信息题和细节理解题。具体信息题和细节理解题是中考英语阅读理解的主要题型，它要求考生对原文事实和细节有准确的认识和判断，一般情况下，细节理解题的解题依据均可在原文中直接找到，因此考生应认真阅读题干内容，弄清题干的实际需要，并带着这一需要回读原文，查找到所需信息完成试题。
②逻辑推断法：适用于逻辑推理题。
一些试题所需信息原文并不直接提供，考生应认真阅读分析题干内容，了解试题所问信息角度，并带上试题认识回到原文查找答题所需信息，然后在把握文章主旨大意、作者意图、写作目的和主人公情感的基础上将这一信息进行概念转换、思维迁移和逻辑推理，从而准确推断出试题答案。
③概括归纳法：适用于归纳概括题。一些试题考察考生对文章、段落和部分内容大意的理解，考生应认真阅读分析题干内容，弄清需要归纳大意的范围。如果是文章大意判断题，考生应认真阅读原文，弄清作者要介绍什么，是如何介绍的，从而准确了解原文主旨大意。文章的首句或末句往往是阅读重点，是主题句，即文章主旨大意之所在。理解段落大意也同样要重视首句和末句。另外，理解段落或部分内容大意时，考生应认真思考细致分析该部分内容在全文中处于什么阶段，起什么作用，从而准确理解其主旨大意。
④标题判断法：适用于归纳概括题。阅读理解题中经常见到要求考生选择文章的标题的试题，一般放在第一题或最后一题的位置。众所周知，标题应该体现全文的精神实质，因此必须具备高度的概括性；但是标题又不能过分概括泛化而失去对本文的指向性，因此它还必须具备一定的针对性；另外，标题还应吸引读者的目光，打动读者的内心，具有一定的醒目性。所以，只要坚持这三个原则，就可以快速准确地确定文章的标题。
⑤语境推断法：适用于逻辑推理题和词义猜测题。中考英语阅读理解还非常注重对文章中一些典型难句的理解，这些难句往往运用典故、引用、比喻等手段来表达主人公或作者特殊观点或情感，语义深沉，委婉含蓄，其中出现的一些词汇或不是常见的词汇的含义，解题时应借助临近语境对其进行的解释说明来猜测推断其含义。
⑥背景信息法：适用于词义猜测题。少数阅读理解试题考察考生对生词的理解，考生应认真阅读分析生词所在句以及临近句的背景信息，利用定语解释、对比、条件、递进、并列、让步、因果等逻辑关系，结合构词法知识和生活常识综合推断生词含义。
1. 选择型阅读理解题中考真题解析：
（A）(2015青海西宁)
In the ancient Arabic story called Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, the young hero Ali Baba said "Open Sesame" and a door to hidden treasures was opened to him. The old story had a special meaning for Ma Yun. He drew inspiration from it for Alibaba.com - Chinese largest e-commerce（电子商务）website.
In 1995, Ma Yun was working for a US trading company（公司）when he was introduced to the Internet. "I know nothing about computers and has never touched a keyboard," he said. He searched the word "beer" and nothing came up about Chinese products.
Ma Yun had an idea. Why not build a large Internet market to connect customers with companies from all over the world? They could do business online in that way. That was how Alibaba began. His company grew quickly. But that didn't mean everything went smoothly. In 2000, many Internet companies failed including Alibaba. But later, he was successful because he managed to attract(吸引) investment（投资）into his company. "You should stick to your dream," he said. "Everyone thought I was daydreaming when I started. But the most important thing is that we believe in our dream from past to today and tomorrow. Of course we made many mistakes, but we never give up."
Ma Yun is also smart. For him, success in business is like trying to catch a rabbit. If there are nine rabbits, focus on catching one - don't try to catch them all," he said. "Change your ways if you need to, but don't change the rabbit. Get one first, put it in your pocket and then catch the others."
51. What does the word "it" mean in Paragraph l?
A. The young hero Ali Baba. B. The phrase "Open Sesame".
C. The website. D. The old story.
52. From Paragraph 2, we know that Ma Yun ______.
A. was introduced to the Internet in 1995 B. was working in America
C. decided to buy and sell Chinese beer D. bought a keyboard from Internet
53. What happened to Ma Yun in 2000?
A. He founded his own company. B. His company grew quickly and smoothly.
C. His company failed like many others. D. He was successful though he had no investment.
54. Which is RIGHT according to the passage?
A. We should always daydream like Ma Yun.
B. We should never give up hope like Ma Yun.
C. Ma Yun seldom made mistakes.
D. People should try to put nine rabbits in their pockets at the same time
55. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Ma Yun's treasures. B. The importance of working hard.
C. The secrets of Ma Yun's success. D. Ma Yun's hobby - catching rabbits
试题解析：
51. 【解题方法】逻辑推断法。这是一个需要理清指代关系的题目，属于逻辑推理题。运用逻辑推断法和语境推断法，结合上句内容，可以确定it指代的是上句出现的the old story，故答案是D。
52. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于细节理解题。运用直接查找法，从第二段第一句话In 1995, Ma Yun was working for a US trading company（公司）when he was introduced to the Internet.中就可以得出答案，故答案是A。
53. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于具体信息题。运用直接查找法，从第三段In 2000, many Internet companies failed including Alibaba.这句话可以直接确定答案为C。
54. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于细节理解题。运用直接查找法，从第三段内容可以排除A和C，从第四段内容可以排除D，故答案是B。
55. 【解题方法】概括归纳法。这是一个需要理解文章主旨大意的题目，属于归纳概括题。运用标题判断法和概括归纳法可以很容易得出答案，故答案是C。
（B）(2015辽宁丹东)
A Bite of China (舌尖上的中国) has become a hot topic on the Internet in China. It is a seven-episode(集) program. It is about traditional Chinese food.
The documentary has attracted over 100,000,000 Chinese audiences(观众). Most of them don’t see this program as a common food show, because it shows them the value of Chinese food and the changes in China today. The audiences can see how hard the cooks and farmers work to make such wonderful Chinese food.
Chen Xiaoqing, the lead director of the program, says that the program is not only about eating, but also about Chinese culture. His friend Liu Wen said, “We also wanted to show international audiences what China is like today.”
“A Bite of China will be out of English version(版本), ” said Chen Xiaoqing. “We should be thankful to the people who make so much delicious food.” added a reporter Wang Lu.
66. How many episodes are there in “A bite of China”?
A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7.
67. What kind of program is “A Bite of China”?
A. A soap opera. B. A comedy. C. A documentary. D. A sports show.
68. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “attracted”?
A. 描述. B. 吸引. C. 产生. D. 改变.
69. Who works hard to make such wonderful Chinese food according to the passage?
A. Farmers and reporters. B. Reporters and cooks.
C. Cooks and farmers. D. Farmers and audiences.
70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The lead director of the program is Wang Lu.
B. Most people regard this program as a show about reporters.
C. “A bite of China” talks about not only food but also Chinese culture.
D. About 100,000 Chinese audiences are interested in this program.
试题解析：
66. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于细节理解题。运用直接查找法，从第一段第二句It is a seven-episode(集) program.“它是一个七集的节目”可知答案，故答案是D。
67. 【解题方法】逻辑推断法。这是一个需要理清指代关系的题目，属于逻辑推理题。运用逻辑推断法和语境推断法，从第二段第一句The documentary has attracted over 100,000,000 Chinese audiences(观众).结合第一段内容可知The documentary指的就是上文提到的节目《舌尖上的中国》，故答案是C。
68. 【解题方法】背景信息法。这是一个需要推测生词的含义的题目，属于词义猜测题。运用背景信息法，结合语境推断法可知“这部纪录片已经吸引了超过一个亿的中国观众（观看）。”，故答案是B。
69. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于具体信息题。运用直接查找法，从第二段的最后一句The audiences can see how hard the cooks and farmers work to make such wonderful Chinese food. 可以得出答案，故答案是C。
70. 【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一个需要理解文章具体细节的题目，属于具体信息题。运用直接查找法，结合逻辑推断法，从第三段第一句…that the program is not only about eating, but also about Chinese culture. 可以得出答案，故答案是C。
四、中考专题训练
Passage 1 (2015江苏扬州)
Jane Austen(1775-1817), an English novelist, started writing young and completed six novels in her life. Today Austen’s books are more popular than ever. In the last 10 years, five of her six novels have been made into Hollywood films, while her books continue to be best-sellers.
Richard Jenkyns, a professor of English at Oxford University, says that her novels are about marriage, friendships and the family, which are still with us today. “The stories are timeless,”Jenkyns said.
Pride and Prejudice(偏见)(1813) is Austen’s most famous work. It is a love story about Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. At first, these two dislike each other. Elizabeth is pretty, smart and lively. She is proud because Darcy doesn’t know about her family. Mr. Darcy is handsome, rich and has a better family background. So, he is proud as well. At the same time, Darcy holds a prejudice against the Bennet family. He has no understanding of why the family, especially its mother and daughters should try so hard to find wealthy and powerful husbands. He thinks they are vulgar. Anyway, Elizabeth and Darcy finally fall in love and become a romantic couple but their families don’t want them to.
In Pride and Prejudice, some of the main things that Jane Austen wants to teach people are as follows. Opposites can attract each other. Lovers should not only make each other feel relaxed or comfortable, but also educate and improve each other.
Austen was often called the greatest romanti writer, so it is surprising she remained unmarried. “Maybe she was too romantic, waiting for the perfect man,” Jenkyns says.
34. From Paragraph 1and Paragraph 2, we can know .
A. Jane Austen passed away in her fifties
B. Austen’s works remain popular today
C. all of Austen’s works have been made into Hollywood films.
D. Austen’s works are mostly about war and the family.
35. Which of the following sentences is True?
A. Elizabeth and Darcy fall in love at first sight.
B. Elizabeth has a better family background than Darcy.
C. Darcy has a first good impression of Elizabeth’s family.
D. Elizabeth and Darcy become a romantic couple in the end.
36. What does the underlined word”vulgar” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.粗俗的 B.鲁莽的 C.吝啬的 D.伪善的
37. From what Jenkyns says,we can learn __________.
A. opposites can attract each other
B. lovers should improve each other.
C. Austen’s works go beyond her times
D.Austen married a perfect man at last
试题解析：
34.【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一道细节理解题，根据文章第一段第二句Today Austen’s books are more popular than ever.可以直接确定答案是B。另外，也可以考虑依据文章第一段Jane Austen(1775-1817)排除A；考虑five of her six novels have been made into Hollywood films排除C；根据第二段her novels are about marriage, friendships and the family排除D。故答案是B。
35.【解题方法】直接查找法。这是一道具体信息题，从文章第三段最后一句中Elizabeth and Darcy finally fall in love and become a romantic couple可以直接判断答案是D。
36.【解题方法】背景信息法。这是一道词义猜测题，分析单词“vulgar”所在句子前面的一些表达At the same time, Darcy holds a prejudice against the Bennet family. He has no understanding of why the family, especially its mother and daughters should try so hard to find wealthy and powerful husbands.中描述的“母女极力追求有钱有势的丈夫”的事实，可以判断答案是A。
37.【解题方法】语境推断法。根据文章第二段Jenkyns 所说的话her novels are about …, which are still with us today.以及 “The stories are timeless,”，结合本文语境，可以判断答案是C。
Passage 6 (2015湖南长沙)
Have you ever heard of e-waste(electric waste,电子垃圾), which can be produced every day? How do you deal with your computers, MP4 players and mobile phones when they’re broken or you want a new one?
Most people just throw them away. With the development of electric industry, e-waste pollution has become a serious problem. According to the United Nations, in 2014, people around the world produced 41.8 million tons of e-waste and only recycled 6.5 million tons. The US was the biggest waster, producing 7.1 million tons. China came second, with 6 million tons.
It’s important to pay attention to e-waste. It can either be valuable or harmful（有害的）, depending on how we deal with it. E-waste is a valuable urban mine（城市矿藏）. The value of the metals, like gold and silver in the waste around the world, is amazing. And the metals can be reused. But if people throw them away, the toxic chemicals（有毒化学物质） can get into the earth or air, effecting the environment and people’s health.
Apple, for example, now recycle people’s used products in China when they are buying new ones. The company will test and repair the used ones and sell them at lower prices. To help reduce（减少）e-waste, we can also take computers and phones to see if companies offer recycling programs.
56. The following can become e-waste EXCEPT_____.
A. computers B. mobile phones C. plastic bags
57. Which country produced most e-waste last year according to the United Nations?
A. America. B. China. C. Japan.
58. What does the underline word “affecting” mean in this passage?
A. 保护 B. 影响 C. 改善
59. From Paragraph 4, we learn that_____.
A. the recycle Apple products will be sold at higher prices.
B. buying longer lasting electronic products is a good way to reduce e-waste.
C. it’s better to keep the unwanted electronics in your bedroom.
60. The main purpose of this passage is to_____.
A. prove that e-waste is useless.
B. encourage people to buy more electronic products.
C. advise people to deal with e-waste properly to reduce pollution.
试题解析：
56. 解题方法：直接查找法。这是一道具体信息题。根据题干except“除了、不包括”的词义可知，我们要选跟题干不相符合的内容。而从文章第一段第二句中…computers, MP4 players and mobile phones when they’re broken or you want a new one?看出C选项与该句中的MP4 players and mobile phone不属于一类，所以答案为C（塑料袋子）。本题也可以运用背景信息法，根据常识直接选出答案。
57. 解题方法：直接查找法。这是一道细节理解题。根据题干定位到第二段According to the United Nations, in 2014, people around the world produced 41.8 million tons of e-waste and only recycled 6.5 million tons. The US was the biggest waster, producing 7.1 million tons.再根据背景信息法，知道US就是America，即可得出答案，所以答案为A。
58. 解题方法：语境推断法，背景信息法。这是一道词义猜测题。根据关键词定位到the toxic chemicals（有毒化学物质） can get into the earth or air, effecting the environment and people’s health，有毒化学物质会进入到了土壤和空气中，根据因果关系，所以对环境和人们的健康肯定是有影响的。所以答案为B。
59. 解题方法：直接查找法，逻辑推断法。这是一道细节理解题。根据第四段内容…sell them at lower prices推断，A选项错误在higher；而C选项文章没有提及到，所以答案为B。
60. 解题方法：概括归纳法。这是一道对本文作者的写作意图进行归纳总结的题。本篇文章体裁是议论文，那么文章一开始是以问题提问，全文的描述都是来回答这个问题的。根据第二段和第三段的开头句和最后一段，是需要去保护环境，不要乱丢电子垃圾，与选项答案一致的是C选项。
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