高考英语简单句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题 15页

英语作文专题 句子成分的准确定位和简单句的五种基本句型讲解 一、句子成份 句子有各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语，定语，状语等。 1、主语：表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：‎ ‎ Country music has become more and more popular.（名词作主语）‎ ‎ We often speak English in class.（代词）‎ ‎ To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）‎ ‎ Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）‎ ‎ The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）‎ ‎ What we are going to do has not been decided.（主语从句）‎ ‎ It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）‎ It is useless __________ (say ) that to your neighbors. ‎ Their ___________(different ) aren’t obvious. ‎ ‎_______(listen) is important while learning a foreign language. ‎ ‎______ he could get there remains a mystery. ‎ ‎2、谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。‎ 英语中动词一共分为四类：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。实义动词可以单独作谓语，其他种类的动词都不能单独作谓语；连系动词需要和表语构成谓语；情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。 He worked hard all day today.（实义动词作谓语）‎ The park looks beautiful.（连系动词+表语作谓语）‎ You must finish the project by Friday.（情态动词+实义动词作谓语）‎ I don’t like walking.（助动词+实义动词作谓语）‎ ‎3、表语:表语的功能是说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态，它位于系动词(比如be)之后，与之构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词，不定式、动名词、分词、介词、介词短语和从句等。‎ My sister is a nurse.（名词作表语）‎ ‎ Is it yours?（代词）‎ ‎ The weather has turned cold.（形容词）‎ ‎ The speech is exciting.（分词）‎ ‎ His job is to teach English.（不定式）‎ ‎ His hobby is playing football.（动名词）‎ ‎ The ruler must be in your box.（介词短语）‎ ‎ Time is up. The class is over.（副词）‎ ‎ The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）‎ 习题： My task is _______ (teach) you English.‎ The park looks ___________(beauty).‎ The man looked at me _______ (anger). ‎ 改错： They are the same age.‎ ‎ I am illness.‎ The words are of very value. ‎ ‎ 4、宾语: 宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者，一般跟在及物动词之后，‎ 但不少介词与动词已构成固定的动词短语，所以介词的宾语亦变为动词短语的宾语。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、介词短语和从句等。‎ We like English. （名词作宾语）‎ ‎ How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）‎ ‎ They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）‎ ‎ It began to rain.（不定式短语）‎ ‎ I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）‎ ‎ I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）‎ 定从习题： I like the street ______ I saw yesterday.‎ ‎ I like the street ______ I walked yesterday.‎ I regret _______(inform) you that I have hired another man. ‎ I would appreciate _________(live) with you. ‎ 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink. （me是间接宾语；some ink是直接宾语）‎ 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monitor(班长).（him是宾语； our monitor是宾语补足语）‎ ‎5、宾补: 就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语意义的句子成分。可以用作宾补的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。‎ I saw you crossing the street （现在分词作宾补）‎ His father named him Dongming.（名词）‎ They painted（涂漆） their boat white.（形容词）‎ Let the fresh（新鲜的） air in.（副词）‎ You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）‎ We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）‎ ‎6、定语: 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 可以作定语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。单个形容词作定语通常位于被修饰词之前；但单个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时要位于不定代词之后。但副词，动词不定式，介词短语，从句等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词作定语）‎ ‎ China is a developing（发展中） country; America is a developed（发达） country.（分词） ‎ ‎ There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）‎ ‎ Our monitor（班长） is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）‎ ‎ He is reading an article(文章) about how to learn English.（介词短语）‎ ‎ 7、状语: 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。可以作状语的有：形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。但有时也可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 ‎ Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组作状语）‎ ‎ He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）‎ ‎ He is sorry to trouble(麻烦) you.（不定式短语）‎ ‎ He is in the room making a model plane.（现在分词短语）‎ ‎ Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）‎ ‎ Frightened, she asked me to go with her.（过去分词）‎ ‎ 状语种类如下：‎ ‎ How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）‎ ‎ Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）‎ ‎ I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）‎ ‎ Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）‎ ‎ She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）‎ ‎ She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）‎ ‎ In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）‎ ‎ He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）‎ ‎ She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）‎ ‎ I am taller than he is.（比较状语）‎ 简单句的五种基本句型 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下： S十V主谓结构 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 S十V十P主系表结构 主语 ＋ 连系动词 ＋表语 S十V十O主谓宾结构 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 S十V十O十C 主谓宾宾补结构 ‎ 基本句型一： 主语+谓语（不及物动词） ‎ ‎(1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。‎ ‎(2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, ‎ go to等。‎ ‎(3) 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如：‎ The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) ‎ The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词)‎ The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. (第一个sell为不及物动词，而第二个是及物动词)‎ 主语和不及物动词(短语)是组成本句型不可缺少的必要成分。在实际运用中,不及物动词往往与副词、介词及其它相关成分有相对稳定的搭配关系。常见的不及物动词有appear,apologize,arrive,argue,agree,belong,come,die，disappear,exist,fall,happen ,occur,take place ,rise ,go ,get ,fail,feel,figh,look ,live，listen ,work ,study,prove,remain ,rest seem ,stand ,stay ,succeed,turn ,turn out等等。‎ 补充: 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。 常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead live die sleep dream breathe smile laugh fight run sing等。‎ 例如 ：Under the leadership of the Party the peasants live a happy life.‎ I dreamed a terrible dream last night. ‎ Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August. ‎ He died a glorious death. ‎ ‎  基本句型二:  主语+系动词+表语 常见的系动词有：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来),‎ ‎ feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎)‎ 说明： 本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。‎ ‎1.系动词的三种分类：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound.  （2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand.  （3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow. ‎ ‎2.可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、介词短语、表语从句、分词(短语)等。例如：‎ ‎1）In order to _________（保持健康）, he takes exercise everyday. (形容词作表语)‎ ‎2）In my mind, mother is_________. （我的英雄）(名词作表语)‎ ‎3）Look! Your pet dog is_________.（在那） (副词作表语)‎ ‎4）The schoolbags come in different sizes. (介词短语作表语)‎ ‎5）You’ve changed a lot. You are not what you were. (表语从句作表语)‎ ‎6）Many passengers __________________（受伤） in the accident. (过去分词作表语)‎ ‎7）The machine__________________（持续/保持运转） for a long time. （现在分词短语作表语）‎ Keys：2.1）keep healthy 2） my hero 3） there 6）got injured 7） keeps running ‎ 使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。‎ 例如：After two-day’s treatment, he felt well again. (不用was felt)‎ He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用 is remained)‎ 比较以下句子：‎ The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson.(keeps是系动词，而kept是及物动词)‎ We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. (grew是及物动词，而grow是系动词)‎ Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. (第一个felt是及物动词，而第二个是系动词)‎ ‎[练习] 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。‎ ‎(1) I __________(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has __________(turn / become) engineer.‎ ‎(2) Put the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It __________ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.‎ ‎(3) What he said __________(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.‎ ‎(4) He feels __________(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office.‎ ‎(5) We do morning exercises to __________(keep / turn / become) healthy.‎ ‎(6) The apple __________(tastes / is tasted) sweet. ‎ ‎(7) Please keep __________(安静); The baby has fallen __________(睡着).‎ ‎(8) They work day and night to make their dream come __________(实现).‎ Key: (1) — (4) remain, turned; goes; sounds; comfortable ‎ ‎(5) — (8) keep; tastes; quiet, asleep; true 基本句型三:主语+谓语+宾语 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。‎ a.及物动词+副词，b.不及物动词+介词。‎ ‎1.含有away, out, forward, up 等副词的动词词组是可拆分的。如， They carried out the plan successfully.我们还可以说， ‎ ‎ They carried the plan out successfully. 但我们只能说  As the plan was practical, they carried it out successfully. 动副词组都可以这样用，如，point out（指出）, carry out（执行）, put forward（提出）, work out（做出，算出）, find out（找出）, give up（放弃）, give away（赠送，分发）,pick up（拣起）, put up（挂上）, 等。  2. 而含有介词 at, for, from, into, of, with, to 等的动介词组是不可拆分的。如，look after（照顾）, look at（瞧）, look for（寻找）, belong to（属于）, refer to（参考，提及）, think of（考虑，评价）, send for（派人去请）, care for（喜欢）,suffer from（受…之苦）, deal with(对付，应付), object to（反对）, pay for（付…的钱）,等。即我们只能说think of it,不能说think it of.　 in 在动词词组中用作副词，表示“在里面”，“往里进”，“在家”等意思。如，get in(收割),hand in（提交，交进）。 用作介词，表示“在…地点”， “在…范围”， “在…方面”。 如，persist in(坚持)，succeed in (在…成功)。 Off在动词词组中 用作副词，表示“关闭”，“隔离，离开”，“去掉”，等意思。如，turn off（关掉）, switch off（关掉）, ring off（挂断电话）, keep off（远离）, take off(脱掉）, kick off（踢脱）, carry off（运走）, put off（推迟）, pay off（付清）,give off（放出). 用作介词，表示“从…下来”。如，get off（下车）, fall off（从…掉下来）. On 在动词词组中用作副词，表示“开”，“走开”，“传递”，“穿戴”。 如，turn on(开),move on（走开）, pass on（传递）, put on（穿上）, have on（穿着）. 用作介词，表示“在…上”，“在…方面”。 如，work on（从事于…）, operate on（在…上动手术）, agree on（同意）。 表示“上车，上船，上…”, 如,get on（上车，上船）,ride on（骑上）。 ‎ ‎ 表示“依靠”，“以…为基础”， “按照”， 如，depend on（依靠）,base on（以…为基础）, feed on（以…为食）, live on（以…为生计）. Over在动词词组中用作副词，表示“翻转”，“翻倒”，如， turn over（打翻，翻倒）,push over（推倒）.  表示“过一遍”，“仔细”，“遍及”，如，think over（仔细考虑）,look over（仔细查看，研究）. 用作介词，表示“从上越过”，如，fly over（从上飞过）, jump over（从上跳过）.go over(越过，横过)。  表示“为了”，“由于”，如，quarrel over（为…争吵）,cry over（因…哭泣）.  表示“查看”，“复习”，“检查”，如，go over（检查，复习）. 附：许多由及物动词+名词+介词构成的三词动词词组也要跟宾语，如： pay attention to（注意）, catch hold of（抓住，握住）, catch sight of（看见，发现）,do harm to（对…有害）, get rid of（排除，除去）, make fun of（取笑，嘲笑）,put (one’s) heart into（专心于…）, say hello to（打招呼）, sing praise for（赞扬，表扬）,take care of（照顾）, take part in（参加）, take pride in（以…自豪，骄傲）。‎ 基本句型四: 主语十谓语十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”‎ ‎ 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词 有：give,tell,teach,buy,lend,find,hand,leave,sell,send show,read,pay,make,offer,build,pass,bring,cook,wish,write,refuse等.‎ 这种句型还可转换为： 动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ for/ to sb.   ‎ 间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有： buy, choose, make, order, paint, play(演奏), sing,等。  ‎ ‎ (1) Mother bought a birthday cake for me.‎ ‎(2) Give another apple to her. She likes it.‎ ‎(3) The company will provide some drinks for the volunteers.‎ 基本句型五:主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结构 ‎ 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call（叫）, choose（选）, find（发现）, make, name, (命名)‎ 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。‎ 接不定式作宾语的动词有:agree ,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,would like等.‎ 不定式作宾语补足语有三种类型  1、“动词+宾语+（not） to do„”  advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,‎ teach,tell,want,warn等接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 ask sb. to do sth. 请（叫）某人做某事 bear sb. to do sth. 忍受某人做某事 beg sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事 command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 drive sb. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事 elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事 forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事 hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事 help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事 like sb. to do sth.‎ ‎ 喜欢某人做某事 mean sb. to do sth. 打算要某人做某事 need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事 oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事 order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事 permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事 prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事 request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事 train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事 trouble sb. to do sth. 麻烦某人做某事 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事 The teacher asked us to finish our homework．老师叫我们完成家庭作业. She wanted him to sing for her friends．她想让他为她的朋友唱歌. The policeman told the boys not to play in the street．警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍. 2．在某些短语后也可跟带to的不定式作宾补. wait for,call on,depend on,高中范围内,适用于“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：shout to sb.to do, call on sb. to do, count on sb. to do, depend on sb. to do, wait for sb. to do，care for sb. to do, long for sb. to do等.例如： The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down again．鳄鱼等着猴子再下来. The chairman called on Mr Brown to speak．主席请布朗先生讲话. I shouldn't care for that man to be my doctor．我不要那人给我看病. He shouted to me to come over.‎ I depend on you to do it. I am counting on you to help me through.‎ ‎3．不带to的不定式作宾补 动词不定式在使役动词（make,let, have）或感官动词（feel,listen to,hear,‎ ‎ look at,see,watch,notice）之后作宾补时不定式需省去to.为了便于记忆,我们可以这样记“一感”（feel）、“二听”（listen, hear）、“三让”（let,make,have）、“四看”（look at,see,watch,notice）.例如： Ifeltsomeone open my door．我感觉有人开了我的门. Please listen to me sing the songagain．请听我把这首歌再唱一遍. You can't letthe boy stand in the sun．你不能让那孩子站在太阳底下. You must watch me carefully do everything．你必须仔细观察我所做的一切. 注意：感官动词后既可跟省略to的不定式作宾补,也可跟现在分词作宾补.其区别是：前者强调动作的全过程或经常性；后者则强调动作在进行（片断）.试比较： I heard her sing．我听见她唱了歌. I heard her singing．我听见她在唱歌. 注意:这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加to.请看下列句子,句中划线部分作宾语补足语.例如： A child was seen to enter the building. She was often heard to sing this song.‎ ‎4．带to或不带to的不定式作宾补 在动词help后可以跟带to的不定式作宾补,也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾补.例如： He often helps me（to）clean the room．他经常帮助我打扫房间. We helped him（to）mend his bike．我们帮他补自行车胎.‎ ‎5、“动词+宾语+to be„”  consider,declare,discover,feel,find,suppose等.二、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语.例如： I consider him to be the best ‎ candidate. 分析：句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语.请看下面的句子. I know him to be a liar. I suppose him to be away from home.‎ ‎6、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生,就需要用完成形式： He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee. 分析：句中“He”做主语,“was known”作谓语,使用了被动语态.由句意可知,“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前,“大家知道”发生在后.故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作宾语补足语.请看下面的句子. They are believed to have discussed the problem.‎ ‎7、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式： He is believed to be living in Mexico. 分析：句中“He”做主语,“is believed”作谓语,使用了被动语态.由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况,故用不定式的进行形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语.请看下列句子. Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps. He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时.例如： She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.‎ ‎8、不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式： he didn't want her son to be taken away. 分析：句中“She”做主语,“didn't want”作谓语,“her son”作宾语,由于“her son”与“take ‎ away”之间为被动关系,故用被动形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语.请看下列句子. I'd like this room to be redecorated. He didn't wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter. ‎ There be 句型 说明：  此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is/are … 过去有 there was/were… 将来有 there will be…/there is /are going to be... 现在已经有 there has/have been… 可能有 there might be... 肯定有 there must be …/there must have been... 过去一直有 there used to be … 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be … 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …　 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。 ‎