2014中考英语名词冠词代词数词知识点综合复习含配套练习及答案 6页

中考名词冠词代词数词复习 教学目标：中考名词冠词代词数词综合复习。‎ 教学内容：‎ 一、名词 I. 名词的种类：‎ 专有名词 普通名词 国名.地名.人名，‎ 团体.机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数：‎ ‎1. 规则名词的复数形式：‎ 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：‎ 规则 例词 ‎1‎ 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days ‎2‎ 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes ‎3‎ 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs ‎4‎ 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities ‎5‎ 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys ‎6‎ 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos ‎7‎ 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos ‎8‎ 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,‎ ‎2. 不规则名词复数： ‎ 规则 例词 ‎1‎ 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice ‎ ‎2‎ 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, ‎ ‎3‎ 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents ‎4‎ 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff ‎5‎ 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）‎ audience, class, family, couple, group, government, population, team, public, enemy, party ‎6‎ 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)‎ ‎7‎ 表示“某国人”‎ 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen ‎8‎ 合成 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 表示性别,将两部分变为复数 women singers, men teachers III. 名词的所有格：‎ 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。‎ ‎1. ’s所有格的构成：‎ 单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,‎ 复数名词 一般在末尾加’‎ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, ‎ 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, ‎ 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’‎ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s ‎2. ’s所有格的用法：‎ ‎１‎ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday ‎ ‎2‎ 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches ‎3‎ 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry ‎4‎ 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory ‎5‎ 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples ‎6‎ 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot ‎7‎ 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)‎ ‎3. of所有格的用法：‎ 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed ‎【名词易错考题分析】‎ ‎ 1. _______ fathers made them have piano lessons. ‎ A. Peter and Ann’s B. Peter’s and Ann’s C. Peter’s and Ann D. Peter and Ann ‎【解析】此题容易误选A或C。错误的原因是由于受思维定势的影响。平时考生们做多了“This is Lucy and Lily’s bedroom. ”这样的题，那么一看到这样的题就想到只是在后面一个单词后面用所有格。其实，到底用一个所有格，还是用两个所有格，取决于它们所修饰的名词：如果所修饰的名词是单数可数名词，就只在后面一个名词后面用所有格；如果所修饰的名词是复数可数名词，就两个名词都用所有格。答案为B。‎ ‎2. There are a lot _______ people today than yesterday. ‎ A. of B. / C. most D. more ‎【解析】此题容易误选A。有不少考生因受“ a lot of +名词”这一思维定势的影响，一看到a lot，就选择了A。其实，该句中的a lot是用来修饰形容词的比较级more的，than引导的是比较状语从句。答案为D。‎ ‎3. “Excuse me, are you _______? ” “No, we are _______. ”‎ A. American, Englishman B. American, Germans C. American, Germen D. Englishman, Americans ‎【解析】先从词性来看，American 和 German 既可以用作名词也可以用作形容词，用作名词时，其复数形式分别为Americans 和 Germans；选项中的Englishman只能用作名词，其复数形式是Englishmen。先看第一空：如果单从Excuse me, are you _______?来看，要是填Englishman，就应该在其前加不定冠词，即说成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是，根据答语中的 we are…可知，问句中的you 其实是指“你”，而是指“你们”，所以如果用Englishman，就应换成 Englishmen 才对。由此可排除选项D。再看第二空：由于German的复数是Germans，不是Germen，由此可确定C错误；再根据we are…可知，其后若用名词Englishman，必须要用复数Englishmen，而不能是单数，所以排除A。所以此题答案为B。‎ ‎4. Come on, kids. Help yourselves to some_________ if you like．‎ A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chicken C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens ‎[答案]A。[解析]fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。‎ ‎5. She is not young because she has .‎ A. a little white hair B. a few white hairs C. little white hair D. few white hairs ‎[答案]B。[解析]有一些词如hair(头发)，fruit(水果)，通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称; 但表示“几根头发” “若干种水果”时，则要用复数形式，如：a few white hairs几根白发several foreign fruits几种外国水果 ‎6. —Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well．—Well, I'd like to try those blue__________.‎ A．pairs B．one C．pant D．pair ‎[答案]A。[解析]pants要用a pair of来修饰，由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式，故选A。‎ ‎7. ―How's Joy's skirt? ―Her skirt is more beautiful than        . ‎ A. her sister's and Kate        B. her sister and Kate  C. her sister and Kate's        D. her sister's and Kate's ‎[答案] D。 [解析]当某物为几个人所共有时，只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式；如表示两者或两者以上分别所有，应在每个名词后用所有格形式。‎ ‎8. —Come and see me in ．—With pleasure．That’s what I'm expecting．‎ A．two or three days' B．two or three day's time C．two or three days' time 答案：C解析：in后接一段时间，此处表示“两三天的时间”，要用名词所有格形式，因two or three days是复数，直接加“”’，故选C。‎ ‎ 二、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。‎ I. 不定冠词的用法：‎ ‎1‎ 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ ‎2‎ 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.‎ ‎3‎ 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.‎ ‎4‎ 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.‎ ‎5‎ 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.‎ ‎6‎ 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time ‎7‎ 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.‎ ‎8‎ 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.‎ II. 定冠词的用法：‎ ‎1‎ 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.‎ ‎2‎ 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean ‎3‎ 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? ‎ ‎4‎ 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar ‎5‎ 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded ‎6‎ 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”‎ the Greens, the Wangs ‎7‎ 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.‎ ‎8‎ 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French ‎9‎ 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.‎ ‎10‎ 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s ‎11‎ 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.‎ ‎12‎ 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.‎ III. 零冠词的用法：‎ ‎1‎ 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air ‎2‎ 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?‎ ‎3‎ 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring ‎4‎ 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.‎ ‎5‎ 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.‎ ‎6‎ 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land ‎7‎ 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night ‎8 ‎ 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.‎ ‎【冠词易错考题分析】‎ ‎1. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______ second. ‎ A. / B. the C. a D. an ‎【解析】此题容易误选B。这是由于思维定势引起的，很多同学认为这里的second是序数词，前面应该用定冠词the修饰。其实，second是“秒”的意思。正确答案为C。‎ ‎2. _______ India and China are of _______ same continent. ‎ A. /; the B. The ; the C. /; / D. /; a ‎【解析】此题容易误选D。这是由于受汉语思维的影响造成的，因为译成汉语时这句话的意思是“印度和中国在同一个大洲”，汉语里说“同一个”，在英语中要说“the same”，这就是此题的陷阱所在。正确答案为A。‎ ‎3. As _____ writer, he was _____ complete failure. ‎ A. a, a              B. a, the          C. 不填，不填            D. a, 不填 ‎【解析】选A，其中的 failure 在此指“失败的人”，为可数名词。‎ ‎4. The education of ______ young is always ______ hot and serious topic.‎ A. 不填, 不填         B. the, a          C. 不填, the           D. the, 不填 ‎【解析】选B。the young 意为“年轻人”，定冠词用于某些形容词前表示一类人或事物；第二空填不定冠词修饰名词 topic。‎ ‎5. In the market, vegetables are sold by _______ kilogram, I mean, by _______ weight. ‎ A. the; 不填        B.不填; 不填        C. the; the             D.不填；the ‎【解析】选A。介词by表示“以…计”时，若后接单数可数名词，其前要用定冠词，如：by the week 按周，按星期 / by the ton 按吨 / by the yard 按码 / by the meter 按米；若后接抽象名词，则通常不用冠词，如：by volume 按体积 / by weight 按重量。‎ ‎6. — Did you happen to see _______ black and _______ white cat? —Sorry, I didn’t. Are they missing?‎ ‎    A. a; 不填           B. the; 不填           C. the; the              D. a; the ‎【解析】选C。Are they missing? 中的代词they 是一个很重要的信息词，它表明是两只猫而不是一只猫，所以C。the black and the white cat 可视为 the black cat and the white cat 之省略。若选A，则表示“一只黑白相间的猫”。‎ 三．代词：‎ I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：‎ ‎1‎ 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them ‎2‎ 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 物主代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs ‎3‎ 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves ‎4‎ 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some ‎5‎ 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever ‎6‎ 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as ‎7‎ 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, ‎ other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点：‎ ‎1. one, some与any:‎ ‎1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。‎ One should learn to think of others.‎ Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.‎ I have some questions to ask. ‎ ‎2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。‎ Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?‎ ‎3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。‎ I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.‎ ‎4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。‎ There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?‎ ‎2. each和every:‎ each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。‎ Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.‎ Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.‎ ‎3. none和no：‎ no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。‎ There is no water in the bottle.‎ How much water is there in the bottle? None.‎ None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.‎ ‎4. other和another:‎ ‎ 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, ‎ the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：‎ He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.‎ Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.‎ ‎ 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：‎ I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). ‎ The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.‎ Some like football, while others like basketball.‎ ‎5. all和both, neither和either ‎ all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.‎ ‎ All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.‎ ‎ Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.‎ ‎【代词易错考题分析】 ‎ ‎1. I hear someone _______at the door. Please go and see who _______ is. ‎ A. knock, he B. knocking, he C. knock, it D. knocking, it ‎【解析】此题容易误选A或B。这是由于汉语思维的影响引起的。大家都知道hear sb. do sth. 意为“听见某人做某事”，hear ‎ sb. doing sth. 意为“听见某人正在做某事”，这样一来很多人就会选择A或B，因为后面“去看看他是谁”从汉语的角度来看是没有错的。其实，在英语中常常用it来指代身份(姓名、职业等)不详的人。有人敲门时我们常常用英语问“Who is it?”正确答案为D。‎ ‎2. Lucy and I are classmates. We _______ in Class One. ‎ A. all are B. are all C. both are D. are both ‎【解析】此题容易误选A或C。这里受到汉语思维的影响引起的，译成汉语正好是“我们都在一班”。表示两者都要用both，both一般放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后，行为动词之前。正确答案为D。‎ ‎3. There is _______ egg at home. Will you please get _______ for me, please?‎ A. no, some B. not, some C. not any, any D. not an, any ‎【解析】此题容易误选C或D。这是由于死记语法条文引起的。因为大家都知道some一般用于肯定句中，而any一般用于疑问句或否定句中，这样一来A和B首先就给排除了。其实，在表示请求或建议的疑问句，如Would you like…? / What would you like…? / Could you/ I …? / What about…? / How about…? / Would/ will you please…?等等疑问句中习惯上要用some而不用any。又因为no可以直接修饰名词，而not必须加上a/an或any之后才可以接名词。因此正确答案为A。‎ ‎4. —A latest English newspaper, please! —Only one copy left. Would you like to have _______, sir?‎ A. one B. this C. that D. it ‎【解析】此题容易误选A。这是由于忽略语境和思维定势造成的。这里是在询问是否有报纸卖，很多同学认为这里最后一句话的意思是“先生，你是否想要一份”。其实，由上文中的Only one copy left. 可知，只剩下一份报纸了，这暗示了购买者别无选择，只能买“它”了。正确答案为D。‎ 四、数词 ‎(1) 基变序，有规律：123，特殊记，其它个位加上th，八少t，九去e，ve要f替; 整十y要变i，再加上eth。‎ ‎(2) 基数+ hundred/thousand/million/billion +名词 eg. two hundred people 无具体数+ hundreds/thousands/millions/billions + of +名词 几百/千/百万/十亿eg. Hundreds of students are there.‎ ‎(3) 分数读法：先读分子用基数，再读分母用序数，分子大于一，分母用复数。‎ 如：three sixths= 3/6；three and three is six；3+3=6；one and a half=1/2；a quarter=1/4；‎ three quarters / three fourths = 3/4；数词%=数词 percent(per cent)‎ ‎(4) 时间读法：基数 + o’clock读整点；半小时内(含)：基数分钟+past+点钟数或half past +点数，超过半小时：(60-分钟)+ to + (点+1) ‎ ‎(5) 年月日的读法：月日，年=“基数月 序数日,基数年”‎ ‎(6) in the + “整十数”的复数 “在…年代”，in one’s +“整十数”的复数 “在…岁时”‎ ‎(7) 数词+计量单位(大于一用复数) +形容词 eg. She is 1.6 meters tall.‎ ‎【数词易错题填空】‎ ‎5/9 一个半小时(两种表示方法) ； ‎ ‎19/100(两种表示方法) ； 2.5公斤重 ‎ ‎1905年8月21日 在他20岁的生日 ‎ 在20世纪 在20世纪80年代 ‎