江苏英语中考并列句与复合句 8页

语法----并列句和复合句 一、并列句 ‎ 用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。‎ ‎(一)并列句的构成： 其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。‎ ‎(二)常用的并列连词: ‎ ‎1．常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and，but， or，so，for。‎ 词 意 用法 and 和，并且 表示顺延或并列，如果两个分句都是肯定语气，用and连接。‎ or 否则，或者 表示选择，如果两个分句的语气为一个肯定，一个否定，则应用or连接。‎ but 但是 表示转折，but与though／although不能同时用在一个句子中。‎ so 所以 表示结果，由so连接的并列句可转换成because引导的主从复合句，两者不能同时用在一个句子中表示“因为……所以……”。‎ for 因为 表示原因，是对另一个分句的补充说明，但不能放在句子的开头。‎ ‎2．其他的并列连词有：then，while，when，not only...but also...,neither...。nor，either...or，as well as等。‎ ‎ 二、复合句 ‎1．概念以及句型特点 ‎(1)概念：复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。‎ ‎(2)句型特点：‎ 主句＋从句或从句＋逗号＋主句 主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全句的主干，从句只是主句的一个成分，从句不能独立存在。‎ ‎2．分类：‎ 从句在句子中作什么句子成分就叫什么从句，如作宾语的叫宾语从句，作状语的叫状语从句，作定语的叫定语从句等。‎ 分　类 考点浓缩 宾语从句 引导词、语序、时态、否定前移、if和whether的区别、与复合不定式短句的互相转换 状语从句 时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句 定语从句 定义、先行词、关系词 ‎ (一)宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。有关宾语从句的考点，多集中在以下几个方面：‎ ‎1．注意正确使用引导词 引导词 用法 例句 that本身无意义(口语中可省去)‎ 当宾语从句是陈述句时 He tells me (that) he is going shopping this Sunday. ‎ 他告诉我说本周日他要去购物 if／whether．．． (or not)是否 当宾语从句是一般疑问 句时 She asked me if (whether) she could join us. ‎ 她问我她是否可以加入我们的队伍。‎ What,who.wherehow,when,why,‎ Which,whose, whom等 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时 Please tell me when you were born．请告诉我你是何时出生的。I’d like to know what you want best．我想知道你最想要 什么东西。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ whether和if引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须用whether，不能用if。‎ ‎ ①具有选择意义，宾语从句中有or或or not时。例如：‎ ‎ We really don’t know whether news is true or not．‎ ‎ 我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。‎ ‎ ②在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如：‎ ‎ We are talking about whether we’ ll go back to our hometown．我们正在讨论是否回老家去。‎ ‎ ③作discuss等词的宾语时。例如：‎ ‎ We discussed whether we should close the shop．‎ ‎ 我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。‎ 例题：—Do you know ________ the man with glasses is?‎ ‎—A reporter, I think.‎ A． what　　B．that　　C．who　　D．Where ‎2．注意正确使用语序 ‎(1)在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序，即“引导词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。如：‎ ‎①When did the train leave? I want to know. ‎ ‎→I want to know when the train left. ‎ ‎(2)如果是由do, does, did构成的疑问句，在转换为宾语从句时，要去掉do, does, did，且从句中的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化。如：‎ ‎①Do they often play basketball？He asked. ‎ ‎→He asked if they often played basketball. ‎ ‎(3)如果是will, be, have, can组成的疑问句，在变为宾语从句时，需把will, be, have, can返回到句中原来的谓语位置上，并根据主句时态作相应的变化。如：‎ ‎①Will you be free tomorrow？She asked me. ‎ ‎→She asked me if (whether) I would be free tomorrow. ‎ ‎3．宾语从句的时态 ‎ 宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一致。具体情况如下表：‎ 主句时态 从句时态 例句 一般现在时 根据实际情况而定 I hear that he went to Beihai yesterday． 我听说他昨天去北海了。‎ 一般过去时 过去的某种 时态 He said his father would take him to Shanghai．他说他爸爸 将带他去上海。‎ 一般过去时或其他时态 客观事实或真理只用一般现在时 表示 My father told me that the sunrises in the east．爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。‎ 例题：The policeman asked the boy ________.‎ A．where is his mother B．where his mother is C．where was his mother D．where his mother was ‎4.否定转移现象 用法 举例 当主句的主语为第一人称，主句的动词用think“认为”、expect“期待”、guess“猜想”、imagine“想象”、believe“相信”、suppose“假如”、assume“假定”等连接一个具有否定意义的宾语从句时，否定词not要前移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式 I don't think I can remember the 100 new words within one hour.‎ 我想我不能在一小时之内记住这100个生词。‎ I don't believe that he will come tonight.‎ 我相信今晚他不会来。‎ ‎ (二)状语从句 ‎1．概念以及句型特点 ‎(1)概念：状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。‎ ‎(2)句型特点：状语从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。放在主句之前时，常用逗号与主句分开；放在主句之后时，不用逗号。‎ ‎2．分类及引导词 从句类型 从句引导词 例句 时间状语从句 when；while；before；after；until；since；as soon as I didn't go home until 10：00 pm.‎ 我直到晚上十点才回家。‎ I will call you as soon as I see him.‎ 我一看到他就会给你打电话。‎ 条件状语从句 if；unless；as long as If I am free，I will go shopping.‎ 如果我有空，我将去购物。‎ 目的状语从句 so that；in order that I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.‎ 为了赶上早班车，我起床很早。‎ 让步状语从句 though/although；even if；whatever；wherever；whenever Though he is young，he knows a lot.‎ 虽然他很年轻，他知道很多。‎ 原因状语从句 because；since；as；for Tom isn't here because he is ill.‎ 汤姆不在这儿因为他病了。‎ 结果状语从句 so...that；such...that He plays basketball so well that many Americans have become his fans.‎ 他篮球打得如此好以至于很多美国人也成了他的粉丝。‎ 比较状语从句 than；as...as...；not as/so...as...‎ I'm as old as Bob.‎ 我和鲍勃年龄一样大。‎ 地点状语从句 where；wherever Where there is a will，there is a way.‎ 哪里有希望，哪有就有出路。（有志者事竟成。）‎ 例题：Lou is ________ computer games when her brother phoned her.‎ A．plays　　　　　　B．is playing C．has played D．was playing Jane, please turn off the lights ________ you leave the classroom.‎ A．after　　B．before　　C．until　　D．but ‎—Hurry up! The bus is coming.‎ ‎—Wait a minute. Don't cross the street ________ the traffic lights are green.‎ A．until　　　　　　　B．after C．while D．since Tom will call me as soon as he ________ home.‎ A．gets 　　　　　　B．has got C．got D．will get ‎—Is everyone here today?‎ ‎—No. Tom is at home ________ he has got a bad cold.‎ A．because　　B．if　　C．until　　D．unless Tom will call me as soon as he ________ home.‎ A．gets 　　　　　　B．has got C．got D．will get ‎—Is everyone here today?‎ ‎—No. Tom is at home ________ he has got a bad cold.‎ A． because　　B．if　　C．until　　D．Unless If you really hold on to your dreams, they ______ true one day.‎ A．came　　　　　　B．comes C．has come D．will come he teacher speaks very loudly ________ all the students can hear her.‎ A．so that　　　　　　B．because C．since D．when ‎________ many children like KFC, I think they'd better try not to eat it too often.‎ A．Because　　B．When　　C．Although　　D．If We don't have much homework now and our school bags are ________ they used to be.‎ A．as heavy as　　　　　B．not as heavy as C．as heavily as D．not as heavily as （三） 定语从句　‎ ‎1．概念以及相关术语 ‎(1)概念：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定句从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。‎ ‎(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。‎ ‎(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。如that, which, who, whom, whose, as, when, where, why等。‎ ‎2．关系代词的基本用法 人/物 作主语 作宾语 作定语 指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose 指物 which/that which/that/省略 whose ‎(‎ A doctor is a_person who looks_after people's_health.‎ 医生是关心人身体健康的人。‎ who是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。‎ ‎1.关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句总是跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中一定要作从句中的一个成分。关系代词起名词或代词的作用，关系副词起副词或介词短语的作用。‎ 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。作宾语时，可以省略。‎ ‎（1）先行词指人时，定语从句由who，whom，that引导，在从句中who，that可以作主语或宾语，whom只作宾语。‎ Is he the man who/that wants to see you?‎ 他就是想见你的那个人吗？‎ The man who/that/whom my mother is talking to is Mr Wang.‎ 那个正和我妈妈谈话的人是王先生。‎ ‎（2）先行词指物时，定语从句由which，that引导，在从句中可以作主语或宾语。‎ The book that/which I read yesterday is very interesting.‎ 昨天我看的那本书很有趣。‎ The doll that/which can sing costs 200 yuan.‎ 那个会唱歌的洋娃娃值200元。‎ ‎（3）whose 在定语从句中只用作定语，有时它还可以同of which互换。‎ Please pass me the book whose cover/the cover of which is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。‎ ‎2．关系代词that/which/who的用法区别 关系代词that，which可以指物，that和who可以指人，其用法有如下区别：‎ ‎（1）只可用that引导的定语从句 ‎①当先行词为everything，nothing，something，anything等不定代词时。‎ We should do everything that is useful to the people.‎ 我们应该做一切对人民有用的事。‎ ‎②先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much等修饰时。‎ You can take any seat that is free.‎ 你可以坐任何一个空位。‎ ‎③先行词被the only，the very，the right等词修饰时。‎ He is the very man that I'm looking for.‎ 他正是我正在找的那个人。‎ ‎④当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。‎ This is the best movie that I have seen.‎ 这是我所看过的最好的电影。‎ ‎⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。‎ This is the second time that you have told us the story.‎ 这是你第二次给我们讲这个故事了。‎ ‎⑥当先行词同时含有人和物时。‎ We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论我们所感兴趣的人和事。‎ ‎（2）只用which引导的定语从句 ‎①当关系代词前使用介词时，只能用which，不能用that。‎ This is the train by which we went to Beijing.‎ 这就是我们去北京乘坐的那班列车。‎ ‎②在非限制性定语从句（即通常用逗号与主句隔开，若去掉从句，整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句）中。‎ Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.‎ 足球，一项非常有趣的运动，全世界人都在踢。‎ ‎（3）表示人时，当先行词为everybody，anybody，everyone，anyone等时要用who，而不用that。‎ Is there anyone who can answer this question?‎ 有人会回答这个问题吗？‎ ‎3．关系副词引导的定语从句 ‎（1）关系副词在定语从句中作状语，when用在表示时间的名词后，where用在表示地点的名词后，why用在表示原因的名词后。when，where，why的含义相当于“介词＋which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构互换使用。‎ I still remember the day when/on which I first met him.‎ 我依然记得我第一次遇到他的那一天。‎ Changsha is the place where/in which I was born.‎ 长沙是我的出生地。‎ Is this the reason why/for which he was late this morning?‎ 这就是他今早迟到的理由吗？‎ ‎（2）当先行词虽然表示时间、地点或原因，但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语而不是状语时，不可用when，where或why，而应用that或which。‎ Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.‎ ‎　　　　　　　（作状语）‎ Hangzhou is a city that/which has a beautiful lake.‎ ‎　　　　　　　（作主语）‎ I'll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.‎ ‎　　　　　　　　（作状语）‎ I'll never forget the day that/which we spent together.‎ ‎　　　　　 一、 选择 1. ‎--Finish your homework ______ you can’t play computer games, Jim.‎ ‎ -- All right, Mun.‎ A.but B.till C.and D.all 1. ‎--Philip has gone to New Zealand.‎ ‎ --Oh, can you tell me ____________?‎ A. when did he leave B.when he is leaving C.when he left D.when is he leaving 3. We are going to Suzhou Amusement Park in Linda’s car. Uou can come with us _____ you can meet us there later.‎ A. or B.but C.and D.then 4. ‎--Do you know ______ this afternoon?‎ ‎ --I’m not sure, but I’ll tell you as soon as she ____________.‎ A. how will Betty arrive;starts B. how Betty will arrive;will start C. what time will Betty arrive；will start D. what time Betty will arrive；starts ‎ 5. ‎-- Could you tell me __________?‎ ‎ -- More than a year.‎ A. how soon will Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport be built B. how long has Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport been in service C. how soon Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport will be built D. how long Yangzi-Taizhou Airport 6. Many people do not realize the importance of health _______ they have fallen.‎ A. until B.while C.when D.after 7. ‎--- Could you tell me ________ yesterday?‎ ‎ --- Because my bike was broken on my way home.‎ A. why you came late B.why do you come late B. why you come late D.why did you come late 8. ‎-- Peter, is there anything else you want to know about China?‎ ‎ --Yes, I’m still wondering________.‎ A. how is Chinese paper cut made.‎ B. how was the Great Wall built in ancient times C. why the Chinese people like to play the dragon dance.‎ D. why do the Chinese people eat rice dumplings at Dragion Boat Festival 9. Can you tell me __________ in the future?‎ A. how life will be like B.how will life be like ‎ C.what life will be like D.what will life be like 10. The old theater will close soon ________ some extra donations are made.‎ A. so B.if C.because D.unless 二、按要求转换句型 1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子） ‎ ‎    →Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China? 2. "Does the girl need any help?” he asked me.（变为复合句） ‎ ‎    →He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help． ‎ ‎3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子） ‎ ‎    _________ Jim _________Tom is a student. 4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句） ‎ ‎    I want to know _________ the train _________. 5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not．．．until改写)     ‎ ‎    They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework． 6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句) ‎ ‎    Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday.‎ 三、完形填空 Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school. He likes his work very much. He wanted 1 a teacher even when he was a young boy.‎ There are six classes in a school day at Mr. Wang's middle school. Mr. Wang teachers five of these six classes. 2 his "free" hour from 2 to 3 in the afternoon, Mr. Wang 3 meet with parents, check students' homework and 4 many other things. So Mr. Wang works hard from the moment he gets to school early in the morning until he leaves for home late in the afternoon, and his "free" hour is not free at all.‎ In his English lesson, Mr. Wang sometimes teaches poems (诗). He likes poems very much, and he likes Li Bai’s poems 5 of all.‎ In his fifth class today, Mr. Wang taught a poem. He wrote the poem on the blackboard and read it. As soon as he finished 6 the poem, the students began to ask questions. He answered all the questions. Then he asked his students to talk about the poem. 7 one wanted to stop when the bell rang. ‎ ‎ 8 home, Mr. Wang thought about the fifth class. He was happy about what he did as a teacher. Every one of his students 9 the poem. When they started to talk, they forgot about the time. He did not have to make them 10 . He only had to answer their questions and help them understand the poem.‎ ‎1. A. was B. being C. to be D. be ‎ ‎2. A. In B. At C. To D. On ‎ ‎3. A. has to B. has C. able to D. will ‎ ‎4. A. take care for B. care of C. take care of D. be careful of ‎ ‎5. A. better B. good C. well D. best ‎ ‎6. A. reading B. to read C. read D. doing ‎ ‎7. A. Not B. No C. Have no D. Any ‎ ‎8. A. By the way B. To his way C. On his way D. In the way ‎ ‎9. A. liked B. asked C. had D. wanted ‎ ‎10. A. learning B. to learn C. learn D. leant ‎