推荐必看高考英语非谓语动词专题精简版 8页

‎2013届高考英语非谓语专题复习 一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能 ‎ 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式高考；动名词；现在分词。‎ 非谓语动词的做题步骤 ‎ ‎1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。 ‎ ‎2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 ‎ ‎3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。 ‎ ‎4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。‎ 二、非谓语动词用法：‎ ‎（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。‎ ‎ 1、不定式的形式：‎ 主 动 被 动 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing ‎/‎ 完成式 to have written to have been written ‎ 否定式：not + (to) do ‎1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：‎ ‎ I’m glad to meet you.‎ ‎ He wants to be an artist.‎ ‎2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：‎ ‎ The boy pretended to be working hard.‎ ‎3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：‎ ‎ I regretted to have told a lie.‎ ‎ I happened to have seen the film.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎（二）动名词：‎ ‎ 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。‎ ‎ 1、动名词的形式：‎ ‎ 语态 ‎ 式 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written ‎ having been written ‎ 否定式：not + 动名词 ‎ 1）一般式：‎ ‎ Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。‎ ‎ He came to the party without being invited. ‎ ‎ 2）完成式：‎ ‎ We remembered having seen the film. ‎ ‎ He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. ‎ ‎3）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 ‎ He suggested our trying it once again. ‎ ‎ Peter’s not knowing English troubled him a lot. ‎ ‎（三）现在分词：‎ ‎ 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。‎ ‎ 1、现在分词的形式：‎ 现在 及 物 动 词 write 分词 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written ‎ 否定式：not + 现在分词 ‎ 1）现在分词的的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生， ‎ ‎ They went to the park, singing and talking.‎ The problem being discussed is very important. ‎ ‎2) 完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。‎ ‎ Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.‎ ‎ Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. ‎ ‎（四）过去分词：‎ ‎ 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。‎ 非谓语动词用法对比 非谓语动词的句法功能：‎ ‎ 句子成分 非谓语 ‎ 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语 不定式 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 动名词 ü ü ü ‎（极少）‎ ü ü 现在分词 ü ü ü ü 过去分词 ü ü ü ü 一、不定式与动名词做主语：‎ ‎ 1、动名词做主语往往一种经常性、习惯性的行为，不定式做主语常表示某一 次具体的行为。例如：‎ ‎ Collecting information about children’s health is his job. ‎ To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.‎ 当动名词短语或者不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语。‎ ‎ It’s no use quarrelling. ‎ ‎ It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.‎ ‎2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：‎ ‎ （1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do ‎ （2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) ‎ of sb. to do.‎ ‎3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：‎ ‎ It’s no good (use, fun) doing.‎ ‎ It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.‎ ‎ It’s worth while doing.‎ ‎4、疑问词+不定式可以在句中充当主语，宾语或表语。‎ Where to build the factory hasn’t been desided.‎ He told us what to do.‎ 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：‎ ‎1、不定式做表语常表示某一次具体的行为。‎ ‎ His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability.‎ ‎2、动名词做表语常表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为。‎ ‎ In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. ‎ ‎3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与内容；进行时表示正在进行的动作。‎ ‎ The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）‎ ‎ With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms.（现在进行时）‎ ‎4、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。‎ ‎ The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）‎ ‎ The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）‎ ‎ He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）‎ ‎ He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）‎ ‎5、注意如下表示心理动作的动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：‎ interest，surprise，frighten，excite，tire，please，puzzle），satisfy，amuse，disappoint，inspire，worry ‎ ‎ 三、不定式与动名词做宾语：‎ ‎1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：‎ ‎ want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。‎ 注：‎ 如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。‎ They found it hard to learn English.‎ Don’t you think it better to translate it this way?‎ ‎2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：‎ ‎ enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。‎ ‎ 在一下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。‎ ‎ Have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth ‎ There is no point/good/use (in) doing sth ‎ Spend time/money (in) doing sth ‎3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。‎ I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party. ‎ ‎ They regretted agreeing to the plan. ‎ He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. ‎ ‎ She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow. ‎ I didn’t mean to hurt you. ‎ ‎ A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return.‎ ‎4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。‎ ‎ The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）‎ 这台洗衣机需要修理。‎ ‎ This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。‎ 四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：‎ ‎1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：‎ ‎ ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid ‎ The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days.‎ ‎ We wish him to remain and accept the post.（注意hope后不跟不定式做宾 补。）‎ ‎2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel, observe,和使役动词make, let, have等。‎ ‎ We noticed him enter the house. ‎ ‎ The boss made them work twelve hours a day. ‎ 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：‎ ‎ I saw him cross the road.‎ ‎ He was seen to cross the road.‎ 这些感官动词和使役动词除了可以用省略了to的不定式作宾补还可以用现在分词、过去分词做宾补，要看与宾语的关系。例：‎ ‎ We heard him sing the whole song. 我们听到他唱了整首歌。‎ ‎ We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。‎ ‎ We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。‎ 注：‎ ‎1、have/get sth done结构中，done的动作不是句子的主语及宾语去做的，而是另外的人去做的 I have had my hair cut.‎ ‎2、make+oneself+过去分词(做宾补)表示让某事由别人去做，这些过去分词有heard, known, understood, noticed, believed等 ‎ You’d better make yourself understood.‎ ‎ There was such a noise that he couldn’t make himself heard.‎ 五、非谓语动词做定语：‎ ‎1、动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义：‎ ‎ I have a meeting to attend.‎ ‎ 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动式：‎ ‎ Have you got anything to be sent?‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎◆在表示次序的词：first, last, best等和表示时间的词time, week等以及名词wish, promise, plan, chance, attempt等词之后，用不定式作定语。‎ It’s time to go.‎ He is always the first one to come, the last one to go!‎ ‎◆不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：‎ ‎ He found a good house to live in.‎ ‎ The child has nothing to worry about.‎ ‎ What did you open it with?‎ ‎ ◆如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：‎ ‎ He has no place to live.‎ ‎ This is the best way to work out this problem.‎ ‎2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：‎ ‎ 动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。‎ ‎ a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）‎ ‎ a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）‎ ‎ the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 ‎（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）‎ ‎ the changing world 变化中的世界 ‎（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）‎ ‎3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：‎ The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. ‎ 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。‎ Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. ‎ 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。‎ 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：‎ ‎ boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）‎ ‎ newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）‎ ‎ the changed world（变了的世界）‎ 六、不定式与分词做状语：‎ ‎1、不定式做状语，常表示目的、结果或原因：‎ ‎ He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语）‎ ‎◆only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。‎ too +adj/adv to do， so +adj/adv as to do ， ‎ such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do ‎ ‎ To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语）‎ ‎ ◆in order to引出的目的状语可以在句首或句末，so as to只能置于句末。‎ ‎ All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语)‎ 不定式置于形容词之后做状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。‎ The room is comfortable to live in.‎ These children are too naughty to look after.‎ ‎2、现在分词和过去分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果：‎ ‎ Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（条件状语）‎ ‎ Coming into the room, he found his father angry.（时间状语）‎ ‎ Being tired, they went on working.（让步状语）‎ ‎ Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to ‎ cry.（原因状 语）‎ ‎ He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.（伴随 状语）‎ The rich man died, leaving his wife a lot of money. (结果状语)‎ 注意：‎ ‎1、非谓语作独立成分的固定搭配：‎ To tell you the truth/to be honest/to be frank, I don’t like the way he talked.‎ Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. ‎ Generally speaking, girls are more careful.‎ ‎2、be+过去分词+介词，位于句首做状语或者做定语时，把be动词删去，过去分词充当形容词表状态。‎ Absorbed in his own work, he neglected food and sleep. The woman dressed in red is my English teacher.‎ 常见的搭配有：be based on, be dressed in, be concerned about, be filled with, be faced with, be satisfied with, be accustomed to （习惯），be addicted to（沉溺于），be devoted to，be known as, be determined to do，be absorbed in（全神贯注），be lost in（陷入），be situated/located in/at（位于）等。例如： ‎ ‎3、非谓语前可以加上逻辑主语构成独立主格：‎ I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.‎ All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. ‎ Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. ‎ ‎4、非谓语与连词构成状语从句的省略 Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. ‎ When talking on the phone, she gave me a smile.‎ ‎5、注意非谓语放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：‎ wrong：In order to protect our planet, all kinds of pollution should be reduced right: In order to protect our planet, we should reduce all kinds of pollution.‎ wrong：Cleaning the window, my finger was hurt.‎ right: Cleaning the window, I hurt my finger.‎