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  • 2021-05-13 发布

高考英语形容词和副词讲解

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一、形容词、副词的基本用法 (一) 多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序 如果两个及两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。如:a small wonderful gift。‎ 常用的顺序为:限定词(these,those,……)+数量形容词(three)+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形体形容词(large,long,high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+国籍(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰的名词(desk)‎ 为了方便记忆,不妨试试如下口诀:‎ 限定描述大长高,形状年龄与新老;‎ 颜色国籍出材料,用途类别往后靠。‎ 英语中有些形容词既可以做前置定语,也可以作后置定语,但意义不同,常见的有:present(现在的/在场的),responsible(可依赖的/应负责的),concerned(忧心忡忡的/有关的),proper(适当的/正经的,正式的),involved(复杂难懂的/相关的),absent(心不在焉的/缺席的)。如:‎ (二) 表语形容词 表语形容词(如:afraid,alone,awake,asleep,alive,alike,ashamed,afloat,well,sorry,unable,worth,sure)并非只能做表语,它们还可以作补足语,有的还可作后置定语(一般不做前置定语)。如:‎ To my surprise,the driver is still alive after the traffic accident。‎ 令我吃惊的是,交通事故发生后,司机还活着。‎ The people,and the people alone,are the motive force in the making of world history。‎ 人民,只有人民,才是创造世界历史的动力。‎ (三) 形容词作状语 形容词作状语表示伴随或结果,并不表示动词的方式。如:‎ He returned home,safe and sound。‎ 他安然无恙的回到了家。‎ The goat rolled over,dead。‎ 山羊翻了个身,死了。‎ He is standing there,full of fear。‎ 他充满恐惧的站在那。‎ (四) 有些副词置于句首可修饰全句,作评注性状语。如:‎ Fortunately,he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA。‎ 幸运的是,他没被淹死,被解放军救了。‎ Happily for her,her stepmother was kind to her。‎ 使她高兴的是,她的继母对她很好。‎ Luckily, he was not hurt in the accident。‎ 幸运的是,他在事故中没有受伤。‎ Obviously,your answer is absolutely wrong。‎ 很显然,你的答案绝对错误。‎ Naturally,you will want to discuss this problem with your parents。‎ 你自然想和你的父母商量一下此事。‎ (五) 副词enough的用法 1. enough作副词用来修饰形容词、副词时要放在所修饰词的后面。如:‎ students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills。‎ 足够勇敢参加这个探险课的学生肯定会学到很多有用的技能。‎ Strangely enough,some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless。‎ 很奇怪,一些著名的科学家具有粗心和细心双重特点。‎ 2. cannot与enough连用,表示“再……也不为过”。如:‎ You cannot be careful enough。‎ 你再细心也不为过。‎ 注意:enough的这种用法还可用“cannot(never等否定词)……too……”表达。如:‎ ‎——I was riding along the street and all of a sudden,a car cut in and knocked me down。‎ ‎——You can never be too careful in the street。‎ ‎——我正沿着大街骑车,突然一辆汽车横插过来,把我撞倒了。‎ ‎——在大街上,你再小心也不为过。‎ (一) 熟记下列几句有关形容词、副词的固定搭配 1. He’s dead/blind drunk(=very drunk).‎ 他喝的酩酊大醉。‎ 2. He’s wide awake.‎ 他完全没有睡意。‎ 3. It’s raining/snowing heavily.‎ 雨/雪下的很大。‎ 4. He’s sound/fast asleep.‎ 他睡得很沉。‎ 5. He’s moving/breathing/drinking/smoking heavily.‎ 他吃力的移动/喘着粗气/酒喝得多/烟抽的多。‎ 6. The traffic/ He’s moustache is heavy.‎ 交通拥挤/他的胡子浓密。‎ 7. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.‎ 中国人口比日本多。‎ 8. The price of the book is high/low.‎ 这本书的价格很高/低。‎ ‎=The book is expensive/cheap.‎ 这本书很贵/便宜。‎ (二) 有些副词还可以作连词,但作副词时,常放在句末,如though,(ever)since,in case等。如:‎ She promised to phone。I heard nothing,though。‎ ‎=Though she promised to phone,I heard nothing。‎ 她答应要打电话来,可我没听到回信儿。‎ 二、形容词、副词的比较等级 (一) 原级 1. 用as…as,not…as/ so…as,the same as,such…as引导。如:‎ Henry is a worker as good as Peter(is)。‎ ‎= Henry is as good a worker as Peter(is)。‎ ‎= Henry is such a good worker as Peter(is)。‎ Henry和Peter一样都是好工人。‎ Henry dose not have so/as many books as I have。‎ Henry的书不如我的多。‎ It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science。‎ 人们普遍认为,教学是一门科学,同时也是一门艺术。‎ 2. as + 形容词 + as + 数量词 = 数量词 + 形容词。如:‎ The building is as tall as 100 meters。‎ ‎= The building is 100 meters tall。‎ 这栋楼房有100米高。‎ 3. 貌似同等程度比较结构的一些固定习惯用语 英语中有些看似是同等程度的比较结构,实际上它们是一些固定的习惯用语。如:as long as只要,有……之久;as far as到……地点,就……而言;as soon as一……就;as well as……又;as good as(=very nearly)与……几乎一样,几乎,简直。如:‎ I will work as(so)long as I live。‎ 只要活着,我就要工作。‎ He has experience as well as knowledge。‎ 他既有知识又有经验。(注意此句的翻译顺序)‎ (二) 比较级 1. 比较急修饰语常见的有rather,much,still,even,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),a lot,a little,a great deal,by far,a bit,three times等。如:‎ The students study even harder than before。‎ 学生们学习比以前更努力了。‎ ‎2.“the + 比较级……,the + 比较级……”表示“越……,越……”。如:‎ The more tickets you sell,the more money you will get。‎ 你卖的票越多,挣的钱就越多。‎ The longer you stay,the better(it will be)。‎ 你待的时间越长越好。‎ ‎3.“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:‎ The new city is becoming more and more beautiful。‎ 这个新城市变得越来越美丽了。‎ 1. the + 比较级 + of the two(+ 名词),表示“两个中的较……的一个”。如:‎ The taller of the two boys is my brother。‎ 这两个男孩中较高的那个是我哥哥。‎ 2. 用介词by表示相差的程度。如:‎ She is taller than I by three inches。(=She is three inches taller than I。)‎ 她比我高3英寸。‎ I missed the last train by one minute。‎ 我差一分钟没赶上最后一趟火车。‎ 3. 一个人所具有的两种性质的比较,用more……than……结构,意为“与其……不如……”。如:‎ ‎——Ann acts quite unfriendly。‎ ‎——I think she’s more shy than unfriendly。(more shy不可变为shyer或shier)‎ ‎——Ann表现的很不友好。‎ ‎——与其说她不友好,不如说她害羞。‎ 4. 比较的对象不能互相包容,常见的句型是:‎ 比较级 + than + ‎ 如:The Mississippi River is longer than any other river in the United States. 密西西比河比美国其他任何一条河都长。‎ China is larger than ‎ 5. 比较的对象应该相同。如:‎ The climate here is warmer than that of Shanghai。‎ 这里的气候比上海的好。‎ The radios made in our factory are better than those(made)in your factory。‎ 我们工厂生产的收音机比你们厂的好。‎ 6. 注意比较结构中的省略现象 在日常交际中,彼此都明白的比较对象往往省略。如:‎ ‎——What do you think of the film?‎ ‎——I have never seen a better one。(后边省略了than this film)‎ Tom’s composition,if not better than,is at least as good as Jack’s。(后边省略了composition)‎ 这种省略现象制造了一定的障碍,在高考题中出现频率较高,应引起足够的重视。‎ 7. 貌似比较级的一些固定习惯用语 (1) In no country other than Britain can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.‎ ‎ 只有在英国,人们才可能在一天中经历四个季节。(no…other than只有,正是。它常用来加强语气,多用于书面语。)‎ (2) More than one student was given away a ticket to the concert.‎ ‎ 不止发给了一个学生去听音乐会的票。‎ (3) His whole school education added up to no more than (= only) one year.‎ 他所受过的学校教育加起来仅仅一年。‎ (4) He prefers to stay at home rather than go to the cinema.‎ 他宁愿待在家里,也不愿意去看电影。‎ (5) He is far more pleased at the news.‎ 听到那个消息,他极其高兴。‎ (一) 最高级 1. 最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really,not quite,noting like。如:‎ The bridge being built now is by far the largest across the Yellow River。‎ 目前在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。‎ I’d like to buy the second most expensive camera。‎ 我想买仅次于最贵的照相机。‎ 1. 否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级。如:‎ There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends。‎ 为朋友而放弃生命的人的爱是最伟大的爱。‎ He has never spend a more worrying day。‎ 他度过了最担心的一天。‎ 易错知识总结 (一) 表示倍数的几个句型 1. ‎… times as + 形容词/副词原级 + as …‎ 2. ‎… times + 形容词/副词比较级 + than …‎ 3. ‎… times + the + 性质名词 + of …‎ 4. The + 名词 + be + … times + that/those of … ‎ 5. The + 名词 + be + … times + what 从句 如:At a rough estimate,Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain。‎ ‎ = At a rough estimate,Nigeria is three times as big as Great Britain。‎ ‎ = At a rough estimate,Nigeria is twice bigger than Great Britain。‎ 粗略估算,尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的三倍。‎ The output of this year is 3 times that of 2007.‎ ‎= The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2007.‎ ‎ 今年的产量是2007年的3倍。‎ ‎ After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced twice as many tractors in 1988 as the year before。‎ ‎ 自从新技术被引进以后,这家工厂1988年生产的拖拉机是上一年的2倍。‎ (一) 表示不定数量的常用表达与名词的搭配关系 修饰可数名词的有(a)few,fewer,(the)fewest,several,(a good)many,a (great/large/small)number of,hundreds of,dozens of,scores of,thousands of等;修饰不可数名词的有a bit of,(a)little,less,a great deal of,a large amount of,(the)least,much等。修饰可数或不可数名词的有all,a lot of,lots of,enough,plenty of,masses of,a large quantity of,large quantities of,more,most,some,any等。如:‎ Plenty of foreign firms have set up factories here。‎ 许多外国公司已在此设厂。‎ Quantities of food were spend out on the table。‎ 许多食品被摊在了桌子上。‎ (二) 具有两种形式的副词 英语中有的副词兼有两种形式:一种是与形容词同形;另一种是在该形容词后面加副词词缀-ly构成。这两种形式的副词在词义和用法上有一定的差异,有的甚至完全不同。‎ 常见的这类副词有:direct径直地,directly恰好;free自由地、免费地,freely自由自在地、随便地;flat平坦地,flatly直截了当地;short突然(=suddenly),shortly不久;even甚至,evenly平均地;clean完全地、径直地,cleanly清洁地、干净利索地;clear隔开、不接触,clearly清晰地、明显地;close近地,closely紧密地、接近地;easy安逸地,easily容易地;dead突然地、完全地,deadly死一般地、非常;fair公平地、正直地,fairly相当地;hard努力地,hardly几乎没有、几乎不;most最,mostly大部分地;right直接地、径直地、立即,rightly公正地、合理地、正确地;high高高地,highly高度地;just正好,justly公正地;late迟、晚,lately最近;near近,nearly几乎;pretty相当地,prettily优美地;sharp突然地、急剧地,sharply严厉地。如:‎ I clean forget to ask her.‎ 我完全忘记去问她了。‎ Jack caught the ball cleanly.‎ 杰克很利落地接住了球。‎ He lives close to the village.‎ 他住的离村庄很近。‎ We must look closely at the problems.‎ 我们必须仔细地审视问题。‎ After a day’s hard work, he was dead tired.‎ 辛勤工作一天后,他筋疲力尽。‎ The book is deadly dull.‎ 这本书非常枯燥。‎ The birds are flying high.‎ 鸟儿正高飞。‎ He is a highly skilled worker.‎ 他是一个非常熟练的工人。‎ He has been working late.‎ 他一直工作到很晚。‎ I haven’t seen him lately.‎ 我最近没见到他。‎ The film director is pretty known.‎ 这个电影导演非常出名。‎ We are prettily dressed.‎ 我们穿的很漂亮。‎ The road turns sharp/sharply to the right.‎ 这条路突然向右转。‎ She turns around sharp/sharply.‎ 她突然向后转。‎