高考名词性从句精析语法重点解题步骤易犯错误 7页

‎ 2008届高考名词从句精析 一. 基本概念:‎ A. 什么是名词性从句 ‎ 当一个正确的连词+完整的主语和谓语构成的句子放在一个名词可以充当的成分的位置,起到一个名词的作用时,这个从句就是名词性从句.‎ B. 哪些从句是名词性从句(如何判断名词性从句) ‎ ‎1.S + P (系动词) + 表语( + 其他 ):‎ 当一个从句放在系动词后面时,这个从句就是表语从句.‎ ‎　　　　　1.)That is(系动词) a book / what he said/why he didn’t come.‎ ‎　　　 S + P 表语 表语从句 ‎　　　　　2.)The fact is that he has lied to us ‎ S + P 表语从句 ‎ 2.S + P (vt:及物动词) + 宾语( + 其他 ):‎ ‎　当一个从句放在vt后面时就是宾语从句 ‎　　　　　1.)He said(vt) nothing at the meeting.‎ ‎　　　　　　S + P 宾语 ‎　　　　　2.)He said (that) he would help us without hesitation.‎ ‎　　　　　　S+ P 宾语从句 ‎3.)He asked (vt) what we would like to have for breakfast.‎ ‎　　　　　　S+ P 宾语从句 ‎3. S(主语) + P + 其他:‎ ‎　　当一个从句放在主语位置时,这个从句就是主语从句 ‎　　　　　1.)His mistakes made his teacher angry.‎ ‎ 主语 + P ‎　　　　　2.)That he made so many mistakes made his teacher angry.‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　主语从句 P ‎　　　　　3.) What he said made his teacher angry.‎ ‎　　　　　　　主语从句 P ‎*名词性从句是一个重要的考点,难点,因此必须记牢哪些连词可以引导名词性从句及其功能:‎ 引导名词性从句的连词及功能:‎ 从 句 连 词 备 注 ‎ 表 语 从 句 that,what,who,which,whom whose(+n),how,why,where when,because,whether,‎ ‎ that在从句中不充当任何成分,但不可省略.其他wh-词在从句中一定要充当一个正确的成分(whether除外),所以不可省略. ‎ ‎(if不可用与该从句) ‎ 宾 语 从 句 that,what,who,which,whom,‎ whose(+n),how,why,where,‎ when,whether,if(是否) That在从句不充当成分,可省. 其他wh-词在从句中一定要充当一个正确的成分(whether,if除外),所以不可省略. ‎ 主 语 从 句 that,what,who,which,whom,‎ whose(+n),how,why,where,‎ when,whether,‎ ‎(if不可用于该从句 That在从句不充当成分,但不可省. 其他wh-词在从句中一定要充当一个正确的成分(whether除外)所以不可省略.‎ ‎(if不可用于该从句 ‎ ‎*特别注意:(1) what,which,who,whose(+n)在从句中可充当主语,宾语或表语 ‎ (2)whom 在从句中只可做宾语.‎ ‎ (3)how,when,where,why在从句中只可做相应的状语 ‎ ‎ (4)使用名词性从句时,从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开.‎ ‎ (5)一些含有内容/信息的名词(fact,news,hope,idea,thought,desire,suggestion,doubt,truth,question,problem,‎ order等)后面可用that或wh-词引导一个同位语从句,对其前面的名词的内容做补充说明:‎ The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby made us excited.‎ ‎　　　S1 同位语从句 P1‎ ‎ We heard the news that the war had broken out between America and Iraq. ‎ ‎ S1 P1 同位语从句 ‎ (6)同位语从句与定语从句的区别是:‎ ‎1.) 定语从句前面的名词没有内容或信息含义.‎ ‎2.) 引导定语从句的that在从句中一定要做成分,做宾语时可省略 ‎　　　　　　　　引导同位语从句的that在从句中不做成分,但不可省略.‎ ‎　　*名词性从句的重要解题步骤:‎ ‎　　1.)认真读题,分清从句类别 ‎2.)根据从句类别,判断适用连词 ‎3.)特别注意连词在从句中的作用, 即:连词在从句中充当的成分 ‎4.)特别注意哪些连词在哪些从句中不充当成分.‎ ‎5.)特别注意哪些连词在哪些从句中的哪些情况下可以省略.‎ ‎　　*如何判断名词性从句的类别之图表记忆法:‎ ‎　　1.主语从句: That / Wh-词 + S1 + P2… + P1 + 其他 ‎　　 S1(主语从句) ‎ ‎　　2.表语从句: S1 + P1(系动词be / seem / appear) + that / wh-词 + S2 + P2 + 其他 ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　表语(从句)‎ ‎　　3.宾语从句: S1 + P1(vt) + that / wh-词 / whether / if (是否) + S2 + P2 + 其他 ‎　　 宾语(从句)‎ ‎ 另需注意:由动词+介词构成的动词词组后面的从句及一些介词,介词词组后面的从句,也是宾语从句: v+prep + wh-词+ S + P + 其他 ‎ 宾语(从句)‎ ‎ prep + wh-词 + S + P + 其他 ‎ ‎ 宾语(从句)‎ 如:You must pay enough attention to what the teacher has told you. ‎ ‎　(what在从句中作_____语)‎ ‎ The poll will give us information about who is likely to be elected president this time. (who在从句中作_____语)‎ ‎ The film is set in what was once called “the Long Beach” ‎ ‎ (what在从句中作_____语)‎ ‎　　‎ ‎　　4.同位语从句: 名词(有内容或信息含义) + that / wh-词 + S + P +其他 ‎ 同位语从句(补充说明前面名词的内容)‎ ‎*名词性从句解题时易犯的错误:‎ 错误类型一： that 与what 的混用 ‎1. That they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.(错误)‎ ‎　　What they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world. (正确)‎ 注：that在引导名词性从句时本身没有意义，也不在从句中充当任何成分；而what则表示“什么”“……的东西或事情”，在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语等。上句中的what 应充当discuss的宾语。‎ 错误类型二：if 与whether的混用 ‎2. If we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet. (错误)‎ Whether we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet. （正确）‎ 注：if 与whether 引导宾语从句时往往可换，但在下面情况时常使用whether：作介词的宾语时，见例①；在从句中提出两种选择时，见例②；从句提前时，见例③；引导主语从句，表语从句及同位语从句时，见例④。‎ ‎①I worry about whether I hurt his feelings.‎ ‎②She wasn’t sure whether she should laugh or cry.‎ ‎③Whether he will come or not I don’t quite know.‎ ‎④What many people are worried about is whether we will be able to build a better future.‎ ‎ We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.‎ 错误类型三：that 与because 的混用 ‎3. ⑴The reason why he was late for school was because he got up late. (错误)‎ The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late. (正确)‎ ‎⑵Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.(错误)‎ Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years. (正确)‎ 注：reason作主语时引导的表语从句或why引导的名词性从句时常用that不用because.‎ 错误类型四：忽略连词that ‎4. These old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. (错误)‎ That these old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain. (正确)‎ 注：that在引导宾语从句时常常可省，但在下面情况时不可省去：宾语从句不止一个时，见例①；宾语从句与主句之间有插入语时，见例②；宾语从句为一个主从复合句时，见例③；引导主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句时，见例④。‎ ‎①They complain (that) they have to work from morning till night, that it is hard to earn money, that they are bullied (欺负) by the policemen, or that the corporation leaders are seated lazily and enjoy the fruits of others’work.‎ ‎②The teacher said, pleasantly and firmly , that we must overcome the difficulties.‎ ‎③We believe that if we work harder, I will pass the National College Entrance Examination.‎ ‎④The trouble is that she has lost his address. (表语从句)‎ ‎　Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct.15,2003. （同位语从句）‎ 错误类型五：no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere…与whoeverwhateverwhicheverhoweverwherever…‎ ‎5. No matter who breaks the rules will be punished. (错误)‎ Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (正确)‎ 注：whoever,whatever,whichever,however,wherever等连词可以引导名词性从句也可引导让步状语从句，而no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere…只能引导让步状语从句。例如，‎ No matter how great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on.‎ Or: However great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on .‎ 错误类型六：相似句型的混淆 ‎6．As is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. (错误)‎ As is known to all, science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. ( 正确)‎ It is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture. (正确)‎ 注：as作为关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前时，从句与主句之间要用逗号隔开。It作为形式主语将that 引导的主语从句后置时，that常常不能省。‎ ‎*名词性从句解题时应特别关注“what”的用法：‎ 一、 what用作关系代词，也即连接代词，引导名词性从句, 可以作主语、宾语、定语 ‎1.引导主语从句 例1 What made the school proud was that more than 90％ of the students had been admitted to key universities. 使学校骄傲的是90％的学生被重点 大学录取。‎ 例2 What makes the matter worse is that it begins to rain. ‎ 更糟糕的是开始下起雨来了。‎ ‎2.引导表语从句 例3 ---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ‎ ‎　　---Oh, that’s what makes me feel excited.‎ 例4 The city is not what it used to be. 这个城市不再是先前的模样了。‎ ‎3.引导宾语从句 例5 A man’s worth lays not so much in what he has as in what he is. 人的价值不在于他有什么，而在于他是怎样的人。‎ 例6 After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 好像过了几个小时以后，他面带苦笑走了出来。‎ 二、 what 用作关系形容词，作定语。意为“所…… 的全部,任何的”；与little、few 连用时，其含义多为“虽然少，但把所有的都…… ”‎ 例7 The home improvements have taken what little there is of my spare time. 家庭环境的改善占去了我仅有的一点业余时间。‎ 例8 Don’t worry. I will give you what help I can. 别担心，我一定尽我所能帮你。‎ 例9 I will lend you what few reference books I can spare. 我愿把我用不着的虽然为数不多的参考书全部借给你。‎ 三、 what惯用句式：A is to B what C is to D （比喻结构）A对B之关系犹如C对D之关系 例10 Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。‎ 例11 What salt is to the food, wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 隽语与幽默之于会话与文学，恰象盐之于食物一样。‎ 四、 what引导插入语,意为“还有的是，加之”‎ 例12 He is handsome, and what is more, very rich. 他长得很英俊，而且还很富有。‎ 例13 He is, what is called , a living dictionary. 他就是所谓的活词典。‎ 五、 what的强调形式whatever(anything that)‎ 例14 Whatever she does is ridiculous. 她的所作所为都是谎谬的。‎ 例15 Take whatever magazines you want to read. 任何你想读的杂志都可以取阅。‎ 六、有关what的某些习语 ‎1. What about…？(表建议或征求对方意见) ……怎么样 ‎ 例16 What about going to the movies ‎ ‎2. What for (=why) (口语) 为何,为什么 ？‎ 例17 ---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer ‎ ‎---What for ‎ ‎3. So what？ (表示不感兴趣或认为不重要) 那又怎么样 (口语)‎ ‎4. what if… /what though (表示建议或疑虑等) 倘使……将会怎么样; 即使……又怎么样 ‎ 例18 --- What if I move the picture over here ‎ ‎　　--- I suppose it will look better.‎ ‎5. What with… and (what with ). ……部分因为……, 部分因为……(后面通常接不好的事情)。‎ 例19 What with overwork and what with hunger, he became sick at last. 一半由于工作过度，一半由于饥饿，他终于病倒了。‎ 典题直击：‎ ‎1. The other day , my brother drove his car down the street at _____ I thought was a dangerous speed.（2004上海春季）‎ A. as B. which C. what D. that ‎2. It is pretty well understood ____ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. （2003上海）‎ A． that B. when C. what D. how ‎3. ---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ‎ ‎　---Oh, that’s_____.（NMET2003北京春季）‎ A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited ‎　　4. _____ made the school proud was______ more than 90％ of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季）‎ ‎　　A. What; because B. What ; that ‎　　C. That ; what D. That ; because ‎　　5. Perseverance is a kind of quality --- and that’s ____ it takes to do anything well. （2002上海）‎ ‎　　A. what B. that ‎　　C. which D. why ‎　　6. ---I think it’s going to be a big problem.‎ ‎　　---Yes, it could be.‎ ‎　　---I wonder _____ we can do about it. （2002北京春季）‎ ‎　　A. If B. how ‎　　C. what D. that ‎　　7. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _____ he wants. (2002上海春季)‎ A. what B. which C. when D. that ‎8. A computer can only do ______ you have instructed it to do. （NMET2001）‎ A. how B. after C. what D. when ‎9. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ______ he had done the day before. （2001上海春季）‎ A. that B. how C. where D. what ‎10. ____ she couldn’t understand was_____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. （2000 上海）‎ A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that 自我检测：‎ ‎1． The hurricane destroyed ___ was in the village.‎ A. all B. what C. that D. all what ‎2． These pictures will show you _______.‎ A. what our hometown looks like B. what does our hometown looks like C. how our hometown looks like D. how does our hometown looks like ‎3. A man’s worth lays not so much in _______ he has as in ______ he is.‎ A. that; what B. what; what C. that; that D. what; that ‎4. Our city is no longer ___ it used to be.‎ A. which B. that C. as D. what ‎5.___we can’t get seems better than___we have.‎ A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what ‎6. Please let me know _____you want me _____.‎ A. whether; to do B. what; doing C. that; done D. what; to do ‎7．It is commonly believed unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.‎ A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever ‎8. ---Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer ‎ ‎　---__________ ‎ A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come ‎9. ---Let’s hurry,or we will be late.‎ ‎　---______ Do you really want to listen to that boring lecture ‎ A. What for B. So what C. Why not D. Why ‎10. ---______ you did ‎ ‎　 ---No, as a matter of fact, I didn’t need to.‎ A. Is that what B. Is what that C. What is that D. Is that which 典题直击：‎ ‎1. C at后接宾语从句。当宾语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，要用what 引导，此句中what作宾语从句的主语。‎ ‎2. C what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分；when和 how 分别表示时间和方式，在主语从句中作状语。‎ ‎3． A what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。‎ ‎4． B 解释同第2题。‎ ‎5． A what 在表语从句中作takes 的宾语，构成“It takes sth. to do sth.”的句型。‎ ‎6． C what 在此作连接代词，引导宾语从句，并作从句中do的宾语。‎ ‎7. A 这是宾语从句。what 作 want的宾语。Always give the monkey exactly what he wants. 是一句谚语，意思是“永远给予某人他确实想要的东西。”‎ ‎8． C 解释同第6题。‎ ‎9． D 解释同第6题。‎ ‎10． A 主语从句she couldn’t understand 缺少宾语，要用what引导表语从句。 fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.是一个完整的句子，根据句意要用 why来引导。‎ 自我检测：‎ ‎1. B what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语;what 在此处亦可换为all that。‎ ‎2. A what 在此作连接代词，引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。宾语从句须用陈述句语序。‎ ‎3. B 此处的两个 what 都是连接代词，第一个what 在从句中作宾语，第二个what 在从句中作表语。‎ ‎4. D what 在此作连接代词，引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。‎