2017中考英语各类从句及考点 6页

复合句的概念：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。‎ 宾语从句 一．概念：在句中起到宾语的作用。‎ 二．宾语从句在句中的位置：‎ ‎（1）作动词的宾语：‎ 例：I heard that he joined the army. She did not know what had happened.‎ ‎(2) 作形容词的宾语 例：I am afraid that I have made a mistake.‎ ‎ (3) 作介词的宾语 例：Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.‎ 三．常见考点分析：‎ ‎ （一）．连接词：1.引导陈述句用that（在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）。‎ ‎2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。‎ 注意：下列几种情况通常使用whether：‎ ‎（1）．在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether；‎ 例：I don’t know whether he will come back or not.‎ ‎（2）．在介词之后用whether；‎ 例：They are talking about whether he will win the game.‎ ‎ Everything depends on whether you agree with us.‎ ‎3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。‎ ‎（二）. 语序：尤其要注意，宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序：即主语一定在谓语前面。‎ 尤其要注意whether, if以及wh-(what, why…)疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序。‎ ‎ 例：She wants to know whether I like the film.‎ ‎ Do you know why winter is colder than summer?‎ ‎（三）. 时态：1.主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中主语不受主句位于时态的影响。例：She says that she will leave a message on his desk.‎ ‎ She says that sh has never been to Beijing.‎ ‎ 2.当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句中的时态一般为表示过去的某种时态（如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）‎ 例：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎ He said he was going to take care of the baby.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 3.主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句叙述某一客观真理时，宾语从句用一般现在时。 例：She said that her father is twenty-eight years older than her.‎ ‎ The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.‎ ‎（四）. 否定转移：当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。‎ ‎ 例：I don’t think you are right.‎ ‎ I don’t believe that he has finished his work.‎ ‎（五）. 注意if或when引导的宾语从句和状语从句的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当……的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般现在时。 ‎ 例：We are not sure if it will snow tomorrow. If it snows, we won’t climb the South Hill.‎ 状语从句 一．概念和分类：用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。分类：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句,目的状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语从句。‎ ‎（一）. 时间状语从句 ：‎ 引导时间状语从句的词有：when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, ever since, till, until, once, whenever, no sooner …than…, hardly…when…, the moment, every time, each time, next time, directly, immediately, by the time等 ‎1．When引导的状语从句和While引导的状语从句的区别：When既可以引导一个持续性动作也可以引导一个短暂性动作。While只能引导持续性动作。‎ 例：When引导的从句 I was thin when I was a child.‎ ‎ The film had been on when we arrived.‎ While引导的从句 My Mom was cooking while I was doing my homework.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2．Before引导的时间状语从句 ‎（1）before引导的从句位于主句之前，一般翻译成在…之前。‎ 例：Before they got to the bus stop, the bus had gone.‎ ‎（2）before引导的从句位于主句之后，一般翻译成…(之后)才。如果在主句中用将来时，从句要用一般时替代将来时。‎ 例：It will be half a year before I come back.‎ ‎ He said that it would be half a year before he came back.‎ ‎3．Until引导的时间状语从句。‎ ‎（1）延续性动词+until表示直到…为止。‎ 例：You may stay here until the rain stops He waited until his friends came.‎ ‎（2）终止性动词或者延续性动词的否定式+until表示直到…才 例：He didn’t go to bed until he had finished his work.‎ They didn’t reach the village until it was dark.‎ ‎（3）not until放在句时，主句要用倒装语序 例：Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining the compound.（直到毕业他才成功获得这种化合物）‎ ‎4．表示一…就…的句型。‎ As soon as ,once, immediately, the moment，这类从句中经常用一般时态替代将来时态（从句的时态）‎ 例：I will tell him as soon as he arrives.‎ Once you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.‎ The moment he comes, I will let you know.‎ ‎5．As的用法 主要考点：‎ ‎（1）一边。。。一边。。。‎ 例：He hurried home, looking behind as he went.‎ Tom sings as he works.‎ ‎（2）强调两个动作紧接着发生、‎ 例：As he was going out ,it began to rain.‎ ‎（二）地点状语从句 由where ,wherever引导。‎ Where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：引导定语从句时，从句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，而状语从句前则没有。‎ 例：1. Go back where you came from.（状语从句）‎ ‎2．Go back to the village where you came from.（定语从句）‎ ‎（三）原因状语从句 引导词：because, since, as, now that(既然)，considering that(考虑到)‎ because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because ‎。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。‎ 例：（1）------Why did you do it?‎ ‎------I did it because I wanted to do it.‎ ‎ （2）Since I must die I must do it.‎ ‎（3）As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.‎ ‎（四）目的状语从句 引导词：so that(为了，以便)，so(以便)，in order that(以便，这样…就)，in case(以防)‎ 目的状语从句的谓语经常含有may, might, can ,could, will, would等情态动词。‎ 例：（1）Speak clearly so that they may understand you. （目的状语从句）‎ ‎（2）Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest （结果状语从句）‎ ‎（五）结果状语从句 引导词：so(结果)，so that(结果)，so…that…（如此…以至于）,such…that（如此…以至于）‎ 注意so…that…与such…that…的区别 So+adj/adv+that 从句 such+(a,an)名词+that从句 例：（1）The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.‎ ‎ （2）She is so beautiful a girl that all of us like her.‎ ‎ （3）She is such a good girl that she can help you.‎ ‎（六）条件状语从句 两种情况：1. 祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise引导的结果句。‎ 例：Hurry up, or else/otherwise you’ll be late.‎ ‎ Do that at once, or else I’ll make you do it.‎ 引导词：if ,unless(除非，如果不)，so long as(只要), if only(只要)，provided that或providing(that)(假如)‎ ‎1. 条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。‎ 即：一般将来时，if/unless/…+一般现在时 例：（1）I will go if you go.‎ ‎ （2）I won’t wait for him unless he rings me tomorrow.‎ ‎2. if +否定句相当于not…unless+肯定句 例：You can’t enter the hall if you have no ticket.‎ You can’t enter the hall unless you have a ticket.‎ ‎3. 条件句中的虚拟与倒装，if引导的条件状语从句如果与事实不符，应该用虚拟语气 ‎（1）与现在事实相反，主句用将来时，从句用一般过去时，Be动词用复数形式 例：If I were you ,I wouldn’t do that.‎ ‎（2）与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时，主句谓语为would have done 例：If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train.‎ ‎（3）与将来事实相反，主句是should do/would do ，从句用一般过去时 例：If it rained tomorrow, we should stay at home.‎ ‎（七）让步状语从句 引导词：通常有though ,although, even if, even though ,whenever, whatever, however, wherever, whichever等等。‎ 1． Though和although：用法基本一样，前者口语化，后者书面化，常用于句首 例：（1）Though he is young, he knows a lot.‎ ‎（2）Although I am tired, I must go on working.‎ 注意：它们不能和but 连用：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.‎ ‎2．No matter who = whoever，同理其他也是一样。‎ ‎（八）比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：‎ Tom runs faster than John does.‎ This classroom is as big as that one.‎ 三．定语从句 ‎（一）．概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。‎ ‎（二）定语从句的特点：‎ ‎1.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 ‎2. 关联词：1）引出定语从句，并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语，‎ 作宾语可省略。‎ ‎2）关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。‎ 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose，代指先行词。‎ 关系副词：when，where，why，作时间状语。‎ ‎（三）．基本结构：先行词+关联词+定语从句 ‎（四）．关系代词的用法：‎ ‎1. that 和which that指人或物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。‎ Which指物，不指人，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。‎ His father works in a factory that/which makes Tvsets.‎ Who was hurt in the accident that/which happened yesterday?‎ ‎ The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.‎ 注意：The room in which I live is very ‎ big.(在介词后面不能用that)‎ ‎2.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：‎ ‎1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.‎ ‎2）先行词被序数词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that The children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.‎ ‎3）先行词被the only，the very 或the same等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导。‎ It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.‎ Where is the very book (that) I bought just now? This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.‎ ‎4）先行词为everything，something，anything，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that Here is something (that) I will tell you.‎ I want everything (that) I want.‎ I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week.‎ ‎5)先行词被不定代词修饰时（all，any，no, every, little, much, many），定语从句只能用that Here is all the money (that) I have.‎ ‎6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that I can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room..‎ ‎7)定语从句所修饰的词为the one 时，定语从句用that引导 Is it the one（that）you want？‎ ‎8）为了避免重复，在疑问词who之后，用that 引导定语从句 Who is the girl that won the first place?‎