高中高考总复习被动语态 6页

高考总复习：被动语态 真题再现：‎ ‎1. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now _______ later in life. ‎ A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid ‎2. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______. We must act immediately before there’s nothing left.‎ A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out ‎3. Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I on Friday. ‎ A. get paid B. got paid C. have paid D. had been paid ‎4. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ______.‎ A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt ‎5. —Have you heard about that fire in the market? — Yes, fortunately no one _____. A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt ‎6. The letters for the boss __________ on his desk but he didn’t read them until three days later. ‎ A. were put B. was put C. put D. has put ‎7. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it .‎ A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated ‎ ‎8. Experiments of this kind _____ in both the U.S.‎ and Europe well before the Second World War.‎ A. have conducted B. have been conducted ‎ C. had conducted D. had been conducted ‎9. —I didn’t ask for the name list. Why _____ on my desk?‎ ‎—I put it there just now in case you needed it.‎ A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed ‎10. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _____ four days later.‎ A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued 答案与解析 ‎1. A。从don’t可知语境为现在，排除B、D；而later in life可知为将来的动作，意为“被给予回报”，故选A。 ‎ ‎2. B。分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。‎ ‎3. A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是动宾关系，所以选A。‎ ‎4. A。句意为：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用被动语态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。‎ ‎5. B。根据语境，火灾发生在过去的时间，人有可能“被火伤害”，用一般过去时的被动语态。‎ ‎6. A。句子的主语为the letters，不能选择第三人称单数形式，排除B, D项；而且信应该是“被放在桌上”，选择被动语态。‎ ‎7. D。It指代the reading-room，所以只能用被动，考虑到only to be told表示结果，所以选择D。‎ ‎8. D。experiment和conduct之间为被动关系，故排除A项和C项。conduct这一动作发生在第二次世界大战之前，即“过去的过去”。‎ ‎9. B。根据句意可知名单现在在桌子上，故用现在时，排除C，D项；句中强调land这一动作对现在产生的结果或影响，用现在完成时。‎ ‎10. B。根据句意，member和rescue之间为被动关系，排除A，C项；另外rescue并不是发生在get lost之前，只是陈述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。‎ 知识讲解：‎ 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。 ‎ 一般现在时：am/is/are +done (过去分词) ‎ English is widely used in the world.‎ 现在完成时：has /have been done ‎ All those flowers have been watered.‎ 现在进行时：am/is /are being done ‎ The blackboard is being painted now.‎ 一般过去时：was/were done ‎ We were asked to help them.‎ 过去完成时：had been done ‎ The building had been completed before I arrived.‎ 过去进行时：was/were being done ‎ The university was being built when I saw last time.‎ 一般将来时：shall/will be done ‎ A class meeting will be held next Monday.‎ 过去将来时：should/would be done ‎ She said the book would be delivered soon. ‎ 将来完成时：shall/will have been done ‎ I will have finished my high school this time next year.‎ 被动语态的特殊结构形式 ‎1.含情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。‎ The books may be kept for two weeks.‎ What’s done cannot be undone. ‎ ‎2. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。‎ Many books were given to the children at the school.‎ Ann wasn’t offered the job. ‎ ‎3. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不变。‎ He was seen sitting there without doing anything.‎ ‎4. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。‎ The poor children were made to work 12 hours a day.‎ She is made to clean the floor.‎ ‎5. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。‎ Bad habits have been done away with．‎ The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible．‎ 使用被动语态的场合 ‎1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。‎ Printing was introduced to Europe from China.‎ ‎2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。‎ Health is valued above everything.‎ ‎3. 为了更好地安排句子。‎ We were shocked by the bad news.‎ ‎“It is said/thought/believed that...”及类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：‎ It is said that… 据说……‎ It is reported that… 据报道……‎ It is believed that… 大家相信……‎ It is hoped that… 大家希望……‎ It is well known that… 众所周知……‎ It is thought that… 大家认为……‎ It is suggested that… 据建议……‎ Somebody/ something be supposed to do... 被期望……；应该 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. ‎ The boy is said to have passed the national exam.‎ I’m supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.‎ 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 ‎1.很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。‎ Glass breaks easily.‎ The car rides smoothly.‎ The dish tastes delicious. ‎ The theory proved right at last.‎ The book is so interesting that it sells well.‎ 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。‎ 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）‎ ‎ The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）‎ ‎2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。‎ Your reason sounds reasonable.‎ 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 ‎1. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。‎ The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）‎ ‎2. 动词不定式的被动形式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。‎ 作主语：‎ It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.‎ 作宾语：‎ She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.‎ 构成复合宾语：‎ He wanted the letter to be typed at once.‎ She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.‎ 构成复合谓语：‎ The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.‎ 作定语：‎ Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office?‎ 作状语：‎ She was too young to be assigned such work.‎ 不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等：‎ It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）‎ She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）‎ He thought it an honor to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）‎ The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）‎ She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）‎ ‎3.不定式的主动形式表示被动 在there be结构中：‎ There is a lot of homework to do (to be done). There is no time to lose (to be lost).‎ 在“n／pron + be + ad.j + to do”结构中作方式状语。‎ He is hard to convince.‎ He is an impossible person to work with．‎ 在“too...to do; enough…to…”结构中：‎ The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)．‎ The house is big enough to live in.‎ 在“with+n.+to do”结构中。‎ With nothing to do，he lay in bed． With so many exercises to do, I can’t go to the cinema．‎ 当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。‎ I have a letter to type today. (I是to type的逻辑主语) Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语)‎ 当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。‎ This is the best book to read (=for us／you to read). The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house.‎ ‎5. rent, blame, let等用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。‎ Who is to blame for starting the fire?‎ ‎“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。‎ She got married last week.‎ The patient got treated once a week．‎ He fell off the car and got killed．‎ There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt.‎ 被动表示主动意义 be seated, be located, be situated, be dressed等用被动形式表达主动意义。‎ Please be seated.‎ Our school is located at the foot of the mountain 被动语态与系表结构的区别 ‎　　当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：‎ ‎1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。‎ The glass is broken． （系表结构）‎ The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）‎ ‎2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。‎ The door is locked． （系表结构）‎ The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）‎ ‎3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。‎ The machine is being repaired．‎ 易错的动词/词组下列词只能用主动语态：marry, lack, belong to, take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续), run out（用光）‎ The young man lacks experience. ‎ He is lacking in courage. ‎ The hall holds 1000 people. ‎ A fire broke out during the night.‎ The meeting lasted (for) two hours.‎ 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后，-ing 形式可以表被动。‎ The plants want watering/to be watered every day.‎ This wall requires painting. ‎ The car needs repairing.‎ 不是所有被动的词组都表被动。‎ be determined, be prepared, be graduated, be occupied, get married, be seated, be drunk, be dressed等表示主动的含义。  ‎ He is graduated from a famous university. ‎ He is fully occupied by everyday work. ‎