中考英语 语法 现在完成时与过去完成时练习无答案 9页

现在完成时与过去完成时 一、现在完成时 ‎⒈构成 Have/has +过去分词 现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式：‎ 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 单数 I have You have + worked He/She/It has I have You have + not worked He/She/It has Have I Have you + worked?‎ Have he/she/it ‎ 复数 We You +have worked They We You +have not worked They Have we Have you + worked?‎ Have they ‎【提示】‎ ‎①现在完成时的肯定式和否定式有其缩写形式：have→’ve, has→’s.例如：She’s worked. =She has worked. I’ve not worked. = I haven’t worked.‎ ‎②现在完成时的否定疑问句形式为：Have you not worked? Have they not worked? Has he not worked?其缩写形式为：Haven’t you worked? Haven’t they worked? Hasn’t he worked?‎ ‎③现在完成时的简略回答形式为：Yes, I have. No, I have not/haven’t.‎ ‎⒉用法 ‎⑴过去动作产生的影响等 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。在没有具体时间状语的情况下，现在完成时可以表示某一行为动作在说话之前已经完成，而其结果或影响至今仍然存在。因此，现在完车时这一时态强调的是过去的动作同现在的联系，也就是强调现在的影响和结果。例如：‎ Someone has broken the window.（“打破”这一动作虽然发生在过去，但影响延续至今，其结果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.）‎ I have lost my pen.（结果是：我现在无钢笔可用，I have no pen to use.）‎ He’s locked the door.(结果是：现在门锁上了，我们进不去，Now the door is locked and we can’t go in.)‎ The party has started. (The party started and now it is going on.)‎ She has not eaten anything today.(现在一定很饿了)‎ I have had my lunch.( I had my lunch and I am not hungry now.)‎ I’ve forgotten her name= I forgot her name.‎ 我肯定我们以前见过面。‎ ‎______________________________________________‎ 我女儿刚出去。‎ ‎______________________________________________‎ ‎⑵过去的动作延续到现在和未来 表示一个开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常同for, since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long…（多久）句型中，表示持续的时间。例如：‎ He has studied English for ten years.（可能继续学下去）‎ She has lived here since then.‎ He has been in Nanjing since 2003.‎ Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city.‎ The girl has been ill for a week.‎ How long have you lived in the house?‎ 这些日子我没有收到她的信。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ 最近我们没有见到你。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ 他们离开已经两年了。‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ 她从星期一起一直和我们在一起。‎ ‎______________________________________________________‎ ‎【提示】for是介词，后面只能跟单词或词组；since是介词或连词，后面可以跟单词、词组或句子。‎ ‎⑶同recently等状语连用 现在完成时常同表示从过去某时刻延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如recently, today, this morning, this week, lately, up to now, so far, in the past/last few months, since three years ago等。例如：‎ I haven’t seen him this week.‎ I have been busy this morning.‎ He has bought a new bike recently.‎ ‎⑷同often等状语连用 现在完成时常同不明确指出具体时间的状语连用，如often, already, yet, never, ever, always, once, twice, sometimes, just, for a long time, only twice等。例如：‎ I have never been to England.‎ Have you done your homework yet?‎ We have already finished the work.‎ ‎⑸将来某时已经完成的动作 现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。例如：‎ He will come as soon as he has finished the homework.‎ If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.‎ We shall wait here until the rain has stopped.‎ ‎⑹have gone和have been have gone和have been意义上不同，前者表示“到某地去了，尚没回来，现在不在这里”，后者表示“曾经到过某地，现在已返回”。比较：‎ She has gone to Beijing.(她现在不在这里，去北京了，可能已经到达，也可能仍在途中)‎ She has been to Beijing.(她以前到过北京，现在已不在北京了)‎ Where has he been?(他已回来)‎ Where has he gone?(他现在不在这里)‎ 比较：‎ Have/has been to do sth做过了某事 have/has gone to do sth去做某事了 have/has come to do sth来做某事了 have/has been to+地点 去过某地，已回（句中常有ever, never, before, twice等表次数的词）‎ have/has gone to+地点 去了某地（未回或还在去的路上）‎ have/has been in+地点 呆在某地（句中常有for, since, how long）‎ 当句中有here, there及where 提问时，三个介词中的to, in 要省略。‎ 练习：‎ 我爸爸已经在上海出差2天了。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ 你之前去过美国吗？‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ ‎⑺for 2004还是since 2004‎ 英语中有些动词表示的动作是一时性的、短暂的、不能延续的，所以，不能同for和since等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也不可用于“How long/How many+时间名词”句中。因此，这类动词可以单独使用于完成时中，但不可同表示一段时间的状语一起用于完成时中，包括现在完成时和过去完成时。这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, join, receive, get, die, buy, borrow, choose, close, fall, finish, kill, lend, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, sit down, stand up等。比较：‎ How long may I keep the book?‎ Her grandmother has been dead for five months.‎ It is five months since her grandfather died.‎ He has arrived.‎ He arrived there three hours ago.‎ It’s three hours since he arrived.‎ It has been three hours since he arrived.‎ He has left Shanghai.‎ She has joined the army.‎ She has been in the army since 2004.‎ It is three years since she joined the army.‎ 他已经离开上海2个星期了。‎ ‎____________________________________________________‎ ‎____________________________________________________‎ ‎【提示】①非延续性动词的完成时有时可以同for引导的短语连用，但表示的是某一动作的目的或结果，而不是表示动作本身延续的时间。例如：‎ She has come for two weeks.她已经来了，准备住两个星期。‎ He has gone for three days.他走了，要在三天后回来。‎ ‎②非延续性动词的否定式表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因此可以同for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。例如：‎ I haven’t received her letter for a whole year.‎ 他从上个月起没有买过书。‎ ‎_____________________________________________________‎ for/since的特殊注意：‎ 在带有for或since短语或since从句的句子中以及How long提问的句子中,谓语动词只 用延续性动词（可持续一段时间的动作)，而不能用短暂性动词（在瞬间发生完毕的动作）‎ 常见的短暂性动词与延续性动词的转换 n borrow/lend have(has) kept n buy have(has) had/owned n die have(has) been dead n begin/start have(has) been on n finish have(has) been over n open have(has) been open n close have(has) been closed n catch a cold have(has) had a cold n fall ill have(has) been ill n fall asleep have(has) been ill n become have(has) been n leave have(has) been away from n get married have(has) been married n join have(has) been a member of ‎ have(has) been in n move/come/go to have(has) been in/at n arrive at/in/get to/reach have(has) been in/at e.g. ‎ ‎1. The dog died two days ago. ‎ The dog __________________________________two days.‎ ‎2. I bought the computer two weeks ago. ‎ I ____________________the computer ____________________.‎ ‎3. Lucy arrived in Beijing two days ago. ‎ Lucy __________________ Beijing ____________________________.‎ ‎4. The meeting started twenty minutes ago. ‎ The meeting _____________________________________________.‎ ‎5. I borrowed the bag last week. ‎ I ____________________ this bag _______________ last week.‎ ‎⑻现在完成时和一般过去时的比较 ‎① 现在完成时不可与表示特定过去时间的副词连用，如ago, then, yesterday等，但一般过去时可以。例如：‎ He worked here last year.‎ ② 现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，而一般过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身，与现在的结果无关。例如：‎ He has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）‎ He was ill for a week.（过去病过一个星期，现在好了）‎ He has bought a house（现在完成时，到说话时仍然拥有那所房子）‎ He bought a house five years ‎ ago(一般过去时只说明他五年前买过一所房子，现在不一定还拥有那所房子)‎ I haven’t written him for ages.(现在仍没有写)‎ I didn’t write him for ages(仅指过去)‎ ‎③现在完成时可以同现在在内的时间状语连用；而一般过去时则不可。例如：‎ It has been hot this summer.（说话时仍然是夏天）‎ It was hot this summer.（说话时夏天已经过去）‎ ④ 现在完成时不可与疑问副词when连用；而一般过去时则可以。例如：‎ When did he come?‎ ‎⑼already和yet的区别 already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句；already有时也可用于疑问句，表示“惊讶，意外”的意思。例如：‎ Hurry up, we are already twenty minutes late.‎ I haven’t heard from him yet.‎ Has class begun yet?‎ Has class begun already?(想不到)‎ Have you sold the car yet?‎ Have you sold the car already?（惊讶）‎ ‎【补充】‎ ago和before的用法 ago是副词，表示从现在算起的若干时间以前，用于“名词词组+ago”结构；ago所在句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；ago不可单独使用，也不可用作连词。before作副词用时，表示从过去某一时刻或某一事件算起的若干时间以前，所在句中的谓语动词用过去去完成时；before还可以单独使用，意为“以前”，谓语动词用现在完成时，ago则没有这种用法；before还可以用作连词，后接单词、词组或句子，ago则没有这种用法。比较：‎ She saw the film three days ago.（从现在说起三天前）‎ She told me that she had seen the film three days before.（从过去说起三天前）‎ I have seen her before.‎ She had left before he arrived.‎ 二、过去完成时 ‎⒈构成 Had+过去分词（had通用于所有人称）‎ ‎⒉用法 ‎⑴过去的过去 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过去”。‎ ‎①用by和before引导的短语表示，如by that time, by…o’clock, by the end of…, before 1993等。例如：‎ By three o’clock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work.‎ She had learnt 2000 English words by the end of last month.‎ 现在10点了，上午7点前他已经吃过早饭了。‎ ‎_____________________________________________________‎ ‎②用when和before等引导的状语从句表示。例如：‎ I had seen her before she saw me.‎ He hadn’t learnt English before he came to England.‎ How long had Mr Wang taught in the middle school before he came here?‎ 当我到达火车站的时候火车已经离开了。‎ ‎__________________________________________________‎ ‎③用He said, He knew或He asked等主句表示。例如：‎ He said he had never been to Nanjing.‎ She knew she had met him before.‎ He thought he had read the book.‎ 他问谁弄坏了窗户?‎ ‎___________________________________________‎ ‎④通过上下文表示出来。例如：‎ I was very sad at his death. We had been good friends since our childhood.（直到他去世之前）‎ He was very tired, and went to bed as soon as he got home. He had worked the whole day.（在回家之前已工作了一天）‎ ‎⑵过去的动作延续到过去某时 表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。例如：‎ By the end of last month he had worked in Shanghai for twenty years.（可能继续工作下去）‎ ‎⑶过去完成时常用于定语从句中 定语从句中的动作如果发生在主句动作之前，要用过去完成时。例如：‎ I found the pen which I had lost.‎ I lent her the book which I had bought the day before.‎ ‎⑷主句和从句的时间先后区别 有时候，时间状语从句中的谓语动词的动作发生在主句动作之前，这时，从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。例如：‎ After she had done her homework, she took a walk in the garden.(先做完作业，后散步)‎ When I had finished reading the book, I returned it to the library.‎ ‎【提示】有时候，连词when, after, as soon as引导从句时，其本身往往就说明了两个相近动作的先后关系，因此，主句和从句有时均可用一般过去时。例如：‎ The bus started after he got on it.‎ As soon as I came into the classroom, the bell rang.‎ ‎⑸had meant to do sth结构 Hope, think, want, mean等动词的过去完成时，可以表示过去未曾实现的愿望、意图、希望或打算等。例如：‎ I had meant to come, but it rained.‎ I had hoped to see her again.(但没能如愿)‎ I hoped to see her again(过去的愿望)‎ ‎⑹过去完成时与现在完成时的比较 过去完成时与现在完成时都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for a week, for two years, for a long time等，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。例如：‎ She had been ill for a week before she came back.（到过去某时间）‎ She has been ill for a week(到现在仍生病)‎ Everything had gone well up to that time Everything has gone well up to now.‎ ‎【练习】‎ 一、 单选 ‎( ) 1. I 　　　　 an e-mail to my pen pal when Susan called me last night.‎ ‎ A. wrote B. will write ‎ ‎ C. am writing D. was writing ‎( ) 2. — Hi, Mary. Where is your father?‎ ‎ — Look! He 　　　　 his car over there.‎ ‎ A. washes B. is washing ‎ ‎ C. will wash D. has washed ‎( ) 3. Mike 　　　　 the bookshop. I have to wait for him.‎ ‎ A. was going to B. was in ‎ ‎ C. has been to D. has gone to ‎( ) 4. They will go swimming if it 　　　　 fine tomorrow.‎ ‎ A. is B. is going to be ‎ ‎ C. will be D. was ‎( ) 5. — Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?‎ ‎ — John 　　　　.‎ ‎ A. cleaned B. does ‎ ‎ C. did D. cleans ‎( ) 6. I heard that Miss Green 　　　　 to Italy soon.‎ ‎ A. would go back B. go back ‎ ‎ C. have gone back D. will go back ‎( ) 7. — I’ve got the final Harry Potter book.‎ ‎ — Really? It’s very interesting. I 　　　　 it twice already.‎ ‎ A. am reading B. have read ‎ ‎ C. was reading D. will read ‎( ) 8. Jimmy 　　　　 in a minute. Ask someone else to do it.‎ ‎ A. has left B. left ‎ ‎ C. had left D. is leaving ‎( ) 9. — What did the teacher say just now?‎ ‎ — He said that the earth 　　　　 round the sun.‎ ‎ A. go B. goes ‎ ‎ C. went D. will go ‎( )10. Catherine 　　　　 the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.‎ ‎ A. finishes B. has finished ‎ ‎ C. had finished D. will finish ‎ 二、 根据句意，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎ 1. The Smiths 　　　　 (fly) to Paris yesterday.‎ ‎ 2. Listen! Who 　　　　 (sing) in the next room?‎ ‎ 3. — Bob wants to know if you 　　　　 (go) for a picnic tomorrow.‎ ‎ — Yes. But we will stay at home if it 　　　　 (rain).‎ ‎ 4. There 　　　　 (be) an important football match in our school tomorrow.‎ ‎ 5. Lisa often 　　　　 (go) to school at seven in the morning. ‎ ‎ 6. — You seem to know much about the city.‎ ‎ — That’s true. I 　　　　 (visit) it three times.‎ ‎ 7. We 　　　　 (watch) TV when the telephone 　　　　 (ring) suddenly. ‎ ‎ 8. — 　　　　 you 　　　　 (finish) your drawing?‎ ‎ — Not yet. I 　　　　 (finish) it in a few minutes.‎ ‎ 9. The government said they 　　　　 (spend) a large amount of money on pollution the next year.‎ ‎10. We 　　　　 just 　　　　 (reach) the station when the train arrived.‎ 三、翻译下列句子 1. 那个老人已经死了近两年了。 ‎ The old man_________________________________.‎ 2. My parents _______________________________________(已经结婚15年了)‎ 3. 你爸爸去哪儿了？他去美国度假了。‎ Where is your father? He__________________.‎ 4. 快点，会议已经开始15分钟了。‎ Hurry up, the meeting _______________________.‎ 5. 我们已经来南京二天了。‎ We______________________________________________.‎ 6. 自从叔叔结婚就住在那儿。‎ ‎_______________________________________________.‎ 7. 你去过香港几次？ ‎ ‎_____________you_________________________Hong Kong?‎ 8. 你加入足球俱乐部多久了？我是去年加入的。‎ ‎___________you__________________? I_____________________last year.‎ 9. 这车他已买了五年了。 ‎ He_______________________________________.‎ 1. 自2004年，他爸爸就离开家乡了。‎ His father ______________________________________________________.‎