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2016中考英语专题复习一名词考点讲解和训练

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‎2011届中考英语专题复习一:名词考点讲解和训练 一、名词的数 ‎ ‎1.单数和复数 ‎  可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:‎ ‎ (1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。‎ ‎ (2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。 ‎ ‎ (3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。‎ ‎ (4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。‎ ‎ (5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。‎ ‎  (6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。‎ ‎  复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。‎ ‎  复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法 情 况 ‎ 读法 ‎ 例 词 ‎ 在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 ‎ ‎[s] ‎ cups, hats, cakes ‎ 在[s][z][t][][F]等音后 ‎ ‎[iz] ‎ glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces ‎ 在[b][d][][v]等浊辅音后 ‎ ‎[z] ‎ beds, dogs, cities, knives ‎ ‎ (7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。‎ ‎  【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。‎ ‎  有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。‎ ‎ (8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。‎ ‎ (9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。‎ ‎ (10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。‎ ‎ (11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:‎ ‎  科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths   游戏名称:bowls ‎ ‎  专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls   其他名词:news, falls ‎2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法 ‎  在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:‎ ‎ (1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:‎ ‎  The rich man has a lot of money.   There is some milk in the bottle.   Is there any water in the glass?   I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.‎ ‎ (2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:‎ ‎  a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread ‎ ‎  a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea ‎ ‎  a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice   如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:   two cups of tea   four pieces of paper   three glasses of water ‎  不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。‎ 二、名词的所有格 ‎ ‎  名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。‎ ‎1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。‎ ‎2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day。‎ ‎3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,a boat's length,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。‎ ‎4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。‎ ‎5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。‎ ‎【注意】‎ ‎  如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。‎ 两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。‎ 一、名词介绍 ‎1.名词分类 ‎ 专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构和组织名称。‎ ‎ Lucy, China, the Great Wall ‎ ‎ 普通名词:‎ ‎ A.可数:个体 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball ‎ 集体名词 family,police,class,group,team ‎ B.不可数:物质,物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料,‎ rice,glass,porridge, paper,air,wood,wheat,steel ‎ 抽象,表示状态、品质、行为和感情等抽象概念 ‎ Knowledge, danger,health, life, homework ‎2.名词变复数 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/‎ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/‎ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/‎ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/‎ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 y —i再加es 读 /z/‎ baby---babies 一般:加-s, cakes, days,students,beds 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾名词,加-es, buses, boxes, watches 以辅音字母加-y结尾,变y为i,加-es, baby-babies, city-cities, country-countries 以元音字母加y结尾,加-s, toy-toys,monkey-monkeys 以f(fe)结尾,变f(fe)为ves, leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, life-lives 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾, 加-s, face-faces, orange-oranges 不规则变化:改变单数名词中的元音字母,man-men woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth 单复数形式相同,fish-fish, sheep-sheep,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese 其他其他形式,mouse-mice 国别:‎ 国籍 总称(谓语用复数)‎ 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese  ‎ two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians  ‎ an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 以o结尾名词,加es, negro, hero, tomato,potato 名词作定语变复数:‎ ‎1)     用复数作定语。例如:‎ sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 ‎   talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 ‎2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:‎ ‎   men workers  women teachers  gentlemen officials ‎3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:‎ ‎   goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 ‎     customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷 ‎ 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:‎ two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋  a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 ‎3.不可数名词的数:数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,量词可单复数,但of 后的名词只用原形,如a piece of paper, a drop of water, two cups of tea ‎4.名词所有格:’s和of 形式。’s 形式表示有生命的东西,of所有格用来表示无生命的东西 ‎ my brother’s book the windows of the room 两个并列单数名词表示两者共有时,在最后一个名词后加’s ‎ This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.‎ ‎ Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.‎ 如果表示两者分别有,那么两个词都要加’s ‎ These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.‎ 如果以s结尾名词,其后加’,其他形式加’s Teachers’ Day Children’s Day 店铺、医院名称加’s, at the doctor’s someone,everybody,no one和else, 在else后加’s, 如 somebody else’s pencil 表示时间,距离,国家,城市等无生命的东西的名词,可以在词尾加’s 或’来构成所有格。‎ A. 用于时间 An hour’s ride B. 用于度量 Thirteen tons’ weight C.用于价值 A hundred yuan’s order D. 用于天体 The earth’s satellite E. 用于国家 Belgium’s capital F. 用于城市 The Ural’s industry ‎5. 双重所有格:of+名词所有格,of+名词性物主代词 表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如:a,an,one,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等。‎ This is a picture of mine.‎ 这是我的一张照片。‎ 双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如:‎ He is a friend of your father's.‎ 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)‎ He is a friend of your father.‎ 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)‎ ‎6.名词转化 ‎ 某些名词后加y变形容词,表示“充满…的”,cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny ‎ 某些名词后加ful变形容词,表示“…性质的”,use-useful, care-careful ‎ 部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词,具有赞美意味。Friend-friendly, lovely ‎ 某些名词后加less表示没有,careless, useless 二、名词用法 作主语,English is useful.‎ 做定语,paper tigers, work places 做宾语,She learns Chinese hard every day.‎ 做表语,Tom is my good friend.‎ 做宾语补足语, They chose the boy monitor.‎ 三、既是可数又是不可数名词的意义不同:‎ Work工作-a work著作,glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯,paper纸-a paper报纸,文件,试卷 Tea茶-a tea一种茶,wood木头-a wood小树林,room空间-a room空间 非复数:physics, maths, politics, news 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:‎ This factory produces steel. (不可数)‎ We need various steels. (可数)‎ 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:‎ Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。‎ Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。‎ ‎ The girl was washing greens.‎ ‎ Our returns are not as good as before.‎ ‎ Please hand in your papers at once.‎ ‎ Mary lost her good looks when she was old.‎ 四、名词动词化 ‎1. Don’t brother me.‎ ‎2. Don’t sir me!‎ ‎3. The dog nosed the door open.‎ ‎4. He mouthed down a piece of cake ‎【实例解析】‎ ‎ 1.These _________ have saved many children’s lives.‎ ‎ A. woman doctors B. women doctor ‎ C. women doctors D. woman doctor ‎ 答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。‎ ‎2.This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.‎ ‎ A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s ‎ C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s ‎ 答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。‎ ‎ 3.---Are there any ________ on the farm?‎ ‎ ---Yes, there are some.‎ ‎ A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep ‎ 答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。‎ ‎ 4.---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?‎ ‎ ---Orange, please.‎ ‎ A. hamburger B. chip C. tea ‎ 答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ 一. 单项填空 ‎1.--- Where have you been, Tim?‎ ‎  --- I’ve been to ______.‎ ‎ A. the Henry house      B. the Henry family ‎ ‎ C. The Henry’s home    D. Henry’s ‎2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.‎ ‎ A. food   B. lunch   C. breakfast   D. dinner ‎3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .‎ ‎ A. three times   B. a third time   C. the third time   D. once ‎4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?‎ ‎  --- Certainly.‎ ‎ A. some bottles of waters   B. some bottles of water ‎ C. some bottle of water     D. some bottle of waters ‎5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.‎ ‎ A. tooth   B. feet   C. hand   D. ear ‎6.There is some _______ on the plate.‎ ‎ A. cakes   B. meat   C. potato   D. pears ‎7.In England, the last name is the  _______ .‎ ‎ A. family name   B. middle   C. given name   D. full name ‎8.The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.‎ ‎ A. Germen   B. Germany   C. Germanys   D. Germans ‎9.The______ has two _______ .‎ ‎ A. boys; watches   B. boy; watch   C. boy; watches   D. boys; watch ‎10.The little baby has two _______ already.‎ ‎ A. tooth   B. tooths   C. teeth   D. teeths ‎11.What’s your _______ for being late again?‎ ‎ A. idea   B. key   C. excuse   D. news ‎12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.‎ ‎  --- But I think we should let _______ go out first.‎ ‎ A. woman and children   B. women and child ‎ C. woman and child      D. women and children ‎13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.‎ ‎  --- Thanks.‎ ‎ A.ENTRANCE       B.BUSINESS HOURS ‎ ‎ C.THIS SIDE UP   D.NO SMOKING ‎14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?‎ ‎ A. Children’s Day    B. Childrens’s Day ‎ ‎ C. Childrens Day      D. Children Day ‎15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?‎ ‎ A. the Room 406   B. Room 406   C. the 406 Room   D. 406 Room 二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词。‎ ‎1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library.‎ ‎2. Please turn to another _______(频道), I don’t like this show.‎ ‎3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.‎ ‎.4. Autumn is my favourite (季节) ‎ ‎5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?‎ ‎ ---Three.‎ ‎6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.  ‎ ‎7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.‎ ‎8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.‎ ‎9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice?‎ ‎ ---Yes. It’s wonderful!‎ ‎10. May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.‎ 三. 根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。‎ ‎1. “What’s your n_______?”‎ ‎ “Li Lei.”‎ ‎2. How many d_______ does your uncle have?‎ ‎3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.‎ ‎4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.‎ ‎5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.‎ ‎6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival. ‎ ‎7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living.‎ ‎8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.‎ ‎9. Health is more important to me than m_______.‎ ‎10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now.‎ ‎【练习答案】‎ 一.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B  6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B ‎ 二.1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives 6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’‎ 三.1.name 2.daughters 3. window 4. pronunciation 5. inventions 6.parents 7. age 8. hour’s 9. money 10. dangerous