中考形容词副词知识点 4页

形容词&副词知识点 考点一、形容词 ‎1、概念：形容词表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征，用来修饰名词或不定代词，常作定语、表语、宾补 ‎2、分类：（1）根据构成，可分为简单形容词（kind, boring…）和复合形容词（kind-hearted, hard-working）‎ ‎（2）根据与所修饰的名词的关系，分为限定性形容词（a French dish, a Chinese table）‎ 和描述性形容词（a delicious dish, a smooth table）‎ ‎3、形容词的一般用法 ‎（1）形容词+名词，作定语—a good girl（good作girl的定语）‎ ‎（2）be/系动词+形容词，作表语—It is good. / It sounds great.（good表明it的状态和性质）‎ ‎（3）表语形容词，只能位于系动词后面作表语，不能作定语 eg：awake, alone, alive, asleep, afraid, well, ill, frightened（scared可作定语）‎ ‎（4）动词+形容词(make / keep…adj.)，作宾补—Robots can make humans lazy.（humans是宾语，lazy作宾补）‎ ‎（5）数量+表示长、宽、高、深、年龄等形容词（形容词后置）‎ eg：two meters long, ten centimeters wide, twenty feet deep, 28 years old.‎ ‎（6）the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数—the old / young / rich / poor.‎ ‎（7）形似副词的形容词—lonely, friendly, lively, lovely, silly ‎（8）以ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物，以ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人 eg：exciting-excited, boring-bored, interesting-interested, moving-moved, tiring-tired, relaxing-relaxed,‎ frightening-frightened, disappointing-disappointed ‎★★特殊的：pleasant令人愉快的人或物，pleased人感到满意愉快的 ‎（9）一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式 eg：be glad / happy / pleased to do sth. be sorry / sad / sure to do sth.‎ be ready / afraid / able to do sth. be easy / difficult to do sth.‎ ‎（10）只能作定语的形容词 eg：little, only, wooden, woolen, elder ‎4、形容词的位置 ‎（1）形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前，作定语 eg：an honest boy, many beautiful flowers…‎ ‎（2）多个形容词连用——先形状，后颜色，中间夹新旧，最后是材质 eg：this big new red plastic pen ‎① 描述性形容词：对某事物的总体评价 ‎② 形状(大小, 长短)：oval, square, rectangle, triangle, round…, big, small, long, short ‎③ 新旧：new(young), old ‎④ 颜色：red, blue, white, black, purple, pink, yellow, orange, green…‎ ‎⑤ 材料：woolen, wooden, stone, golden, leather, woolen…‎ 描述性形 容词 形状（大小，长短）‎ 新旧 颜色 材料 名词 weak small old man beautiful little white stone bridge pretty big, round new red wooden desk nice long blue woolen sweater ‎（3）adj. / adv. + enough，enough后置 eg：old / tall / quickly enough ‎（4）不定代词+形容词，作后置定语—something important ‎（5）表语形容词作定语时，通常放在不定代词的后面，常用的是alive, awake, asleep等 eg：He was the only person awake at that night. / You are the happiest children alive.‎ ‎5、形容词的常见句式 ‎（1）It’s adj. of sb. to do sth.表示“某人做某事…”‎ 用法：这一句型中，用的是描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词 常见的有：nice-kind-good-polite, clever-foolish-lazy, careful-careless, right-wrong ‎（2）It’s adj. for sb. to do sth.表示“做某事对某人来说…”‎ 常用的形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible 考点二、副词 ‎1、概念：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词及整个句子的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等 ‎2、副词的分类 ‎（1）时间副词：now, early, then, soon, before, ago等 ‎（2）地点副词：home, here, there, out, above, below, outside, up, down, downstairs等 ‎（3）程度副词：very, much, still, almost, quite, so, too等 ‎（4）疑问副词：how, when, where, why等 ‎（5）关系副词：when, where why（放在引导的定语从句句首）‎ ‎（6）连接副词：how, where, why, whether等（引导宾语从句）‎ ‎3、副词的一般用法 ‎（1）用作状语 ‎① 修饰动词 eg：He speaks English very well.‎ ‎② 修饰形容词 eg：You have a very nice watch.‎ ‎③ 修饰其它副词 eg：You run too fast. / You did it pretty well.‎ ‎④ 修饰整个句子 eg：Luckily, He passed the exam successfully. / Suddenly, he fell into a river.‎ ‎（2）用作后置定语 eg：The people here are very friendly. / The weather abroad is different from ours.‎ ‎（3）用作表语，主要限于少数地点或方位副词，时间副词以及其它副词（in, out, on, off, up, down, over, around）‎ eg：I am home. / He’ll be back in two minutes.‎ ‎（4）用作宾补 eg：I saw him out.‎ ‎4、副词的位置 ‎（1）通常放在被修饰的动词后面 eg：He passed the exam easily. / We finished this task successfully.‎ ‎（2）频度副词always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom常放在动词之前，be动词和情态动词之后 eg：He sometimes go to school on foot. / I seldom eat out on school days.‎ He is often late for school.‎ She can always go to school in a car.‎ ‎（3）程度副词放在被修饰的形容词之前 eg：He is very sad to hear that. / The boy is too young.‎ ‎（4）修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps, maybe, first, now, sometimes, finally等常放在句首 eg：Perhaps / Maybe you are right. First, let’s begin our class with a song.‎ Now, let me tell you something important. Finally, he appeared.‎ ‎（5）adv. + enough，enough后置 eg：If you have enough time, you can go now.‎ He runs quickly enough to get there on time.‎ ‎（6）时间副词和地点副词一般在句尾，地点副词在时间副词前，时间副词也可放在句首 eg：They went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home.‎ ‎5、及物动词短语（后面的物是人称代词you, him, her, it, them时，必须放中间）‎ away：take away, put away, send away down：take down, write down, put down up：look up, send up, put up, dress up, ring up, give up out：find out, wear out, sell out, try out, take out on：put on, try on, turn on off：turn off, take off 其它的：look over, look around ‎6、几个常用副词的区别 ‎（1）how long / soon / often / far ‎① How long问时间和物体的长短 ‎② How soon“多久，多块”，用于一般将来时，用“in+时间段”来回答 ‎③ How often问做某事的频率，常用“once, twice, three times…”来回答 ‎④ How far问距离的长短 ‎（2）hard / hardly ‎① hard“努力地，认真地”，程度副词——work hard ‎② hardly“几乎不”，否定副词——He can hardly see the words on the blackboard.‎ ‎（3）much too / too much ‎① much too+adj. / adv.原级，与too many相对，中心词是too eg：much too cold / He finished his homework much too quickly.‎ ‎② too much+不可数名词，中心词时much——He has too much time.‎ too much也可作程度副词——Don’t eat too much, it’s bad for your health.‎ ‎（4）too, enough, so ‎① too…to…表示否定的意思，太…而不能 eg：He is too young to go to school.‎ ‎② adj. / adv.原级+enough+to do，足够…去…‎ eg：He is seven now, he is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎③ so+adj. / adv.原级+that+从句，如此…以至于…‎ eg：He is so young that he can’t go to school.‎ 考点三、形容词和副词的区别 ‎1、形容词用法：系动词+形容词，形容词+名词 eg：He is careful. / He is a careful boy.‎ ‎2、副词用法：行为动词+副词 eg：The bottle can break easily.‎ 考点四、形容词和副词的三级：原级、比较级和最高级 ‎1、adj. & adv.的比较级和最高级的规则变化：‎ ‎（1）单音节形容词的比较级和最高级 ‎① 一般末尾直接加er和est eg：tall-taller-tallest, strong-stronger-strongest, long-longer-longest, hard-harder-hardest ‎② 以不发音的e结尾的形容词，在末尾直接加r或st ‎ eg：nice-nicer-nicest, late-later-latest, large-larger-largest ‎③ 辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，去y加ier和iest eg：happy-happier-happiest, heavy-heavier-heaviest, easy-easier-easiest, healty-healthier-healthiest ‎④ 以重读闭音节结尾的（辅-元-辅）形容词，且只有一个辅音字母，双写最后一个字母，再加er和est eg：fat-fatter-fattest, thin-thinner-thinnest, hot-hotter-hottest, big-bigger-biggest, red-redder-reddest ‎（2）多音节形容词的比较级和最高级和以ly结尾的大多数副词：加more和 (the) most eg：handsome-more handsome-(the) most handsome, beautiful-more beautiful-(the) most beautiful slowly-more solely-(the) most slowly, friendly-more friendly-(the) most friendly, ‎ quickly-more quickly-(the) most quickly, clearly-more clearly-(the) most clearly 其它常见词：interesting, difficult, important, popular, comfortable, necessary, successful, wonderful,‎ attractive, dangerous, terrible, humorous, delicious, expensive, excited ‎★特殊的：early-earlier-earliest ‎2、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级 good, well-better-(the) best, bad, badly, ill-worse-(the) worst, many, much-more-(the) most, old-elder, ‎ little-less-(the) least, far-farther-farthest（掌握）或further-furthest（了解）‎ ‎3、三级的用法 ‎（1）原级的用法：‎ ‎① 只能修饰原级的有very, as, so, too, enough, quite等 eg：The old man is too old to go on walking. / He runs so quickly that no one can catch him.‎ He is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎② 原级常用的句型结构 a) as…（形容词 / 副词原级）as… 表示“A和B的程度相同”‎ eg：He is as tall as his brother. / He runs as quickly as Jim.‎ b) not as / so…（形容词 / 副词原级）as… 表示“A不如B…”‎ eg：That girl isn’t as / so fat as Amy.‎ He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.‎ c) A…+倍数+as+adj. / adv.原级+as+B 表示“A是B的…倍”‎ eg：Our school is three times as big as this one.‎ He runs twice as quickly as Jim.‎ d) half + as + adj. / adv.原级+as 表示“…是…的一半”‎ eg：His apples are half as many as his sister’s.‎ He runs half as quickly as Jim.‎ e) less + adj. / adv.原级+than 表示“没有…adj. / adv.”‎ eg：She is less beautiful than her sister.‎ He runs less quickly than Jim.‎ ‎（2）比较级的用法：‎ ‎① A+v.+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B…” eg：Jim is taller than Tom. / Soccer is more popular than tennis.‎ ‎② A+v.+倍数+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B…”或“A比B…几倍”‎ eg：This ball is three times bigger than that ball.‎ He runs ten times faster than his brother.‎ ‎③ A+v.+比较级+than+any other+单数名词，或A+v.+比较级+than+the other+复数名词 表示“A比同一范围内任何一人/物都…”‎ eg：He is taller than any other student in our class. = He is taller than the other boys in our class.‎ She jumps higher than any other student. = She jumps higher than the other students.‎ ‎④ A+v.+the+比较级+of the two，表示“A是两者中较…的”‎ eg：He is the taller of the two boys.‎ ‎⑤ 比较级and比较级，表示“越来越…”（more and more + 多音节adj. / adv.原级）‎ eg：He is becoming taller and taller.‎ He does his homework more and more carefully.‎ ‎⑥ “the比较级，the比较级”表示“越…,越…”‎ eg：The more, the better.‎ The harder you study, the higher grades you will get.‎ The more we get together, the happier we will be.‎ ‎⑦ “疑问词+v.+比较级，A or B?”‎ eg：Which is bigger, this apple or that apple?‎ ‎⑧ 倍数+比较级+than，表示“几倍于…”‎ eg：He is two years older than her.‎ ‎⑨ 有表示程度的副词much, a little, even, rather等时，用比较级 eg：He is a little taller than her.‎ It’s even colder than yesterday.‎ ‎（3）最高级的用法 ‎① 主语+v.+the+最高级+（单数名词）in / of短语 eg：He is the tallest (boy) in our class.=He is the tallest of all the students.‎ He jumps (the) farthest in our class.‎ Winter is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎② 主语+v.+one of+最高级+复数名词+in/of短语，表示“…是…中最…之一”‎ eg：He is one of the tallest boys in our class.‎ The Yangtz River is one of the longest rivers in the world.‎ ‎③ 特殊疑问词+v.+the+最高级，A, B or C? 用于三者及三者以上的比较 eg：Which is the tallest, Jim, Tom or Michael?‎ Which season do you like best, spring, summer, fall or winter.‎ ‎④ 序数词+最高级，表示“第几最…”‎ eg：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.‎ ‎⑤ 最高级可以用人称代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但不能再加the eg：This is my biggest apple.‎ Jane’s busiest day will be tomorrow.‎