中考英语阅读理解高分攻略 9页

‎ 阅读理解高分攻略 ‎ 一．阅读理解的能力要求：‎ ‎1.能根据上下文和构词法推断，理解生词的词义。2.能理解段落中各句子的 逻辑关系。3.能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发 生和可能的结局。4.能读懂常见题材的阅读材料。5.能根据不同的阅读目的的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息。6.除教材外，课外阅读量应累计在15万 以上（上海要求更高一些，30万词以上）.‎ ‎ 所谓阅读理解能力是指视读能力，理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力。‎ 二．中考英语阅读理解命题透视。 ‎ ‎（一）中考阅读理解的考查方式 ‎ 1. 四大题型 ‎（1） 细节理解题 ‎ 主要测试考生是否读懂了文章所描述的内容， 即平时我们所说的 “W” ( who, what where ,when,why. Which) 和 “H” ( how ) 问题。有时出题者为了增加试题的难度， 会将试题理解部分与原句进行转化。‎ （2） 主旨大意题 要求在理解全文后归纳短文大意， 概括中心思想或选择短文的标题。命题方式常为 find out main point / main idea / best title 等， 这些内容大多数都隐含在文章中。 不少文章一开头便展示出文章的意或主题 。 尤其是新闻报道类文章， 在文章的段落中则往往由开头的一句充当主题句， 来概括该短文的中心思想。但是有的文章没有主题句， 如大部分记叙文， 在这中情况下， 就需要考生通过分析全文， 区分文章的主要信息与次要信息， 进而总结归纳出文章的大意或中心思想。 ‎ ‎ （3） 推理判断题 主要测试考生利用文章所给的信息进行推理判断的能力。一般是根据文章的有关事实，对作者意图，态度以及作者言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理判断。它要求纵观全文，在汇集全文提供的各项信息的 ，基础上，进行正确的逻辑推理：推理作者的意向；推理人物的动机，目的，性格等特征；推理事件的前因后果；推理语言中的语态，语气等。解答这类题一定要以全文所叙述的事实为依据，一层层剖析，一步步推导，仔细体会其因果关系和事情发展的始末， 依据作者的思路来进行推理， 千万不能脱离原文内容， 依据自己的意愿乱推理。‎ （3） 词义推断题 主要测试考生是否理解了文章的词义，一般情况下， 正确答案就是对所询问的词，词组或句子的复述或解释。考生要利用上下文的关联性来确定其确切含义。此外，作者通常运用下定义，解释，举例，同义词，反义词等来说明其一词或词组的意义，有时考生也可以凭常识来判断。‎ ‎ 2. 具体形式 （1） 根据所读文章内容判断正误。‎ （2） 根据所读文章内容选择正确答案。‎ ‎ （二） 中考阅读理解命题特点。‎ ‎ 试题的选材贴近考生的生活，时代气息浓郁。所选文章的体裁多样化。记叙文，说议论文，应用文，对话，图表 广告，小品等。‎ 1. 题材具有广泛性。 涉及日常生活，社会，政治，‎ ‎ 经济，文化，科技，地理，历史，人物传记，风土人情，实用文体等。‎ 1. 题量大，分值高。‎ 2. 试题难度适中，符合大多数考生英语水平。‎ 三 中考阅读理解解题策略及方法。‎ 1. 细节理解题。‎ 一般针对某个特定的细节而提出，属浅层理解，通过通读全文可以直接找出答题依据。‎ 设题方式 ‎ （1） 单词替换。 （2）颠倒因果 （3） 扩大范围 （4） 常识判断 解题秘诀 （回扣原文）‎ （1） 注意五个 “W” 一个 “H”.‎ （2） 根据设题顺序回扣原文所在语句，比较信息，如数字，日期，时间等。‎ （3） 根据题干的关键词或其同义词回扣原文。‎ （4） 回扣原文中的难句定位，一般难句都是出题点，这是应注意文中的同位语，破折号，括号，省略号等。‎ 2. 词义推理题。‎ 词义推理题主要考查文章中出现的词，词组的意义或句子的含义。‎ 设题方式 （1） the word “….” In the passage probably means_________.‎ （2） The word “….”is closed in meaning to________.‎ （3） ‎“…..” could best be replaced by which of the following ?‎ （4） ‎ In the story the underlined word “…” means______‎ （5） Here “it” means _______‎ （6） The expression/phrase “…” means_______‎ （7） The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to_______.‎ 解题秘诀 （通过词根词缀词缀推测生词的含义。通过上下文推测生词的含义。）‎ ‎3.推理判断题 这类题主要针对短文的结论，隐含意义，作者的倾向，文章的论调，写作思路及目的等方面，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推理。‎ ‎ 设题方式 ‎ 多角度设置干扰项 （1） 只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当做间接推理。‎ （2） 看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符。‎ （3） 根据考生已有的常识是正确的，但是却不是基于文章，一切以文章为准。‎ ‎ 常见的设问形式：‎ （1） we can infer from the passage that_________‎ （2） We can guess the writer of the letter may be _________‎ （3） From the letter we’re learned that it’s very___________‎ （4） From the story we can guess _______‎ （5） What would be happy if…__________‎ （6） How did the writer feel … ‎ （7） The writer believes that________‎ （8） The writer suggests that________‎ ‎ （9）which of following is true ?‎ 解题秘诀 （依据原文认真比较选项。）‎ ‎ 绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同一表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系。‎ （1） 做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系。‎ （2） 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理，则选与原文最接近的答案。‎ ‎4.主旨大意题 这类题是指那些针对文章的主要内容，主题，标题或写作目的所设的问题。‎ 设题方式 （1） What’s the passage mainly about ?‎ （2） What’s the main idea of this passage ?‎ （3） ‎ What’s the topic of this article ?‎ （4） ‎ What’s the best title for this passage ?‎ （5） ‎ The purpose of this passage is to _____‎ （6） The article has been written to explain_______‎ (7) We can learn from________‎ ‎（8）We can infer ________ from this passage .‎ 解题秘诀 （抓主题句）‎ ‎ 在议论文或说明文中，文章的主题句通常出现在首段或末段。记叙文通常在文章的首末两段流露出作者的看法或情感。选文章标题时既要排除过于具体或断章取义以偏盖全的标题。又要排除范围太大的标题。如果文章有几个观点，务必牢记作者的观点才是全文的中心。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 阅读理解解题方法：‎ 方法1.顺序法。即先看文章，然后看试题，再回到文章查找有关信息。该法适合于解题时间充足，文章篇幅较长，需要获取的信息较多或需要对全篇进行整体理解的场合。阅读时一般采取快速阅读法，注意关键词句和段落，找准主线，掌握大意，并能记住主要细节的分布点。方法2.逆向法。即先看试题，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对地对文章进行扫读，对相关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合，分析，对比。 有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。该法有较大的针对性和准确性。适合于时间较紧，文章篇幅不长，需要获取信息不多，试题与文章联系紧密，不需要做深层次的理解in关系。3.标注法。即在通读短文和试题后，标注中心句并与试题有关的词，句，段标注相应的题号。该法具有很大的针对性和稳妥性，便于对照分析和复查验证。有些学生在阅读时喜欢在不认识的单词以及不理解的句子，段落下面划线或打上标记，这是一个不好的习惯，应以摒弃。‎ ‎ ‎ 示例1 ‎ ‎ It was midday when I got the call that my grandfather was not well and he was quickly getting worse. Mr. family did not know how long he would stay in the world . I knew I had to get to the hospital, I pictured him before I got to tell him how much he meant to me. Trying to fight back the tears, I wanted to stay calm when I saw him.‎ ‎ When I got to the hospital, I hurriedly looked for his hospital room .I found him in a semi-conscious state . On my knees, I said softly, “hello, Grand.”‎ ‎ Still felling shy, I decided not to leave his bedside without letting him know. While I asked about how he was , he told me, “I will be fine , Henry .” although we both knew that wasn’t true . Then he asked me with a smile how I was doing .‎ ‎ Hearing what my grandpa said , I was much moved . I made the decision that I had to show my gratitude for him. As I found all the courage I had .I hold his hand tightly. I cried out , “Grandpa, I just want to let you know that yet I just want to make sure .” By this time, ‎ the tears were rolling down my face . All those years of love that I had shut and not let him know, became free.‎ ‎ Smile , he said, “I know . Thank you for telling me that . All I have on this planet is my family and my love for them . If there is anything I could ask of you . I want you to be good to your family: your mother , your father, and your brother . That’s all I want of you.”‎ ‎ What I learned that day changed my whole life.‎ ‎ From then on, I began telling people how much I love them , care for them, and respect them ,I get in touch with , for example, my babysitter, my barber, to show my appreciation . I go down into the city once a week and serve pizza to homeless , I wake up every morning and list evening I’m thankful to in my life .‎ a) The author got the news of Grandpa’s illness_________‎ ‎ A. in the morning B. at noon C. in the evening D. at midnight ‎2.The author didn’t tell Grandpa his love because ______ to say love to Grandpa before .‎ ‎ A. he was too shy B. he was too frightened ‎ C. he was too busy D. he had no chances ‎3.The underlined word “gratitude” means______ in Chinese .‎ ‎ A. 兴奋 B.惊讶 C.害怕 D。感激 ‎4.The writer wrote this passage to tell readers mainly about____‎ A.how to think highly of others B.how to help others get out of trouble ‎ C. how to get in touch with others D. how to share feeling with others ‎ 5. The story develops with the changes of_________‎ ‎ A. the writer’s life B. Grandpa’s feeling ‎ C. the author’s emotion D. Grandpa’s illness ‎ 示例2‎ ‎ In the US, the flu kills 20,000 people every year . Most of them are children and people. The flu is going by coughing, sneezing, or only talking . when it happens to you , you will feel tired, have a high fever, cough quite often and your throat will be sore .‎ ‎ For most adults, the treatment is just to wait it out .stay at home to have a good rest, drink lots of water and take some medicine and so on . The flu usually can go away in two weeks .‎ ‎ But for the old and young , it’s much harder to be well because they are too weak to fight against the disease.‎ ‎ Flu season in the US is usually from December to March . So you’d better stay away from people who are having the flu . However, the best way is to do more exercises and keep fit .‎ 1. Which may NOT be the symptom of catching the flu ?‎ ‎ A.You cough seriously B. You have a fever ‎ ‎ C. Your throat is sore D. You want to eat more food ‎2. The Chinese meaning of “treatment” is _______‎ A. 治疗 B。待遇 C.礼貌 D。药物 ‎3.Which one of the following people can be well in two weeks after getting the flu ?‎ ‎ A. a man of seventy years old B. a baby of three months old C. a girl ten years old D. a man of thirty years old ‎ 4. In which month , you may catch the flu easily in the US ?‎ ‎ A. In August B. In November C. In January D. In May ‎ 5.Which is right according to the passage ?‎ ‎ A. The flu kills 20,000 people every year in the world .‎ ‎ B. You may catch the flu because of touching someone who has it .‎ ‎ C. The flu is a terrible disease and it can kill people easily .‎ ‎ D. The best way of being away from the flu is to be far from people with it.‎ ‎ 示例3‎ ‎ Forty years ago , I was in grade One . One day , I was asked to go to the principal’s office.（校长办公室） I was really nervous . When I pushed the heavy door open. I found my parents were sitting in the office, too. My father walked to me , with some of my drawings in his hand. “ Why do you only use a black crayon（蜡笔） when you draw ? he asked .‎ ‎ I said nothing. “ show me to your desk ,” said my father .‎ ‎ So we returned to my classroom . My father pulled out my crayon ‎ box. There was only one black crayon in it . “ Where are the rest of your crayons?”‎ ‎ I quietly explained that I would given all other crayon to my friends. I shared my things with others as my parents had taught me .‎ ‎ Then I looked at my father , then at the principal—both their faces were red . Years later, I learned that my father’s face was red because of anger and the principal was red because he was embarrassed. When the principal saw all my pictures , he thought that I had a deep emotion problem . So he called my parents in to discussion “ my problem”‎ ‎ In fact, I was too shy to ask for my “shared” crayon back. I didn’t stand up for myself!‎ ‎ That night, my father told me about the difference between sharing and giving. He also gave me a new box of crayons. He said, “These crayons are for you . I don’t want you to share or give these crayons to anyone else .”‎ 1. At the beginning of the text, the father wondered______‎ A. why his daughter was so shy B. why his daughter loved drawing C. where his daughter had put her crayons?‎ D. If his daughter had an emotional problem 1. The girl drew picture only in black because _______‎ A. she had an emotional problem ‎ B. B. she had only a black crayon left C. she loved the black crayon only ‎ D. her teacher had told her to do so ‎ 3.The girl learned from her father _______‎ ‎ A. how to be a good student ‎ ‎ B. how to draw in different colors ‎ C. the difference between sharing and giving ‎ D. the importance of drawing in different colors ‎ 4. Which of following is NOT true according to the text ?‎ ‎ A. The principal was not careful enough ‎ B. The girl wouldn’t give her new crayons to her others ‎ ‎ C. The girl lost all her crayons except the black crayon ‎ D. The story happened when the author was very young ‎ 5. The writer wants to tell us_______‎ ‎ A. to be honest at any time ‎ B. to draw in different colors ‎ C. to share everything with others ‎ D. to stand up for ourselves when necessary ‎