中考英语总复习构词法词形转换 10页

构词法，词形转换 ‎ （编辑整理 by Luna）‎ 英语中最常见的构词法： 合成法：由两个或两个以上的词合成新词 ‎ 前缀 ：加在单词前的词缀 ‎ ‎ 派生法： ‎ ‎ 后缀 ：加在单词后的词缀 ‎ ‎ 转化法： 由一种词类转化为另一种词类 ‎ 一 合成词 ‎ A 由两个或两个以上的词合成新词，前一个词起修饰后一个词的作用。‎ B 合成词有的有连字符连接，有的不用。‎ C 合成词的词义通常能从单词表面看出来。‎ 合成词的构成：‎ ‎1.复合名词 ‎ ‎ 名词+名词 basketball bedroom ‎ 形容词+名词 highway blackboard ‎ 形容词+分词 good-looking ‎ 动词+名词 playground ‎ 副词+名词 overcoat ‎ 动词+副词 break-in 闯入 get-together聚会 ‎ ‎ ‎2.复合动词 ‎ 名词+动词 babysit sleepwalk ‎ 形容词+动词 whitewash 粉刷 ‎ ‎ 副词+动词 overcome克服 ‎3.复合形容词 ‎ 名词+形容词 worldwide 形容词+名词 full-time part-time 形容词+名词+ ed white-haired 形容词+形容词 black-white 灰白的 ‎ 数词+名词 four-hour 数词+名词+形容词 five-year-old 名词+过去分词 man-made 名词+现在分词 peace-loving热爱和平的 ‎ 副词+现在分词 far-seeing 有远见的 ‎ 副词+过去分词 well-known著名的 ‎ ‎ ‎4.复合代词 everyone somebody nothing ‎5.复合副词 ‎ 形容词+名词 sometimes 动词+动词 maybe 介词+副词 forever 副词+名词 upstairs downstairs 副词+副词 whole-heartedly 二 派生词 ‎ ★ 前缀 ‎ ‎ 1. 一般情况，加前缀只改变词义，不改变词性 ‎ ‎ dis-否定，相反，除去 disagree，disadvantage，disappear，dishonest un-不，非，表否定 unhappy，unpleasant，uncomfortable ‎ in，ir，im-表否定 increase，irregular，impossible mis-表否定（误，错，恶）‎ mistake，misunderstand non-表否定 non-stop inter-相互，交互，在一起 internet，interview，international re-又，再，重新 return，review，rewrite，repeat mid-中 mid-night，mid-autumn ‎2. 能改变词性和词义的前缀 a-向里，离开，加强 asleep，aside，along，‎ en-使成为（加在形容词，名词前构成动词）‎ enjoy，enable（使能够）‎ ★ 后缀 一般改变词性，构成的新词与原词词义有联系 ‎→变名词 ‎ ‎1. 变表示职业的名词 ‎(1)+er ‎ farmer worker teacher singer dancer photographer waiter player reporter listener writer reader ‎ runner owner foreigner cleaner winner engineer speaker programmer leader robber interviewer面试者;会见者;采访者 cooker炊具 ‎ villager manager 注：‎ waiter男服务员 waitress女服务员 ‎ actor男演员 actress女演员 ‎(2)+or doctor visitor actor conductor inventor director translator professor monitor operator ‎ donor捐赠者，[医] 供血者，输血者 ‎ ‎(3)+ian musician librarian veterinarian / ˌvetərɪˈneəriən / 兽医 ‎ ‎(国籍；国人；语言)Australian Canadian Indian Brazilian American ‎(4)+ist artist pianist violinist scientist psychologist dentist tourist journalist specialist terrorist /ˈterərɪst / 恐怖主义者；恐怖主义的 ‎ optometrist / ɒpˈtɒmətrɪst / 验光师，视力测定者 ‎ ‎(5)+man postman fisherman fireman milkman ‎ Englishman Frenchman ‎(6)+ing shopping beginning crossing warning greeting ‎ ‎2. 变表示抽象名词 ‎(1)+ ion/ tion / sion / ation ‎ I invention collection pronunciation pollution description association solution discussion suggestion permission attention congratulation situation information invitation direction ‎ donation / dəʊˈneɪʃn /捐赠，赠送;捐款;捐赠物satisfaction 满意；满足 ‎(2)+ment agreement appointment development advertisement environment commitment equipment argument excitement ‎ ‎(3)+ y /ty ‎ safety popularity difficulty activity beauty ‎ ‎(4)+th death growth truth youth wealth health length warmth birth ‎(5)+ness Ill-illness good-goodness busy-business kind-kindness dark-darkness ‎ happy-happiness sad-sadness great-greatness lonely-loneliness careful-carefulness careless-carelessness friendly-friendliness tired-tiredness bitterness meaninglessness laziness weakness politeness rudeness shyness ugliness sweetness cleverness selfishness ‎(6)+ance ‎ appearance enter—entrance ‎ ‎(7)ship friendship hardship艰难；困苦 leadership relationship leadership领导层；领导 membership会员资格 ownership物主身份；所有权 scholarship学术，学识，奖学金 sportsmanship运动员精神 ‎(8)t变ce different→difference important→importance confident→confidence convenient→convenience silent→silence ‎(9)其它 fail→failure please→ pleasure proud→pride high→height weigh→weight fly→flight succeed →success speak → speech hungry→hunger free→freedom wise→wisdom ‎ ‎→ 变形容词 ‎1. +y ‎ sunny funny foggy noisy tasty cloudy windy rainy healthy lucky thirsty snowy salty hungry sleepy crispy ‎ touristy适宜游览的，适合观光的，旅游者常去的 ‎2. +ly friendly lively lovely daily lonely ‎3. +ful careful useful successful beautiful hopeful helpful grateful thankful colorful wonderful forgetful peaceful painful cheerful ‎ playful闹着玩的;爱玩的;戏谑的 ‎4. +able enjoyable terrible adjustable comfortable knowledgeable ‎ ‎5. +ous dangerous humorous mysterious famous serious anxious enormous ‎ ‎6. +en wooden woolen golden earthen（地面或墙）泥土做的，土制的 ‎7. +ern ‎ eastern western northern southern ‎8. +al natural personal national medical professional original normal rural physical chemical traditional ‎9. +ive active creative aggressive侵略的，侵犯的，攻势的;（美）有进取心的，积极行动的;有进取心的 ‎ energetic scientific realistic现实的;[艺] 现实主义的，[哲]实在论（者）的;逼真的;栩栩如生的 ‎10.+ing/ed interesting boring relaxing frustrating embarrassing interested bored relaxed frustrated embarrassed excited worried tiring ‎ exciting worrying tired ‎ ‎→ 变反义词 ‎1. un+‎ unhappy unfriendly uncomfortable unusual unlucky unpleasant unable unforgettable uncrowned unfair ‎2. dis+‎ dislike dishonest disadvantage disagree disagreement ‎ ‎3. in+‎ inexpensive indirect incorrect inhuman ‎ ‎4. im+‎ impossible impolite imperfect ‎ ‎5. +less homeless hopeless helpless careless useless fearless ‎ ‎→ 变副词 ‎1. 一般情况下，直接加ly ‎ immediately slowly ‎ ‎2. 以y结尾的，变为i再加ly ‎ luckily happily easily healthily ‎3. 以e结尾的，一般不省略。但是truly ,holly , duly例外。 ‎ extremely ‎ ‎4. 以able/ible结尾的，去e加y ‎ possibly terribly ‎5. 以元音字母加结尾的，仍然要加ly ‎ finally carefully really specially ‎→ 变动词: +ize ‎ memorize modernize realize criticize ‎ 三 转化词 一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。单词转化后的词义与原词关联。 ‎ ‎★ 考点一 名词与动词的转换 ‎ show(n. 展览，展示)----show(v.表演，演出)‎ ‎ water(n. 水)----water(v. 浇水)‎ ‎ taste(v. 品尝)----taste(n.味觉)‎ ‎ telegraph(n. 电报)----telegraph(v. 发电报)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎★ 考点一 名词与形容词的转换 ‎ final(adj. 最后的)----finally(n. 终点)‎ ‎ black(n. 黑色)----black(adj. 黑色的)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎★ 考点一 名词与动词的转换 ‎ walk(v.散步；走)----take a walk(n.散步)‎ ‎ look(v.看)----have a look(n. 看一看)‎ ‎ exercise(v.运动；锻炼)----do exercises(做练习题)‎ ‎ ‎ 注：‎ practice----practise ‎ advice----advise 真题演练：‎ 注意下列词汇：‎ 汉义 动词 名词 决定 decide 旅行 travel 发明 invent 同意 agree 发音 pronounce 拼写 spell 邀请 invite 成功 succeed 常用的同音异义词：‎ 单词 词义 here hear Hi high father farther ‎ our hour week weak wood would road rode see sea son sun their there through threw to too two where wear ah are its it’s know no one won passed past I eye an Ann aren’t aunt ate eight be bee blue blew by buy bye dear deer read red right write meat meet knew new knows noses 真题演练：‎ 形容词词形变化 名词词形变化一 二 动词词形变化