2011届中考英语直接引语和间接引语专题复习2 6页

直接引语和间接引语 一、直接引语和间接引语的定义 ‎1. 直接引语：别人直接说的话，一般直接放在引号内。如：‎ ‎(1) My mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can play with your friends.”‎ ‎(2) Our teacher said, “Class is over, we should have a rest.”‎ ‎2. 间接引语：用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：‎ ‎(1) My mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.‎ ‎(2) Our teacher said class was over and we should have a rest.‎ 二、直接引语与间接引语的变化 直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：‎ ‎1. 现在时间推移到过去时间 所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如：‎ She said, “I am hungry.” → She said (that) she was hungry.‎ Vince said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.” → Vince said he had found what was wrong with the computer.‎ 在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：‎ ‎(1) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：‎ He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).” → He said the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.‎ ‎(2) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：‎ ‎“I’m forty,” he said. → He said he is forty.‎ ‎(3) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：‎ He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” → He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.‎ He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”→ He said I mustn’t smoke in the room.‎ ‎2. 过去时间推移到过去的过去 这里需要注意以下几点：‎ ‎(1) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：‎ He said, “I didn’t know you.” → He said he hadn’t known me.‎ ‎ 当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：‎ ‎ Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” → Ann said she was born in 1981.‎ ‎(2) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：‎ Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.”‎ ‎→ Robert said he had been joking with Mary.‎ ‎ Robert said he was joking with Mary.‎ ‎(3) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：‎ He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”‎ ‎→ He said they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.‎ ‎(4) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：‎ John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”‎ ‎→ John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.‎ ‎3. 将来时间推移到过去将来时间 最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：‎ He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”‎ ‎→ He said they were spending the next weekend at home.‎ They said, “We’re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.”‎ ‎→ They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.‎ 但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：‎ He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.” → He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.‎ ‎4. 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化 由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。‎ ‎(1) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：‎ He said, “We love our country.” → He said they love their county.‎ ‎(2) 指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。例如：‎ ‎“This house is very expensive,” she said. → She said that house was very expensive.‎ ‎ (3) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：‎ a. 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：‎ ‎ He said, “It was completes a year ago.” → He said it had been completed a year before.‎ b. 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：‎ She said, “We left Paris at ‎8 a.m.”‎ ‎→ She said they had left Paris at ‎8 a.m.‎ ‎ She said they left Paris at ‎8 a.m.‎ c. 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：‎ Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.”‎ ‎ → Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月引述）‎ ‎ → Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）‎ 直接引语 间接引语 today that day ‎ this morning/afternoon that morning/afternoon yesterday the day before, the previous day ‎(the) day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the next day, the following day ‎(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days’ time next week/month the next week/month last week/month the week/month before now then ‎(4) 地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。例如：‎ She said, “I first met your brother here.” → She said she first met my brother there.‎ ‎“Are the children here?” Father asked. → Father asked whether the children were here.‎ 三、直接引语和间接引语正误例析 ‎1. “Speak English more often in and out of class,” our English teacher said to us. ‎ Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class. (误) ‎ Our English teacher told /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. (正) ‎ Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class. (正) ‎ 简析：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask, tell, order等动词，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补，只能接-ing形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。 ‎ ‎2. “Don’t play football on the street, little boys,” the policeman said. ‎ The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. (误) ‎ The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. (正) ‎ 简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时,要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not，而不是加do not, does not, did not等。 ‎ ‎3. “Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs?” the young woman said to me. ‎ ‎　The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. (误)‎ ‎　The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her. (正) ‎ ‎　简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时，也变为不定式作宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改写后不宜用order。 ‎ ‎4. “You clean the classroom after class today, Tom,” said the monitor. ‎ ‎　The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.(误) ‎ ‎　The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day. (正) ‎ ‎　简析：一般而言，祈使句是以动词原形开头的，但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者，也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。 ‎ ‎5. “It’s a fine day. Let’s go to the country for a picnic,” Peter said to me. ‎ ‎　Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. (误) ‎ ‎　Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him. (正) ‎ ‎　简析：当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时，我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句，故变为由that引导的宾语从句，后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。‎ 四、练习题 I. 将下列句子变为间接引语 ‎ ‎1. “You should be more careful next time,” his father said to him.‎ ‎2. Mr. Wang said, “I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children.”‎ ‎3. “I haven’t heard from my parents these days,” said Mary.‎ ‎4. The geography teacher said to us, “The moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round ‎ the sun.”‎ ‎5. She said to him, “It’s time that you left here.”‎ ‎6. Zhang Hong said to me, “Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.”‎ ‎7. John said to his parents, “I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.”‎ ‎8. The history teacher said to them, “The Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.”‎ ‎9. He said, “Are you a student?”‎ ‎10. “Have you anything interesting I can read, George?” she said.‎ ‎11. “She’s here to ask for help, isn’t she?” he asked.‎ ‎12. “Where are you going?” the father asked his son.‎ ‎13. “Are you sorry for what you have done?” the mother asked the naughty boy.‎ ‎14. She said, “Did you meet this man at the station two hours ago, Mr. Li?”‎ ‎15. “Write your names on your papers first,” the teacher said to us.‎ ‎16. “Please come here again tomorrow,” her friend said to her.‎ ‎17. “Let me pack the parcel for you,” he said.‎ ‎18. “Don’t make so much noise in class, boys and girls,” said the teacher.‎ ‎19. “What a lovely day it is!”‎ ‎20. “Happy New Year to you!” he said.‎ II. 把下列句子变为直接引语 ‎ ‎1. I told him that I had lost my money and that I would find it.‎ ‎2. She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.‎ ‎3. I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.‎ ‎4. His father told him not to climb that high tree in his new coat.‎ ‎5. The stranger asked me what my name was.‎ ‎6. She said that she would finish her work the next day.‎ ‎7. The teacher asked if we could do it.‎ ‎8. The commander ordered his men not to cross the river before dawn.‎ ‎9. My teacher asked whether he was coming.‎ ‎10. The scientist asked me what I was doing.‎ 参考答案：‎ I. 将下列句子变为间接引语 ‎ ‎1. His father told him that he should be more careful the next time.‎ ‎2. Mr. Wang told the children that he would leave for Shanghai on business the next month.‎ ‎3. Mary said that she hadn’t heard from her parents those days.‎ ‎4. The geography teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.‎ ‎5. She told him that it was time that he left there.‎ ‎6. Zhang Hong told me that Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.‎ ‎7. John told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.‎ ‎8. The history teacher told them that the Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.‎ ‎9. He asked whether I was a student.‎ ‎10. She asked George if he had anything interesting she could read.‎ ‎11. He asked whether she was there to ask for help or not.‎ ‎12. The father asked his son where he was going.‎ ‎13. The mother asked the naughty boy if he was sorry for what he had done.‎ ‎14. She asked Mr. Li whether he had met that man at the station two hours before.‎ ‎15. The teacher told us to write our names on our papers first.‎ ‎16. Her friend asked her to go there again the next/ following day.‎ ‎7. He offered to pack the parcel for me.‎ ‎18. The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise in class.‎ ‎19. He/ She exclaimed that it was really a lovely day.‎ ‎20. He wished me a Happy New Year.‎ I. 把下列句子变为直接引语 ‎ ‎1. I said to him, “I have lost my money. I will find it.”‎ ‎2. She asked, “You will be free tomorrow, won’t you?”‎ ‎3. I asked her, “Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?”‎ ‎4. His father said, “Don’t climb this high tree in your new coat.”‎ ‎5. The stranger asked, “What’s your name?”‎ ‎6. “I’ll finish my work tomorrow,” she said.‎ ‎7. The teacher asked, “Can you do it?”‎ ‎8. The commander ordered his men, “Don’t cross the river before dawn.”‎ ‎9. My teacher asked, “Is he coming?”‎ ‎10.  The scientist asked me, “What are you doing?”‎