高考英语阅读技巧 20页

2010年高考英语阅读技巧 一.文章的套路结构:（本笔记局限于说明文章，议论文章。） 1. 结论说明型 A．文章开始出现一个结论，后为对他的解释 B.TS(topical sentence即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。 C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要，判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题 a.系表结构:be. remain b.含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词 2.新老观点型 A.判断标志: 文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如: it was traditionally assumed? it was once / usually believed? Many ××believed that? Many ××have argued? It was frequently assumed that? It was universally accepted that? 过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点,都是老观点。 B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。 C.新观点特征: 对同一focus给出不同的解释。 读到老观点的时候,应该停下来想一想,新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。 3.现象解释型 A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪,下文对其做出解释。 B.可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。 C.需要注意的是: a.可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价),最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。 b.可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。 4.问题解决.回答型 A.判断标志: a.手段出现了设问句。 b.首段出现了以下词语:problem difficulty task puzzle 等 B.TS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。 5.其他类的文章 前班部分是以上四种结构之一,后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。 TS在前面,从前面不从后面 ‎ 二.做题的几条原则 1.先读文章后做题也可以先看题在看文章，建议仔细看全文，才能把握主题不至于上当 2.不能凭印象,或自己的知识背景做题。这点我很有感触，作题不能想当然 2. 做细节题:必须找原文语言重现,正确选项为原文的精确改写。（难大题目用选项中的关键词语，扫描全文，此外在读原文时有意识的记一下 ‎ 三．平常复习的建议 1．复杂句式――重点训练。推荐王若平的大学难句和考研难句，随便哪本都可以。价格好象是20大元。难句重点训练省略，倒装，复杂从句，等 2. 生词.词组:注意熟词僻义 3. 注意对找主题句绝对敏感； 4.重点把握:A文章结构；B作者态度。 ‎ 具体作题思维： 下面是我的习惯。希望网友斧正 1. 第一遍读文章的时候,第一段的1-2句要重读，可能出主题，或是1-2句本身是作者要批驳的标把 其后几段 1)例子,注意考 in order to 题型,答案或前或后,例子的目的要比例子本身重要。如果细节题要注意选乡有变化，出题老师不会送分给你 ‎ 2)“:” “--” 同义重复 “；” 相当于顺接连词 3)顺接连词:moreover ,furthermore等。 a. 前后作者态度一致,可以用于旁证作者态度； b. 前面如果有不认识的动词或者形容词,后句还可以作挣扎； c. 如果全段都没有结构连词,则缺省为顺接关系,段首为主句。 4)让步语气: &S226;让步之后必有转折,转折部分一定要读懂强转折很可能出题； &S226;如果转折句没有读懂,则回过头去看让步部分,取他的相反即可这样还是可以读懂句子。 5)观点.说法: 具体内容可以快速略去,关键要把握代表人物.作者态度。作者态度很重要，很可能出题 2.选项处理 1)直选法:精确定位是关键。 2)正确选项必须是原文的精确改写: a.主动词:与原文同义或者近义； b.直接宾语； c.范畴:包括各种状语(时间.地点等).作用范围.人物群体等等。 3.排除法: 1)最重要的是文字对应法； 2)先应该纵向扫描选项,如果在讲同一对象,则先回原文定位,再做选择。 四.重点语言现象 1. 主题句 2. 每段的主体词、关键词（两三个） 3. 强对比（肯定、绝对要出题1)unlike, in contrast to, be distinguish from 2)时间:once, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past, in 1950’s? 3)最高级,唯一性 &S226;最高级:most, uttermost, foremost, least, always, never, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, -est &S226;唯一性:only, sole, unique, exclusively, mere 关联对比词：a. Unlike（相反）b. Contrast c. On the other hand d. On the contrary 4. 强转折 虽然：However/While 但是：But, Yet, Whereas In fact-Actually2. 强因果 Because/Since/For/冒号/分号 表所以：Thus/Hence/Therefore/Lead to/Result in/Result from/Lie in 表结论：Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive 表后果：Consequent/Consequence 5. 强调词、强调性语言 1) 最高级 顺序最高级：First 频率最高级：Always/Never 程度最高级：Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost 2) 唯一性 Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置) 3) 比较级 More than/Less than/As…as…/Similar to/The same as 慎重对待题肢中的最高级、比较级 6. 专有名词 人名、物种（动植物）、化学物质、地名 Nevertheless-Nonetheless Rather-Instead Despite-In spite of 注意： ‎ ‎ 极端转折（最后半句是想说的） 多重转折三中标点符号 引号（引用某人原话；表强调；表负评价）——易出题 括号、破折号——表插入、补充、解释 6. 判断句（定性结论、提纲挈领）（可能是主题体） 1) 系动词、情态动词 Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might 2) 自由褒贬词 例：His (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed our attitude ‎ 第二部分 题目类型 一.主题题型 (一)问main idea, primary purpose，title,etc 1.正确选项必须具备三个特征: ①有focus； ②无细节； ③态度与原文一致 --能找到TS则直接改写,找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法 2.先看选项的主体动词,迅速排除干扰项 ①presentation型的文章 present, describe, explain, illustrate, point out?（此只是技巧有时靠不住） ②argumentation型的文章 evaluate, criticize, refute, challenge, counter, correct --出现了则优先选（此只是技巧有时靠不住） (二)问focus: 应直接定位TS 需要注意以下几点: 后面出现大段无关论述时:主题“从前不从后”； 从面TS已对某事物给了正态度,末尾再作转折,说一些毛病,缺点,这是倒让步,而不是文章的重点,不用考虑！ 二.作者态度题型 态度题的做法： 判断依据： 1判断句（系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词）前面两个好理解，自由褒贬词一说是新东方老师的称呼，这也是他教的方法。通过找它对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提是你对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路，考研英语的语言难度不是太大，还是好判断的 2某些某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价（注意我上次改正的帖子，我也贴在这里 所谓名人态度题分两种， 1是问某人态度，可能出某人的ATTITUDE NOT INCLUDE。。。？ 2是主题的态度，借名人来造势 这就出现了 1作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词FOR EXAMPLE SUCH。。AS 。。SUCH AS。等等很多，自己平常作题时有意识记一下，只要知道下面的话是用来支持观点的，所以我说，例子的的目的要重要于例子本身，这种题容易丢分。 2作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：IS TEMPTED TO SAY，IT IS PRESUMELY BELIEVEED THAT 。。。等等，平常作题时有意识记一下，注意观点对立式这里就一定出现了意思的强转折，例如HOWER，BUT ，WHILE，ON THE CONTRARY 等等。而且在阐述作者本身观点时可能会有自由褒贬词，一定要小心呀 3一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：（我举了一些实际远不止这么多，建议自己总结一下 a. 负：fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/ misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook b. 正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine 4） 让步：前半句是假话；后半句是真正要说的，转折：一般大负小正原则上以大为准兼顾小的，如果选乡中只有大的以大为准。 a. It is true/correct; Of course b. No doubt; Undoubtedly c. 助动词do/may/seem/appear 5） 从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。‎ ‎ 2. 做题注意事项： 1） 避免极端选项，太激进的选乡，请注意极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较窄。 2） 混和评价的正确选项的表达方式： a. …but/and… 如：critical but admiring（大正小负） correct but limited correct and incomplete b. 由修饰词所限定的评价词： partially (correct); qualified (approval)（打了折扣的，有限制的）； guarded (criticism) （慎重的）；tentative (acceptance)（暂时的，尝试性的） reluctant (criticism)（不情愿的）；enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation 还有INFER 题我真的对他没什么把握，他对应试者的素质要求很高。 三.该拿分的定位题 --需要重点练习迅速定位.精确改写的技巧！！细节题目有时考的很偏应尽量拿分再次提醒不要用背景知识答题。 1．in order to题型(example的作用？) ①原文先总结,后example,则应该往前定位 标志:for example/for instance/such as/like ②原文先example,后总结归纳,则应该往后定位 标志:thus, hence, conclusion ③如果没有任何标志,则前后为顺接关系,一般为先结论后举例,往前定位 2强对比取非题 ①简单强对化 unlike, in contrast to, compared with ②时间强对比---时间可能有变化，比如原文1970S，选项为30 DECADES AGO，等等 3．态度题 4．主题问TITLE题 5，决大多数细节题，关键看你的敏感度和瞬间记忆，作完主题题再查找也可以。 本人做阅读两遍操作 下面说说我的思维过程（很多是新东方教的再结合网友经验）： 1第一段详细读,集中最高注意力的读,每一句都读（因为判断套路60%看第一段能做出个预测）. 2 每段首句好好读,尽可能多的把握其用意,尤其是和文章结构的关系,在这样结构的文章中充当什么角色 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合。重点要读读新观点 如果这一段是个研究,试验,则明白它的研究对象, 看到启程转合,凝神静看。放慢速度. 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合!其中重点读新观点,旧观点略! 如果这一段讲的是个具体的内容,进程,事件,原理...则基本不要读,知道他讲什么就够了!读转折词,这是为了看看是否有意外的观点!没有,则可以做题了! 遇到however ,in fact ,is driven to, purpose of, instead of, not...but..., unlike, contrast. 等等等有指导意义的词组,要慢读,并且使劲记住主体词! 例如涉及到谁,反对了什么。全文中for example, for instance等不读.想一下是针对谁举的例 子就可以,记住,例子的目的远远比内容要重要. 末句之重要!因为文章该结束了,作者一般在这 个时候必须给读者一个交待,所以通常讲出一些比较有指导意义的话! 对于文章末句要予以高度关注,尤其是末断的让步!一般不能撼动前面作者一直持续的态度,只是作者为了严谨客观起见的阐述. 3。同时划记号 如： 主题结构类(主题.organization.各段作用.各段结构.态度.写作；) in order to题,imply题,所以遇到in order to一定要笔记； 大写名词,斜体字,一定要记 强对比(rather than. unlike.) 列举,3个以上的列举 连词(not..but..; not only..but also.. ;no longer ..but 缺陷,尤其是unless怎样怎样,就更好,一定要笔记 最后还有细节题。这种题型相对有一些难度,但是如果对段落的把握比较好,就好定。这要求在读文的时候有意识记住，对瞬间记忆要求高 4读完后不急作题，花10秒理一下思路和结构，先做主题题 INORDER TO 提等和全文有关的题目 ‎ 5。细节题目，第二遍查找式阅读因为对主题把握的好，又记录了一些细节，所以相对速度还凑活 后记： 方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，这也是我主持这次讨论的原因，对自己一段时间的学习做个检讨，总结。我的这些意见只提供参考，总之，作题，分析是为了提高分数，方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，但我建议大家还是学会预测。顶级高手确实一遍就过。‎ 一． 阅读的整体解题思路：三步走 1． 第一步：通读全文，抓住中心。（不推荐采用先看题目后读文章的做法） 在此过程中，注意把握三个阅读原则： ⑴原则一：1∶1原则（通读时间与做题时间对等） ⑵原则二：首段原则（不要怕重复和回读）首段的作用：①中心段 ②抛砖引玉 ⑶原则三：首末句原则，即除首段和末段，其余各段的首末句一定要读懂，其他各句正常阅读 2． 第二步：仔细审题，返回原文。 3． 第三步：重叠选项，得出答案。具体来讲，可以设原文意思为A，选项意思为B 若A=B，则B为正确答案； 若A、B不相关，则B不为正确答案，即原文没有提到的，一定不是答案； 若B为A的反面，即B与A矛盾，则B不为正确答案； 若A的内容包含B，则B为正确答案； 若B的内容包含A，则B不为正确答案，属于扩大范围的错误； 若A、B有交集不重叠，则B不为正确答案。 必须记住：选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。 二． 宏观阅读技巧： 1． 一种文章模式：花开两朵，各表一枝。即在文章开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段论述。这种文章关键是两个概念的定义，以及它们的区别和联系。 2． 一种文章模式：出现独句段，即一个句子单独成段。特别是当其出现在文章最开始或结束的时候，它一般是文章的中心思想。 3． 一种文章模式：层层递进。文章整体或几个段落论述的问题有从抽象到具体、从初级到高级、从简单到复杂的过程，且各段开始都出现递进词。这种文章的中心或几段的核心观点必然出现在层层递进各段的最后一段。 4． 一种文章模式：问题答案型（question-answer）。文章第一段中出现一个问题，在随后各段提供该问题的答案。这种文章的中心就是该问题最直接最主要的答案。 5． 时文的特点：⑴耸人听闻，吸引眼球 ⑵貌似客观 ⑶抛砖引玉 一般来说，时文的中心会出现在首段的最后一句话或第二段的首句。 ‎ 三． 微观阅读技巧： 1． 句子中的标点符号的作用： ⑴ 句号：用来分割句子。 ⑵ 逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后，是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。 ⑶ 冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。 ⑷ 分号：分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。 ⑸ 破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，是补充说明成分，可以先不看。 ⑹ 引号：一种是引用别人观点，其作用要么是作为支持的观点，要么作为批判的对象；另一 种是说反话，表示反语。 ⑺ 括号：括号内的内容起补充说明或解释词义的作用。 2． 长难句解析方法：先抓主干，找出复杂句最核心的成分，再层层扩展。 3． 类比关系： ⑴ 可以把类比看作特殊的例证 ⑵ 识别一下，作者把什么比喻成了什么 4． 常见的长难句种的基本语法结构： ⑴ 形式主语或宾语 ⑵ 强调结构 ⑶ 非限定性定语从句 ⑷ 同位语从句 ⑸ 倒装结构 ⑹ 虚拟语气 ‎ ‎ ⑺ 省略 5． 虚拟语气：表达一种反事实假设。 例如：If you were/had come here yesterday, you would have seen that famous professor. 作者用虚拟语气一般表示建议、态度和观点。 ‎ 四． 九大题型解题思路详解： 1． 细节事实题： ⑴ 标志： ①题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息 ②针对文章中的一句或几句发问 ③题干和选项之间是因果关系 ⑵ 做题的关键在于：返回原文 ①根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文 ②根据出题顺序返回原文（60％的准度） ③根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词，70％的准度） ④找原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。 ⑶ 迷惑人的手段： ①单词替换 ②颠倒因果 ③扩大范围 ④常识判断 2． 例证题： ⑴ 标志：case example illustration demonstration exemplify demonstrate illustrate ⑵ 做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于能否看懂例子 ⑶ 做题的步骤： ①首先返回原文定位该例子 ②然后80％向上、20％向下搜索该例子支持的论点 ③在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个才是正确答案 3． 词汇题： ⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思 ⑵ 做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文 ⑶ 如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义 ⑷ 做题的方法：可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理： ①代入替换法 ②在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组 4． 句子理解题： ⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话，要求理解其意思 ⑵ 做题的关键在于：返回原文对出题的句子进行语法解析，要精确理解其涵义 ⑶ 做此类题目时重要的并不是上下文，而是句子本身 ⑷ 正确答案与原句之间是一种同义关系，其中没有任何推理过程 5． 指代题： ⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词，要求辨别其指代关系。 常考的指代词有：it that one ⑵ 做题的步骤： ①首先返回原文定位该指代词，并且90％向上、10％向下搜索其指代的词、词组或句子 ②然后在四个选项中找出与所找到的词、词组或句子意思最接近的一个作为答案 6． 推理题： ⑴ 标志：关键词：infer imply ⑵ 整体思路： ①绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系 ②做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系 ⑶ 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案 ‎7． 作者态度题： ⑴ 标志：关键词：attitude believe deem consider regard ⑵ 作者态度只分为三大类： ①支持、赞同、乐观 ②客观、中立 ③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观 除此之外，没有其他的作者态度 ⑶ 有些选项是固定不能作为正确答案的：indifferent subjective biased puzzling ⑷ 识别作者态度有以下方法： ①找文中带有感情色彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词 ②根据作者举的例子判断 8． 判断题： ⑴ 标志： ①which of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned? ②All of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except? ⑵ 整体思路： ①首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错 所谓“对”是指符合原文 所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及 ②每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断 ⑶ 特别关注： ①转折处 ②最高级 ③感情色彩的词（褒贬含义） 9． 主旨题： ⑴ 标志：best title main idea main problem conclusion ⑵ 整体思路：利用宏观阅读技巧做主旨题 ⑶ 特别要小心首段、末段陷阱 ⑷ 做题的方法：快速作文法：依据选项、快速作文、与原文核对 ‎ 五． 复习策略和方法： 1． 精读真题：要求做到 标准一：真题中没有任何一个单词是生词 标准二：真题中没有任何一个长句是难句 标准三：真题中每个选项都知道其在原文中的相应出处 复习方法：⑴ 朗读和背诵 ⑵ 制作三套卡片： ①单词：正面单词，背面音标及意思 ②长难句：正面原句，背面翻译 ③精彩表达的积累，用于写作 2． 快速重复背单词：强调背诵的“快”和“重复” ⑴ 要降低一次背诵的期望值，重复是解决遗忘的最好办法 ⑵ 背单词不要利用黄金时间和整块时间 3． 定量定范围泛读 ⑴ 推荐书目：《大纲》《考试分析》《英语阅读理解高分宝典》《英语考前冲刺》 ⑵ 推荐刊物：①《China Daily》主要看的版面：business world economy culture opinion ②《21st Century》 ③《英语世界》《英语》《经济学家(economist)》《US news and world reports》 ⑶ 推荐小说：可以看看海明威的作品 ⑷ 推荐语法书：①《中学生英语语法》 ②《Cambridge English Grammar》 ⑸ 推荐字典：①《牛津高级学习者词典》 《朗文当代英语词典》 ②《韦氏大学版词典》 4． 做少量模拟题 ⑴ 验证自己在真题中形成的解题思路 ‎ ⑵ 扩大阅读范围 注意：一定要做错误分析！‎ 阅读40分高分研究(很长 但大家研究一下肯定有好处) 二选一，50%概率求解的方法： “反义项，解在其中” “形似项，解在其中” “近义项，解在其中” 实战出真知，技巧是从大量试题中总结出来的，要想真正掌握技巧，那就要去实战中去。请大家继续阅读本书，当您读完本书后，再重读本篇，体会一下是否对此有更深入的理解？是否有新的感觉？ 十三、万无一失的答题方法 *从正面解题，抓住文章的中心思想，掌握文章的脉络结构，明查文章的细枝末节。 *从反面验证解的合理性，及命题的合理性，避开陷阱，排除隐患。 *不但要知道哪一个是解，解对在那里，而且还要知道其余三个非解选项（即干扰项）错在什么地方。 如果您能够做到以上三个方面，（注意此三者并无因定顺序，尤其是在答题遇到不顺利的情况下），那您才真正达到高手做题的那种与世无争、独孤求败的境界。这与其说是方法，不如说是境界，没有非凡的阅读能力，只能是纸上谈兵。如果您现在没有此能力，不要着急，那就请您将它看作是您今后奋斗的目标，催人奋进的动力。 ‎ 第三部分 阅读之盘龙云海篇---------阅读潜在命题点的挖掘 ‎ 第一节 阅读理解基本理论 ‎ 三、如何在文章中做记号 善于阅读的人往往在文章的某些句子或词语下面划线，表示重要，以便以后查找方便。实践证明，这种方法在考试中是非常有效的。因为通过标出重点，你的阅读更活跃，思维更积极，注意力集中，减少大脑“走私”。文章较长(450词左右)，考生很难记住所有的内容，甚至段落大意都可能忘记，而考题只有五个，不可能所有的句子都重要，都被考到。实际上看懂大部分句子就可以了。对主要句子，如表达中心思想、段落大意的句子，应该标出并重点阅读。 1． 文章主旨句 主旨句也就是中心思想句，通常在第一段，可以是第一句，也可能是最后一句，据有人统计位于最后一句的几率高于第一句。主旨句偶尔出现在末段，有的主旨句甚至是文章中间某段中的某句。主旨句的特点是：1)是作者的观点(不是他人的观点，不是描写/说明，也不是事实)。2)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对他人观点的批驳。3)作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。4)主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。5)常常结构复杂(命题者有意安排所致)。 例1 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. (可读性：33 难度：12级) ①是说明句，交代背景“计算机走进课堂的支持者有两派，这两派之间的界限是无形的。”②是主旨句，说明主题——两派之间的这种差异说明“计算机走进课堂的运动”本质上是错误的。 例2 Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. (可读性：58.5 难度: 8.7级) ①引出话题“巨型水坝”。②解释修水坝的原因。③转折。④是主旨句“一些巨型水坝弊大于利。” 例3 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. (可读性：45 难度：10.9级) ①引出话题“超常儿童”。②是主旨句“为了充分发展超常儿童的潜力，对他们的教育必须适应他们的特点”。 例4 Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of . It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it ‎ possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an srticle consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it claimed for it ,and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.(360 words 可读性：49.8 难度：11.5级) 文章话题是广告。这篇文章主旨句显然不在第一段，而是在第三段。该段是前两段的内容的总结：广告是带来前所未有的物质上的好处的力量。后两段(4、5段)话题为与他人争辩广告的劝说作用，认为广告就是要劝另人购买。 2． 段落主题句(TOPIC SENTENCE) 除了标出篇章的主旨句外，标出各段的主题句同样重要。每一段都有一个段的中心句，也有人叫它段落大意句、段中心思想句等等。主题句是考试重点，很多题目都是围绕着段中心设计的。确定主题句不仅有利于确定文章主旨，还有利读懂细节题，因此主题句的确定是阅读的关键。 主题句的特点：1)通常是第一句话，偶尔是最后一句，段中少见。2)是观点(不是描写/说明、不是事实)。可能是作者的观点，也可能是他人的观点。3)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者认为其他人的观点是错误的/偏激的等等。4)作者的观点只能有一个。主题句只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。5)具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。 例1 And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. (可读性：68.6 难度：7.8级) Q：What is the myth concerning giant dams? [A] They bring in more fertile soil. They help defend the country. [C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters. 解析：主题句为①“控制该河段水域的神话依然继续着。”下面的句子是两个个体例子说明主题句。所以[D]“他们有对河流水域的完全控制权”正确。 例2 You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old ,sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it , to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also,the most rare. (可读性：51.4 难度：11.1级) ‎ ‎ 1. In the paragraph, the author tells us that [A] difficulties are part of everyone’s life. depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life. [C] everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances. [D] good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence. 2. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare? [A] Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness. Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness. [C] Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B.D.’S. [D] Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances. 分析：①为主题句“知道如何面对逆境才是真正的聪明人。”②~⑦支持主题句：②③④⑤说“对于所有人来说困难和矛盾是人生的不可避免的一部分”。⑥但有些人成功地避免了不幸，而有些人却精神崩溃。⑦重申主题句。“那些认识到困难是人生必然存在的事物，不以有无困难来衡量愉快与否，是最聪明的人，也是很罕见的人。”答案：1.[A] 2. ‎ ‎3． 题干与选项中的关键词 仔细读考题，从考题中找出关键词，目的是确定考的是什么，考文章中的哪一段、哪一句。常见的关键词包括题干中重要的普通名词或专有名词，形容词、副词的最高级，四个选项中相同、相近词或者相关内容。在这些关键词的指引下寻找对应的句子或段落。有的时候关键词可以是各种词类，非常隐蔽，需要非常细心才能找到。 例1 “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”(可读性：57.3 难度：9.6) Q: The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to [A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade. indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright. [C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years. [D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered.(实考试题) 解析：Pasteur是关键词，在文章中先找到Pasteur很容易，这样就确定了所考的段落。由于篇幅所限，本文没有引证所有的段落(请参看1994年全国统考试题Passage4)。纵读全文，大家会进一步体会到这种方法的好处的。正确理解提到Pasteur的相关句子便可知道：治愈癌症还要等很多年。所以答案是[D]。 例2 Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S.‎ and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S.‎ contribution to global climatic change. (可读性：47.47 难度：12级) Q：From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will [A] consume half of the oil produced in the world. have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations. [C] widen the gap between the developed and developing countries. [D] impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities. 解析：关键词是increased use of cars, 并且和③中vehicle use continues to increase相呼应，确定考点在此句。③“美国和其他国家将不得不做出选择，或者处理这些问题，或者面临不堪设想的经济、健康以及政治后果。”可见答案为。 四、正确选项和错误选项的特点 在本书中，正确的选项称为解，错误的选项称为干扰项。了解这两种选项的特点就是要了解命题者的思路。命题者都是英语水平相当高的英语专家，专门研究过英语测试理论，有丰富的命题经验，对中国考生的英语水平和特点有非常深的了解。这些特点，是外国专家所难以具备的。 ‎ ‎ 出题者命题碰到的第一个问题是选材。文章的来源决不可能是学生学过的教材，或者市场上出售的教辅和模拟题。他们要从考生不易得到的、不熟悉的、不经常读的材料中选择。这些材料包括英语国家的报刊杂志，以及众多的普通读物。命题要考虑到文章要有一定的难度，对于话题考生不能太陌生，当然太熟悉也不行。文章要有一定的完整性，即使是从一篇长文章摘下来的一部分，其本身也要相对独立，要有中心思想等。然后就是确定题眼(考点)，一篇文章只考5道题，不可能所有内容都考，这就要确定考什么。总的原则是文章哪里难就考哪。特别是中国学生不易理解之处就可能成为考点。常考的包括长难句的理解、逻辑推测能力以及段落或文章的中心思想等。考点确定之后，就是写解和设置干扰项。两者的特点如下： 1． 正确选项的特点 设置正确选项(解)的一个常用方法就是同义替换或释义(paraphrase)，即把文中语言改头换面，运用与原文不同的结构、不同的词汇，来表达相同或类似的意思。常见的形式有： 1)正确选项大量使用原文的同义词或同义结构 例1 Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. (可读性：56.8 难度：10.1) Q：While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to [A] alert themselves to the approaching enemy. emerge from water now and then to breathe. [C] be sensitive to the ever-changing environment. [D] avoid being swept away by rapid currents.(实考试题) 解析：解是②的改写，原文和答案词汇比较如下： ‎ 答案中的词汇实际上是文中词汇的英语释义。答案是。 例2 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. (可读性：42.4 难度：12级) Q：Physical dependence on certain substances results from [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time. exclusive use of them for social purposes. [C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases. [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms.(实考试题) 解析：解是④的改写，原文和答案词汇与结构比较如下： ‎ 解中词汇比文中词汇难而且长。答案是[A]。 ‎ 例3 There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (可读性：37.8 难度：12级) Q：The official statistics on productivity growth [A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle. fall short of businessmen’s anticipation. [C] meet the expectation of business people. [D] fail to reflect the true of economy. 解析：原文和答案词汇与结构比较如下： ‎ ‎ 答案词汇比文中词汇简单，主要考查对原文词汇是否真正理解了。答案是。 ‎ ‎ 2)正确选项频繁使用原文的反义词加上反义结构来表达与原文相同的意思，如： He is old. He is no longer young. 句子结构一个是肯定形式，一个是否定形式，考查考生对这两种结构的理解。 ‎ ‎ 例 Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he con speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. (可读性：73.2 难度：8.0级) Q：If a child starts to speak later than others, he will [A] have a high IQ. be less intelligent. [C] be insensitive to verbal signals. [D] not necessarily be backward.(实考试题) 解析：解是①后半句双重否定的改写，原文和答案词汇比较如下： ‎ 答案是[D] ‎ ‎3)正确选项是原文的总体或局部 总体和局部(或称一般和特殊)的关系主要表现为：一般是特殊的总和，特殊为一般的属性。这种题型考查类比推理能力。 例 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. (可读性：51.9 难度：11.6级) Q: A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when [A] he has given up his smoking habit. he has made great efforts in his work. [C] he is keen on learning anything new. [D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey. (实考试题) 解析：题干中generally是关键词，与②中generally相对。②：“人们通常认为个人的成长是外在的成果或产物，是容易辨别和衡量的”，正确答案必须符合“外在”、“易辨别和衡量”这两个一般特征。[A]“当一个人戒了烟”，烟戒了是一种易辨别的、外在的“成果”，与“升职”等相似，属于特殊的情况。故[A]正确。 ‎ ‎4)正确选项常常是原文长难句的简单化解释 难句是所有考试必考的内容。难句之所以难有三方面的原因：A)句子结构复杂；表达抽象；C)词难。所以很多题目都围绕着难句做文章，通常使用简单的结构或词汇对难句做浅显、具体的解释。 例1 Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one‘s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.” (可读性：58.1 难度：10.6级) Q: Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person [A] whose front view is fully perceived. whose face is covered with a mask. [C] whose face is seen from the side. [D] whose face is free of any covering. 解析：本题考查对④的理解。特别是presented in profile。profile这里的词义是“侧面像”，所以[C]whose face is seen from the side“从侧面看去”正确。 例2 ‎ ‎ But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every commonsense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. (可读性：35.7 难度：12级) 1.The author’s biggest concern is [A] elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics. the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S. [C] the musical setting American readers require for reading. [D] the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class. 2.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is [A] their fondness of music and TV programs. their ignorance of various forms of art and literature. [C] their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding. [D] their inability to focus on conflicting input. 解析： 1.本题考查对①的理解。该句长达62个词。全句主干结构为my worry…is less that of…than…“与其说……不如说……”。作者说“我虽然担心初级读者在读写方面存在的问题，但我更担心的是中等阶层读者阅读技能的问题”。接着作者描述了问题所在，从of his unwillingness开始，作者说“他们不能在安静的环境下读书，不能专心……”。所以[D]“中等阶层的阅读能力和阅读行为”是整句的概括。 2.本题考查对倒数第二句的理解，该句长达66个词，有两个分句，用分号隔开。第一个分句大意为：这种阅读时不专心、不安静、不独处的情况是读写最大的问题。go to the heart of 是固定短语，意为“（问题）最重要的方面”。第二个分句更复杂，难点为作者把render sth. +adj.(使什么怎么样)句型倒装，形容词提前，名词退后，因为名词部分较长。难词有apprehension“理解”，pay tribute to “崇敬”。大意为：这种伴随着背景音乐边读边理解的阅读方式是不可能做到真正理解和专心致志的，更不用说我们欣赏诗歌时还需要的崇敬之情了。所以[C]“他们不专心，缺乏基本的理解”是两个分句的综合，是答案。 5）正确选项是对原文引语的解释 文章的引语通常较难，因为作者之所以引述他人的话是因为自己的话无论怎么说都没有他人说得准确、说得好。引语的目的不是夸耀他人，而是用来论证说明自己的观点。引语是经常考查的内容，题干形式有两种：The author quotes…because…;the author quotes…to illustrate… 例 “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?” The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.(可读性：473 难度：12级) Q：The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in paragraph 1 because [A] Rudolph Flesch is best-known expert in the study of human creativity. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things. [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view. [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented.(实考试题) ‎ ‎ 解析：这句引语含义：“创造性的思维也许仅仅意味着认识到按常规做事并没有什么不寻常的素质”，下一段的前两句说“创造性思维起始于这样一个命题：一切东西都不是它表现出来的那样。革新家们认为做任何事都不是只有一种方法。”将这两点综合考虑可知，作者引用Rudolph只不过是为了进一步证明自己的观点，即创新者总是寻找做事的新方法，这与完全一致。 正确选项的下面的几个特点是英语的重点和难点。这些特点总的特征是答案具有高度概括性、归纳性、总结性、抽象性和推理性。这或许就是英语为什么比六级难的原因。 ‎ ‎6）正确选项是文中例证或事实的归纳总结 例1 Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a Percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(可读性：49 难度：10.9级) Q：From the passage we learn that [A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates. economy will always follow certain models. [C] the economic situation is better than expected. [D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation.(实考试题) 解析：综合推断题。这两段并不难，有大量数据，问题考查从这些数据可以归纳出什么。第二句说通货膨胀率降到了2.3%;第三句：这（低膨胀率）比多数经济学家预测的还要低，综合这一切可以推断：经济形势比预计的要好。故[C]正确。 例2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether of not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society”is not on the horizon-it’s already here.（可读性：45.3 难度：12级） Q：According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to [A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes. obtain more convenient services than other people do. [C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper. [D] cash money wherever he wishes to.(实考试题) 解析：对②、③概括，信用卡使持卡者比其他人享有更多的便利服务，可知正确。[A]、[D]两项均过于绝对，且与文意不符；[C]“持卡者得到店主更大的信任”文中未提及，也应排除。 例3 For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.(可读性：54.2 难度：10.2级) Q：Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers [A]to improve their hard life. in view of their long-distance travel. [C]to add some flavor to their own daily life. [D]out of a charitable impulse.(实考试题) ‎ ‎ 解析：大意为：过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来对居民们单调生活是一种可喜的调节。无聊、孤独对相距很远的家庭来说是普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者给他们的生活带来了娱乐消遣，因而受欢迎；同时还带来了外面世界的信息。可见，边远地区的人们对陌生人（游客）如此热情是因为这给他们的生活增添了乐趣，所以[C]正确。[A]“为了改善他们的艰苦生活”言过其实；“于由游客漫长的旅途”不够确切。 7）正确选项是对段落中心/大意，或者篇章中心的归纳总结 例1 Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child rearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each other’s strengths.(可读性：65.7 难度：7.7级) Q：The paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is [A] husband and wife can share house work. two adults are always better than one. [C] the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully recognized. [D] husband and wife can compensate for each other’s shortcoming. 解析：本段的话题是子女抚养中母亲或父亲的作用，如果双方互相支持，可以弥补对方的缺陷。可见[D]“夫妇可互相补偿彼此缺点”是段落中心的概括，符合题意。[A]“夫妇可共同做家务劳动”和 “两个总比一个好”都是根据生活常识编造的选项（合理项，参见本书“错误选项的特征”一节）；[C]“母亲的重要性可以得到充分认可”，表达片面。 例2 Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line-stand, at leas to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. (可读性：39.2 难度：12级) Q: In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman [A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression. softened his tone and adopted some new policy. [C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection. [D] received more support from the 15-member board. 解析：①由于上周发生的争执，Levin可能放弃强硬立场。③Levin宣布，公司将尽力对可能招致人们反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准。综合这两镍可推断“Levin缓和了语气并采取一些新政策”正确。[A]正反倒置，错误；[C]说的程度太过了，Levin还不至于会改变态度，屈服于对方；[D]论据不足。 ‎ ‎8)正确选项是原文某段文字的推理 例 Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter in the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/ evolution debate. (可读性：57.2 难度：9.6级) Q: From the passage we can infer that [A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate. creationists do not base their argument on reasoning. [C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists. [D] creationism is supported by scientific findings. 解析：本段意思是：金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论所以明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于神造论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬.杰.古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的是理性”。的确——如果理性是神造论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。最后一句是个带有倒装结构的虚拟语气句子，转换成正常语序是：If reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate, all would be well. 推断神造论是非理性的，故正确。 ‎ ‎2． 干扰项的特点 ‎ 错误选项，也叫干扰项，也戏称陷阱，是出题者(中国出题专家)的拿手好戏。对错选项的分析从某种角度来说比正确选项更有意义。因为在实际做题时，考生做的大部分工作是排除三个错误选项。有时问题集中在两个选项上，考生明明知道答案就在这两个选项中，可是很难判断究竟哪个是错的。 总的来说，干扰项从语言和内容两方面欺骗考生。虽然花样很多，但总是有些规律可循的。出题者在编错误选项时，就像一个大骗子，试想骗子的伎俩有哪些呢？首先是把假的说成真的，所谓以假乱真，其次是真真假假，虚虚实实，所谓掉包，再次是夸大其词，或以偏概全，一会儿把苹果说成灵丹妙药，一会儿又说灵丹妙药根本不存在。对干扰项的对策有以下7种： 1． 合理项：文章中没提到，利用生活常识编造出来的选项同。对策：做题不可凭空想象，一切都要从文中找依据。在相当多的情况下“项不是解”。 2． 断章取义：使用文章中出现的词语或类似的结构仿造。对策：原词越多，对的可能性越小。 3． 小动作：错误选项和原文句子几乎一样，但在细微之处做了手脚，改动了几个小词，使得意思和原文不相符。对策：仔细，仔细，再仔细！不仅要看大意，更要看细节。 4． 以偏概全：就是用文章中的细节片面的、次要的观点回答问题。对策：时刻要有一种博大的胸襟。 5． 张冠李戴(把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，把他人的观点说成是作者的观点)、正反倒置(把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点)、因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)。对策：头脑清楚。 6． 过度引申：测试推理能力是很正常的，但有相当多的选项，过度推理，超出文章的范围。对策：掌握好分寸。 7． 字面意思：被测试的单词或短语，实际(深层)含义和表面上个别词汇的意思不同。出题者经常用表面意思作为干扰项。对策：字面意思不是解。 例 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity — are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyams, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.” But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (可读性：34.9 难度：12级) 1． In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was [A] under aimless development. a positive example. [C] a rival to the West. [D] on the decline. 2. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? [A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.‎ ‎ More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. [C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics. [D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 3. Which of the following is true according to the author? [A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. [C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. [D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 解析： 1． <1 >①“缺乏目标从来就不是战后日本的典型特征，日本国的生产率和社会的和谐令欧美人羡慕”，可见战后日本是一个正面榜样，故正确。[A]小动作：把 <1 >①关键词保留下来，但hardly去掉了，结果意思大相径庭，原文的否定变成了肯定；[C]字面意思：envy(羡慕，嫉妒)的字面意思；[D]断章取义：使用②中“decline”编造。 2． 题干关键词为chiefly 和be responsible for。 <3 >末句：日本教育大臣说过，二战后占领日本的美国当局进行自由化改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观。 <4 >①：但是，这(道德)也计与日本人的生活方式关系更大。将两句联在一起看，作者认为日本社会道德下降的主要原因是[D]“生活方式受了西方价值观的影响”，故[D]正确。[A]正反倒置。 <2 >①提到女性进入男性占主导地位的人才市场，和[A]正好相反，而且[A]也是符合生活常识的合理项。以偏概全。借用了 <2 >末句的完整意思，但是该句不是观点，而是一次调查结果，是具体的事实，并非全部。[C]以偏概全。 <3 >①：由于重视基础知识，所以忽视了其他方面的教育。 <4 >①：但是，这(道德下降)也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。所以[C]是次要原因。 3． <3 >①：“尽管由于强调基础教育而受到外国人的赞赏，但是日本教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视创造性及自我表现”，作者暗示日本教育更应该强调创造能力的培养，所以[C]正确。[A]断章取义。将 <2 >①中“climbing…social ladder”和 <3 >①中“often praised by foreigners for”拼在一起唬人。小动作。将 <3 >①中over改成as well as。失之毫厘，谬以千里。[D]因果倒置。 <3 >③：考试失败导致学生辍学。[D]颠倒了因果关系。‎ 阅读最后冲刺阅读突破——技巧与总结 四大问题 1．已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？原因： ①精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。如02年60题 ②学会看选项的方法： a 找最贴近原文意思的选项 b 去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点 c 分清褒贬 d 分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词。如同为贬义，则一般挑那个程度小的选项 e 看清范围，分清是整体还是局部 特别关注：在动词意义相近的情况下，千万关注其涉及的名词！！因为选项中的名词一般都与原文中的名词一样，很难做替换 ③如何判断选项： a 在遇到两个意思很相近的选项时：特别是假设A选项正确，还能推出B选项也正确的时候，究竟选哪个？要选B选项！！因为通常B选项的范围包括了A，即B大于A，所以B正确。 原文、问题、选项三者相比较，重要性最高的是问题！！！其次是选项！！最后是原文！ b 只挑最好的：对应的好于不知道的，不知道的好于不对应的 所谓“不对应的”是指：能明确确定该选项与题目要求不符 所谓“不知道的”是指：在实战中以自身水平无法明确判断该选项的意思是否在原文出现过以及能否对应于题目 考场心态：必要性思维——正确选项未必能充分完整地表达原文意思，而只要沾边即可。反之，不沾边的必错！ c 根据内容沾边客观地决定最佳选项，因此最佳选项是通过在四个选项中比较得出的，而非直接凭自己对原文的推断得出，注意不要推！ ‎ ‎2．根本没找到对应处，为什么？ ①原文没明说 ②与原文表达并不完全一样 看问题时，抓什么？ ① 如果是细节定位的题目，则强调局部性，“不是找不到，而是要找与问题沾边的” ② 如果所问的信息点在原文中布满全篇，则此点不关注，并且对任何一篇文章都可以提问的问题部分，通通不关注，而且不必关注动词，只看题干中剩下的部分，一般会是个核心名词，这时用这个核心名词定位原文，再找与这个核心名词沾边的选项，通过意思上的一致性比较后得出答案。如01年61题 ‎ ‎、00年64题 注意： 问题的作用仅仅在于提醒我们该用什么信息做题！ 原文的作用仅在于客观地复制到脑中，以为选择选项的依据，不要有任何主观加工推理！据此可以先排除明显不对的选项，对于剩下的选项只挑最佳的，而不是挑最正确的！所以，我们的结论是：原文看不懂，照样解对题目！！唯独对于词汇题，这种方法可能失灵，因为在一句话任何单词都不认识的情况下无从选择，这时一般来讲，选A的概率较大。 选项的作用在于要求我们对排除了明显不沾边的选项后，对剩下的选项要反复比较，不可轻易否定，在实战中，要求要快速分辨出选项的差异点。 ‎ ‎3．对于根本没办法找对应信息点的题目，怎么办？ 比如：题干是：原文告诉我们什么？ 作者同意什么？ 文章的主题？ 作者的态度？ 其实我们读文章时，最基本的要弄明白：①该文章在说谁？（围绕谁说）②是好是坏还是中立？ 文章中最重要的部分有4个部分：段首句，段尾句，转折处，文章末尾！注意：这4个部分任一部分但凡伴随着具体事务、具体信息的，立刻成为非重点。比如02年54题55题 01年67题 00年58题 ‎ ‎4．对于直接问下面哪项是正确的，怎么办？ 这种题目无技巧可言，只好返回原文，重叠选项！ ‎ ‎5．对于两个极其相似的选项，如何判断？ ① 必须精确定位！对于两个选项犹疑不定，很可能是由于原文读的信息多了，因此实际上有一个根本不沾边 ② 关键要先分清两个选项的区别到底在何处，然后再对比原文选择！ ③ 对于考察整体性的题目，不是根据选项中个别单词与原文一致而选择，而是要注重选项的整体意义 如03年43题C和D 48题ABD ‎ 最后的话： 当被选项搞的犯晕时，千万别自乱阵脚，千万记住任何答案要从原文中找，不可主观臆断！！！ 另外千万看清是到底是在问什么、要我们找什么，以利于精确定位，注意选项对比的“好坏”和“范围”原则！！！‎ 一.阅读理解命题干扰项的特点: 1.看似合理,实则以偏概全,断章取义. 惯用手法:利用生活常识编造选项,把文中事实细节当主旨 应对方法:从文中找依据,找答案,"合理项"不一定就是正确选项 2.偷梁换柱,张冠李戴. 惯用手法:对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置, 把A的观点说成B的观点. 应对方法:过于相似的选项不一定正确,"原词越多,对的可能性越小". 3.用常规含义代替偏用词义. 惯用手法:用常规词义麻痹考生. 应对方法:掌握熟词生义,并根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义 4.过度引申. 惯用手法:备选项虽是由文章推出,但是却超出文章范围 应对方法:切勿过度发挥,一切以原文为本. 二.各类题型的特点及解答技巧 (一)主旨题 1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结. 2.主旨题的解题技巧 *不管它出现在文章的什么位置,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理解有帮助 *着重理解首末段,首末句 *主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕 3.主旨题的注意事项: *段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句 *作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨 *首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨 *提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等 4.选项特点:‎ ‎ 正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词 干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统 (二)作者观点和态度题 1.作者态度题的解题技巧 *作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案 *漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心 *不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度 *当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度 *作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联 [注]新趋势: *不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度 *选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度限制的词 *一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic等 *持有保留态度的比较客观,常常是正确选项,如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent等 (三)词义/句义题 1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思 2.词义题的解题技巧: *根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则 <1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思 <2>不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思 *正确选项不是熟词的常规含义 3.猜测词义的方法: *构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义 *词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测 *找同义词,同义解释,反义词,反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义 *找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测 4.句义题的解题技巧 *正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语,而是使用不肯定语气或意义解释深刻 *含原文词或短语越多,就越不可能是正确选项 (四)推理引申题 1.推理引申题的选项特点与答题技巧 干扰项的特点 *只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理 *看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等 *根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准 *推理过头,引申过渡 正确选项的特点 *不是文中明确说明的内容,没有引申推理就不是正确选项 *正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项 [注意] *注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句,它们往往采用说半句,打比喻,反着说的方式,让考生有推理的余地 *注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子.考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命题点所在 (五)事实细节题 1.事实细节题的选项特点 正确选项特点 *一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思 题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值 体现中心思想,一篇试题的细节与主旨直接关联 干扰选项的特点 *部分正确,部分错误 *是原文信息,但是不是题目要求的内容 *符合常识,但不是文章内容 ‎ *与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动 2.事实细节题的解题技巧 *主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题 *文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体 *看细节内容要"跳出来"看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务 *坚决遵循"本本主义",文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题