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  • 2021-05-13 发布

隆回一中袁志带你玩转高考语法句子结构

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隆回一中高三英语语法复习教学案 句法复习部分——句子 第一节 句子的成分 学案编订:袁志 QQ2673780736(隆回一中) 审定:肖俐老师 本资料的编写是源于湖南省著名英语教育专家罗玉南恩师和肖俐老师的教诲 ‎ 句子由各个部分组成,这些组成部分叫做句子成分。句子开头的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。‎ ‎ 句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主要成分有主语和谓语(英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语);次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。‎ 一、 主语 1、 主语的概述 ‎ 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的过去分词、名词化的形容词、名词化的介词、从句主语等等构成,位置一般在句首。〖但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。〗‎ (1) 名词作主语His room is very tidy (2) 代词作主语We often speak English in class.‎ (3) 数词作主语One-third of the students in this class are girls.‎ (4) 动名词和不定式作主语Smoking does harm to the health.‎ (5) 词组或复合结构作主语 (6) 主语从句做主语When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.‎ (7) 名词化的过去分词作主语 (8) 名词化的形容词作主语The rich should help the poor.‎ (9) 名词化的介词作主语 2、 形式主语和真正主语 ‎ 当句子主语是动名词、不定式短语、主语从句时,通常把这些真正主语放在谓语动词的后面,而用it作形式主语放在句首。作为形式主语的it并无实际语义,只是为满足语法上的需要,避免句子头重脚轻,它代替的是句子的逻辑主语(真正主语),概括起来会有如下情况:‎ 不定式作逻辑主语 如:It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time.‎ It is my pleasure to address the meeting.‎ It was pretty hard for him to bring up the child on his own.‎ 从句作逻辑主语 如:It so happened that the tickets were sold out.  ‎ It is extremely obvious that she has been lying about her identity.‎ 动名词短语作逻辑主语 这类句子远不如前面两种出现率高,主要在(no good,waste,useless,no use,dangerous)等词语的后面用 如:It is no use reasoning with him.‎ It is no good reading in dim light.‎ 作形式主语的代词只能用it ,不能用that,this等词。‎ ‎※高中阶段关于it作形式主语的常见用法小结——乱序版※‎ ‎1.It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who ...‎ ‎ 该句型是强调句型。被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人,that 可以由 who 换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。‎ ‎2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ...‎ ‎ 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语 “直到……才……”,可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。‎ ‎ It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.‎ ‎3. It is clear /obvious/true/possible/certain… that …‎ ‎ 该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句,常译为 “ 清楚(显然,真的,肯定……)”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。‎ ‎ It is very clear that he's round and tall like a tree.    = That he's round and tall like a tree is very clear.‎ ‎4. It is important /necessary/ right/strange/natural... that ...+(should) do ‎ 该句型和上一个同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同,that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省去。‎ ‎5. It is said (reported, learned…) that …‎ ‎ 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是 that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“ 据说(据报道,据悉……)”。‎ ‎6. It is suggested ( ordered, required ... ) that ... +(should) do ‎ 该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令等词时,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省。常译为“ 据建议;有命令……)”。‎ ‎7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...‎ ‎ 该句型中,that 后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可省去.表示出乎意料,常译为“竟然”‎ ‎。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾!  It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了,真遗憾!‎ ‎8. It is time ( about time , high time ) that ...‎ ‎ 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟.② 有时也用should + 动词原形,should 不能省。常译为“是(正是)……的时侯……”。‎ ‎9. It is the first ( second … ) time that …‎ ‎ 该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去;it 有时用 this 替换,常译为“是第一(二)……次……”。‎ ‎ It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here.‎ ‎10. It is … since ...‎ ‎ 该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语,其时态是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时。‎ ‎11. It is ... when ...‎ ‎ 该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的 it 指时间,表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当……的时候,是……”。‎ ‎12. It be ... before ...‎ ‎ 该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“……之后……”。‎ ‎13. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that...‎ ‎ 该句型中it是形式主语,that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的happen, seem 等词是不及物动词.‎ ‎ It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧……   It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来……‎ ‎14. It takes sb. … to do sth.‎ 该句型中的不定式是真正的主语,it是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为“做……要花费某人……”。‎ ‎15. It is no good (use ) doing sth.‎ ‎ 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )。  ‎ ‎16. It doesn't matter whether ( if ) ...‎ ‎ 该句型中whether (if) 引导的从句是真正主语,该句型常译为“不论(是否)…… 没关系……。  ‎ ‎17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth.‎ ‎ 该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语,如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of 引起,主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有: bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good (好心的), honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教养的), polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong (错误的)等。 这个句型可以改写为:sb. is kind to do sth.  ‎ ‎ It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so.‎ ‎18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth.‎ ‎ 该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for 引起,主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有:‎ ‎ ① important, necessary, natural ‎ ② easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, rare, impossible, pleasant 等。‎ ‎ 在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写,如:  ‎ ‎ It is important for her to come to the party.‎ ‎ = It is important that she (should ) come to the party ‎ 19. It looks ( seems ) as if ...‎ ‎ 该句型中it 无意义。 as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为,“看起来好象…… "如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟语气 ‎ ‎※高中阶段关于it作形式主语的常见用法小结——语法顺序版※(教师版独具)‎ it作形式主语,主要分为下列三种情况:不定式作主语、动名词作主语 和 名词从句作主语。具体分析如下:‎ 不定式作真正主语 主要用于下列句型:‎ ‎⒈It + is/was + adj./n. (形容词或名词) +to do sth.‎ A. 名词作表语。主要有a pity,a pleasure,an idea等。‎ 如:It is a great pleasure to do this. 这样做多好啊。‎ It is a good idea to think this way. 这样考虑问题是个好办法。‎ 除be外,其他动词也有跟名词的情况。例如:‎ It seems a pity to waste the food. 浪费这些食物真可惜。It requires efforts to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语需要种种努力。‎ B. 形容词或形容词短语作表语。分两种情况:‎ kind,good,nice,clever,wrong,right,foolish,wise,unwise,stupid,rude,careless,cruel,brave,naughty,polite,selfish等词作表语时,不定式前常可加一个由of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况。形容词表示不定式逻辑主语的特征,即形容词用来描述不定式行为者的性格、品行等。例如:‎ It was foolish of you to leave school.你中途退学,真是傻瓜。‎ It was brave of her to speak out in public. 她能当众大声讲话,真勇敢。‎ 这种of sb. to do sth. 句型,of 的宾语可以作句子的主语。上面两个句子可以改写为:‎ You were foolish to leave school.‎ She was brave to speak out in public.‎ ‎2) 其他形容词作表语,常见的形容词有:necessary,hard, important,difficult,easy,possible,common等。例如:‎ It is necessary to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes. 必须用短波收音机才能收到节目。‎ 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加for + 名词或代词+ to do sth.(for 后的宾语不能作句子的主语)。名词或代词作不定式的逻辑主语,即表示不定式所指动作的执行者。在此句型中,形容词只对不定式行为者作某种描述,而不涉及其品行。例如:‎ It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 对于一个人来说做点好事并不难。‎ It,s common for leaves to fall from the trees in the fall. 秋天树叶从树上落下是件常事。‎ 需要注意的是:动词不定式作主语,一般情况下用it作形式主语,而把动词不定式(从句)放在后面。也可以直接用不定式作主语。例如:‎ It is wrong to tell lies. = To tell lies is wrong. 撒谎是不对的。‎ 但在疑问句和感叹句中,只能用it作形式主语。例如:‎ Isn't it a good idea to have a walk around? 出去兜一圈难道不是一个好主意吗?‎ What a pleasure it is to work with you! 同你一起工作是多么愉快啊!‎ ‎⒊It + v. + to do sth.‎ 动词不定式作主语时除动词be以外,动词take,cost, need,require,make,sound,occur 等也可用it作形式主语,而把动词不定式放在后面。例如:‎ It took us three years to complete the project. 我们花费三年时间才完成了这项工程。‎ It sounds reasonable to do it this way.听起来这样做有道理。‎ It needed hard work to finish the job. 要完成这项工作需要努力地工作。‎ It didn,t occur to me to ask him to help me. 我根本没想到要找他帮忙。‎ 动名词作真正主语 用于这种形式的是一些特定的形容词和名词。例如:‎ It was nice meeting you. 见到你真高兴! (分别时用)‎ 它与不定式作真正主语的区别在于,动名词说到的动作已经发生。例如:‎ It is nice to meet you. (刚刚见面时用)‎ it 作形式主语,动名词作真正主语主要用于下列句型:‎ It's +n.(名词或名词短语)/adj.(形容词)+ doing sth.‎ ‎1)下列形容词后常用动名词作真正主语:nice,good,useless,hard,foolish,enjoyable,worthwhile等。例如:‎ It is nice talking to you. 跟你交谈真是愉快。‎ It's foolish behaving like that. 这样的表现是很愚蠢的。‎ It is useless doing that. 那样做没用。‎ ‎2)下列名词或名词短语作表语时常用动名词作真正主语:use,good,fun,a waste of,job,task等。例如:‎ It's a waste of time doing this. 这样做是浪费时间的。‎ It's no good (use) doing that. 那样做没好处(没用)。‎ It's an awful job doing this. 做这事真是一件可怕的差事。‎ It's fun doing this. 做这事真有趣。‎ It is not an easy task doing this work. 做这工作真非易事。‎ 名词从句作真正主语 用it 作形式主语的结构主要用于下列句型:‎ It +谓语+名词从句(主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)‎ ‎⒈It is +名词+从句: 这样的名词有a fact,a surprise,an honor(非常荣幸),a pity,common knowledge(常识)等。例如:‎ It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 皓月兆天晴,这是常识。‎ It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. 你对这个问题作了这样的回答,令人吃惊。‎ ‎⒉It is +形容词+从句: 这样的形容词有natural,true,strange,necessary,important,obvious(很明显),certain,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,probable等。例如:‎ It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗,这是一定的。‎ It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他什么都已经知道了。‎ ‎⒊It +动词+从句: 这样的动词有seem,happen,appear,look,matter,make,strike,occur(突然想起)等。‎ It appeared that he had a taste for music. 看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力。‎ It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。‎ ‎⒋It + be + 分词+从句: 这样的分词有 said(据说), reported(据报道),believed(人们相信),known(众所周知),decided(已决定),proved(已证实),thought,expected,annouced,arranged,amusing,puzzling,striking等。例如:‎ It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.据说李郝去过欧洲。‎ It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.桌上的空盒子里竟然跑出来一只兔子,太有趣了。‎ 需要说明的是,大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以用 it充当形式主语。例如:‎ It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。‎ It says in the newspaper that the enemy has been defeated. 报纸上报导敌人被打败了。‎ 形式主语:‎ It +be+(the)+adj.+for sb.+to do sth 二、谓语 ‎ 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:‎ ‎ 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成表示主语做什么,可以有不同的时态、语态及语气。‎ 如:He practices running every morning.‎ ‎ 2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成,表示主语是什么,处于什么状态,当然也可以由系动词+表语构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students.‎ 三、 宾语 ‎1、宾语的概述 ‎ 宾语一般是动作的承受者,通常置于及物动词之后。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。‎ ‎ They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)‎ ‎ he heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代词)‎ ‎ How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)‎ ‎ They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)‎ ‎ He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)‎ ‎ I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)‎ ‎ I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)‎ 2、 各种动宾关系 有的及物动词与宾语的关系并不是动作的承受这的关系,而是其他关系 ‎ I must have my hair cut soon 我必须理发(宾语是使役的对象)‎ ‎ Kangkang invented the television.康康发明了电视(宾语是动作的结果)‎ ‎ They kissed good-bye.他们吻别了(宾语是动作的对象)‎ She swam the river.她游过了河(宾语是动作的地点)‎ Some sleep the night in the offfice.有些人晚上睡在办公室。(宾语是动作的时间)‎ She lived a happy life.她过着幸福的生活。(宾语是动词的同源宾语)‎ ‎3、同源宾语 ‎【1】概念:‎ 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的(与该动词意义相同的)名词作宾语,这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的,这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语(Cognate Object)。‎ 含义:只有名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语,前面常有修饰语 ‎【2】用法:‎ ‎(1).常见的能带同源宾语的动词有:lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。‎ 例如:a. Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants are living a happy life.在党的领导下,现在农民们过着幸福的生活。‎ b. I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 昨晚,我做了一个恶梦。‎ c. Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.‎ 去年八月份,我们的战士与洪水作斗争,打了一个漂亮仗。‎ d. He died a heroic death. 他英勇地死去。‎ ‎(2). 同源宾语前面可带形容词作定语。这时,“动词+定语+同源宾语”的结构在意义上相当于“动词+与定语意义相同的状语”。二者相比,前者语气更强一些。‎ e.g.:We slept a comfortable sleep last night.(= We slept comfortably last night.)我们昨晚睡得很舒服。‎ Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday.(= Professor Smith died suddenly last Wednesday.)史密斯教授上星期三突然去世了。‎ 注意:同源宾语前面通常带有定语。e.g.:fight a good fight breathe a deep breath laugh a foolish laugh ‎3. 同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时,该同源宾语常可以省去。‎ e.g.:You should run your fastest(race).你应该尽快地跑。‎ The old man breathed his last(breath)this morning.那位老人今天早晨停止呼吸,撒手西去了。‎ ‎4.带同源宾语的动词不可变为被动语态。‎ A sweet dream was dreamed by her. (×) She dreamed a sweet dream. (√)她做了一个美梦。‎ ‎4、复合宾语 ‎【1】概述 在英语中,有些动词(及物)接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整,还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作,这种“宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语(形容词/介词短语/不定式/分词)”的结构称为复合宾语.例如:‎ We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。‎ 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.‎ ‎【2】用法:‎ 接名词作宾语补足语的动词 常见的有call, name, think, make等。如:We call them mooncakes. 我们把它们叫作月饼。‎ 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词 常见的有make, keep, think, find等。如:At first I found Chinese hard. 开始的时候,我发现汉语很难。‎ 动词不定式作宾语补足语时 通常分为下面三种情况:‎ ‎1.接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell, want, ask, wish, teach等。如:‎ Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。‎ ‎2.接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有hear, see, watch, let, make等。如:‎ He made us laugh. 他使我们大笑。‎ ‎3.接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是help。如:‎ She often helps her mother(to) do some housework. 她经常帮母亲做家务活。‎ 接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词 常见的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如:In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在农村,他能听到鸟儿歌唱。‎ 接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词 常见的有find, keep, take等。如:The boy found his pen on the floor. 这个男孩在地板上找到了他的钢笔。‎ 5、 直接宾语和间接宾语(双宾语)‎ 双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者,间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向(对谁做)或动作的目标(为谁做),间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后,但它在句子中不能单独存在,并且能和直接宾语组成双宾语。‎ ‎ 那些可以接双宾语的词叫做双及物动词,高中阶段只需知道如下口诀 带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这11个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话,读起来妙趣横生,效果很好。 “七给”一“带”to不少,“买”“画”“制作”for来了。‎ 说明:‎ ‎①“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.‎ ‎②“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如:Mother bought a new dress for me.‎ DEAR MISS W——巧记可跟双宾语的一组动词 有些及物动词如tell,show等,其后跟双宾语时,既可以用“及物动词+间宾+直宾”,也可以用“及物动词+直宾+to+间宾”结构。但有些及物动词如explain,introduce等,其后跟双宾语时,只能用“及物动词+直宾+to+间宾”结构而不能用“及物动词+间宾+直宾”结构。那么如何将这类动词与其它及物动词区别开呢?瞧!可以先记住这句话:“Dear Miss W.(亲爱的W小姐。)”这9个字母分别是9个符合上述用法动词的开头字母。‎ 你能看着Dear Miss W,逐个将这9个动词写出来吗?它们是declare,explain,announce,report,murmur,introduce,say,suggest和 whisper。‎ 为了便于将这些动词与其用法联系在一起,我们可再编一首顺口溜。由于直接宾语多指物,间接宾语多指人,这里我们便有了“待(带)人接物”之说。另外,当直接宾语很长或是个从句时,我们可将其置于后面,这时间接宾语前仍需有介词to。例如:He explained the long difficult sentence to us.= He explained to us the long difficult sentence. ※双宾语和复合宾语的区分小结※‎ 某些及物动词后面能跟双宾语(即:间接宾语+直接宾语)或复合宾语(即:宾语+宾语补足语),这两种宾语的形式虽然相似,但结构与意义却不同。‎ 从动词上区分。‎ 一些动词后面常跟双宾语,这类动词有give,show,bring,read,pass,lend,tell,leave,teach,write,buy,sing等。例如:The teacher gives each of them an eraser.老师给他们每人一块橡皮。They teach us Chinese and we teach them English.他们教我们汉语,我们教他们英语。The old man told us a story yesterday.那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事。一些动词后面常跟复合宾语,这类动词有let,see,watch,hear,help,feel,keep,call,make,find,tell,ask,think,want等。例如:We must keep the classroom clean.我们必须保持教室清洁。He didn’t let me go.他不让我走。They call the bird“Polly”.他们叫这鸟“波利”。‎ 从词的词性上来区分。‎ 在双宾语中,能充当间接宾语或是直接宾语的一般是名词或代词。而在复合宾语中,能充当宾语补足语成分的则较多,如名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)和分词(短语)。例如:She showed us(pron.)a new TV set(n.).(双宾语)He gave Tom(n.) a piece of paper(n.).(双宾语)We call him Lao Li(n.).以下均是复合宾语 Don’t keep the light on(adv).‎ They must keep their hands behind their backs(介词短语)I won’t let you try again(不定式短语)‎ The other students in the class keep their eyes closed(过去分词).‎ 从构成之间的关系上区分。‎ 在双宾语中,两个宾语间的关系比较松散,有的句子去掉其中一个宾语,句子仍然成立。双宾语一般表示“为谁(forsb.)或给谁(to sb.)……”,即“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”的结构可以改写为“及物动词+直接宾语+for sb.或to sb.”的结构。例如:Please show me your new book.→Please show your new book to me.请给我看看你的新书。She bought me some tomatoes.→She bought some tomatoes for me.她给我买了一些西红柿。‎ 而复合宾语中,宾语和宾语补足语之间关系比较紧密,去掉其中一个成分,句子就不能成立或句意不完整。而且当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主系表关系”;当不定式(短语)或分词(短语)作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主谓关系”。例如:We made Tom monitor.(Tom is monitor.)We will make our country more beautiful.(Our country will be more beautiful.)You should keep your dog in.(Your dog should be in.)I found him in Room 201.(He was in Room 201.)He makes us work ten hours a day.(We work ten hoursa day.)we heard her singing in the room.(She was singing inthe room.)‎ 其实综上所述,识别“复合宾语”和“双宾语”的方法有二:‎ ‎ 其一,看宾语与它后面的词在逻辑上的关系,能改写为主语和表语关系的,是“复合宾语”;若不能,只是及物动词所涉及到的人与事物之间的关系,并且表示人的宾语可以加介词后置的,则为双宾语。‎ ‎ 其二,英语动词在使用中要符合句型表达习惯。能充当宾语补足语的成分很多,如不定式、分词、形容词、介词结构、名词等。从上面例子可以看出,其中只有名词作宾补时,才有可能引起与“双宾语”结构相混。而能带名词作宾补的动词并不多,中学课本常见的有:call, name, make, elect, think, consider, keep, leave, find等。同样,能带双宾语的及物动词在英语中也有一定的范围,如:ask, tell, find, teach, build, make, get, buy, pass, send, sing, spare, show, hand, write, return, read, lend, do等。如果分别记住这两组及物动词,再配合前面提到的第一种方法,识别“复合宾语”与“双宾语”就不会太难了。‎ 四、表语 ‎1、表语的概述 ‎ 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:‎ ‎ Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)‎ ‎ Is it yours?(代词)‎ ‎ The weather has turned cold.(形容词)‎ ‎ The speech is exciting.(分词)‎ ‎ Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)‎ ‎ His job is to teach English.(不定式)‎ ‎ His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)‎ ‎ The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)‎ ‎ Time is up. The class is over.(副词)‎ ‎ The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)‎ ‎2、常见的系表结构 系表结构有两部分构成:连系动词和表语。下面分别解释一下:‎ ‎◎连系动词:‎ 连系动词分为三类:be 动词,感官动词,趋势动词。‎ ‎□ “存在”类: 表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的有: be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:   The story sounds true.   Those oranges taste good.    □. “持续”类: 表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有: remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:   —Why don't you put the meat in the fridge?   —It will stay fresh for several days.   It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?    □ “变化”类: 表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有: become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等。例如:   Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. 注意:‎ ‎※1有一些动词既可以做连系动词又可以作及物动词和不及物动词。‎ He is growing very fast. ---不及物动词 I am growing apples in my backyard.---及物动词 The sea is growing rough.---连系动词 He is tasting the food.--- 及物动词 The food tastes good.--- 连系动词 ‎ ※1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel,taste等词。例如:   -Do you like the material?   -Yes, it feels very soft.   ※2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如:   Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.   ※3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等。注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。例如:   Twenty years later, he turned teacher.   The population growth in China remains a problem.   ※4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有: appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。   例如:   Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.   On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time ‎ ◎表语:‎ 下列成分都可以做表语:名词, 形容词,副词, 动词不定式,动名词,过去分词,现在分词,表语从句.‎ 使用举例(注意:连系动词不能够单独作谓语,他们必须和表语一起工作构成谓语):‎ ‎1) 名词:‎ False: I am.‎ Right: I am a student.‎ ‎2) 形容词:‎ False: He became.‎ Right: He became strong.‎ ‎3) 副词:‎ False: She remained.‎ Right: She remained there.‎ ‎4) 现在分词:‎ False: The story seemed.(这个故事似乎。)‎ Right: The story seemed interesting.(这个故事看起来很有趣。)‎ ‎5) 过去分词:‎ False: The window seemed.(窗口似乎。)‎ Right: The window seemed broken.(窗口似乎打破了。)‎ ‎6) 动名词:‎ False: His job is teach English.(他的工作是教英语。)‎ Right: His job is teaching English.(他的工作是教英语。)‎ ‎7) 动词不定式:‎ False: Her plan is become the winner in the game.(她的计划是成为游戏的赢家。)‎ Right: Her plan is to become the winner in the game.(她的计划是成为游戏的赢家。)‎ ‎6)和7)的区别:‎ ‎6)中动名词表示某人经常干某事:她从星期一到星期五天天教英语;‎ ‎7)中动词不定式表示某人将要干某事:她的计划是将要成为比赛的胜者。‎ ‎8) 表语从句:‎ False:The question is.(问题是)‎ Right::The question is whether he will come here in time tomorrow.‎ ‎(问题是他是否会在明天来这里的时候。)‎ Right::The question is what he is going to do next.(问题是他接下来要做什么。)‎ Right::The question is how he has managed to solve the problem by himself.‎ ‎(问题是他是如何设法自己解决问题。)‎ 五、同位于 同位于的概述:当两个指同一事物的成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语。‎ 用法1由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语其中常用‘and’连接。‎ Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.‎ 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。‎ our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。‎ Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers'.‎ 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。‎ a friend of my brothers'是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。‎ 用法2如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。‎ He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.‎ 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。‎ ‎(brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。)‎ Yesterday I talked to my English teacher,Mr. James.‎ 昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。‎ ‎(同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)‎ 用法3同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。‎ We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.‎ 我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。‎ Chinese people是we的同位语。‎ He is interested in sports,especially ball games.‎ 他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。‎ ball games是sports的同位语。‎ 就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。‎ 六、定语 定语的概述:定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中,中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”,有的不需要,有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标志。‎ 用法小结:同学们还记得,我们高中语文中的病句修改中的一类,多层定语不同的顺序不同导致语病吗,让我看看中英文的区别吧。‎ 一、多层定语从远到近的顺序一般是:‎ 表领属关系(谁的)、表示时间、处所(什么时候、什么地方)、表指代或数量 (多少)、表动词性词语、主谓短语(怎样的)、表形容词性短语(什么样的)、表性质、类别或范围 (什么)‎ 二、多层定语的排列还遵循以下的规律:‎ ‎1.带“的”的定语一般放在不带“的”的定语之前。例如只能说“蓝色的呢子大衣”,不能说“呢子蓝色的大衣”。其中,不带“的”动词直接作定语修饰中心语,在形容词之后名词之前,例如“一顿丰盛的烤羊肉”、“新型取暖设备”。‎ ‎2.结构复杂的定语一般放在结构简单的定语之前。例如“刚从国外进口的教学用的数码录音设备”,一般不能说成“‎ 教学用的刚从国外进口的数码录音设备”。‎ 这是从两个角度上看到的所遵循的规律,基本上首先遵循规律一,然后遵循规律二。‎ The little boy needs a blue pen.(little为定语,修饰名词boy;blue为定语修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。‎ Tom is a handsome boy.(handsome为定语,修饰名词boy)/Tom是个英俊的男孩。‎ There is a good boy.(good为定语,修饰名词boy)/有个乖男孩。‎ 数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens.(two为定语,修饰名词boy:two修饰名词pen)/两个男孩需要两支钢笔。‎ The two boys are students.(two为定语,在此数词做形容词,修饰名词boy)/这两个男孩是学生。‎ There are two boys in the room.(two为定语,在此数词做形容词,修饰名词boy)/房间里有两个男孩。‎ 代词或名词所有格作定语:‎ His son needs Tom's pen.(his为定语,修饰名词son;Tom’s为定语,修饰名词pen)/他的儿子需要Tom的钢笔。‎ His name is Tom.(his为定语,修饰名词name)/他的名字是汤姆。‎ There are two boys of Tom's there.(two为定语,修饰名词boy;of与物主代词连用做定语修饰名词boy)/那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。‎ 介词短语定语 The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.(in the classroom 为定语,修饰名词boy;of yours为定语,修饰名词pen)/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。‎ The boy in blue is Tom.(in blue为定语,修饰名词boy)/穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。‎ There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.(two,three,of 9和of10为定语,修饰名词boy)/有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。‎ 形容词定语 所有的形容词,只要后面加名词,都是定语 名词定语 The boy needs a ball pen.(ball为定语,修饰名词pen)/男孩需要一支圆珠笔。‎ It is a ball pen.(ball为定语,修饰名词pen)/这是一支圆珠笔。‎ There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.(the pencil box为定语,修饰名词ball pen )/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。‎ 副词定语 The boy there needs a pen.(there为定语,修饰名词boy)/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。‎ The best boy here is Tom.(here为定语,修饰名词boy)/这里最棒的男孩是Tom。‎ 不定式定语 The boy to write this letter needs a pen.( to write this letter 为定语,修饰名词boy)/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。‎ The boy to write this letter is Tom.(to write this letter为定语, 修饰名词boy)/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。‎ There is nothing to do today.(to do为定语, 修饰名词nothing)/今天没有事要做。‎ 分词(短语)定语 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.( smiling为定语, 修饰名词boy;bought by his mother为定语,修饰名词pen)/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。‎ The pen bought by her is made in China.(bought by her 为定语,修饰名词pen)/她买的笔是中国产的。‎ There are five boys left.(five为定语,修饰名词boy;left为定语,修饰名词boy)/有五个留下的男孩。‎ 定语从句 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.(who为定语,修饰名词boy;which为定语, 修饰名词pen)/那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。‎ The boy you will know is Tom.(you will know 为定语,修饰名词boy)/你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。‎ There are five boys who will play the game.(who为定语, 修饰名词boy)/参加游戏的男孩有五个。‎ 定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。‎ 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。‎ ‎1)定语前置 在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄色国材,指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年龄;颜色;国籍;材料;用途。如:‎ ‎1限定词2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途 A famous American university.‎ An interesting little red French oil painting.‎ A new plastic bucket.‎ A purple velvet curtains.‎ An elegant German clock.‎ 另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:‎ ‎(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词 例如:a small lovely girl,a long patient queue,a pale anxious patient ;‎ ‎(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后 例如:a kindly black teacher,an inquisitive brown dog ;‎ ‎(3) little,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,‎ 例如:a lovely little girl ‎(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:‎ a young ambitious man (强调年龄),an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃)。‎ 当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.‎ ‎2)定语后置 ‎(1)短语作定语一般后置 It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。‎ He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。‎ English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。‎ The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。‎ ‎(2)修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置 Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。‎ There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。‎ Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗 ‎(3)副词作定语 The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。‎ They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。‎ ‎(4)动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语 He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人 This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。‎ ‎(5)起强调用的单个分词 Everybody involved should stay here.‎ The college mentioned.‎ ‎(6)特殊词 Could you tell me something important 七、状语 状语概述:状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在不同的语言中“状语”有不同的作用。中文状语是动词或形容词前面的连带成分,用来修饰、限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态、方式、时间、处所或程度等;英语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及整个句子等的句子成分。‎ 状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。在句中状语的位置比较灵活,一般来说,修饰形容词的状语,放在被修 饰动词之前。修饰动词的状语,放在动词之后,但有些副词如often,always,never,usually等则放在动词之前,能够作状语的有:副词、形容词或形容词短语、名词或名词短语, 不定式、分词及从句。现简述如下:‎ ‎▲副词作状语。如:‎ Have you seen him recently? 你最近见到他了吗?‎ Generally she remained in on Sunday evening. 一般说来星期日晚上她都留在家里。‎ I foolishly forgot my passport. 我愚蠢地忘了带护照。‎ It rained,therefore,the game was put off. 下雨了,因此球赛推迟了。‎ ‎▲介词短语作状语。如:‎ He traveled in Africa for six months. We found his house without difficulty. ‎ With all this rain, there’ll be good crop.有这么多雨水,收成会很好。‎ There’s a bank opposite my office. 我办公室对面有一家银行。‎ ‎▲形容词及其短语作状语。‎ 形容词作状语表示伴随、原因、结果等,常用逗号与句子其它成分隔开。‎ Brave and strong ,the activists talked to workers outside the factory and left a positive message about protecting the earth. 这些活跃分子态度非常明确地指出要保护地球不受污染. 他们非常勇敢, 坚决.‎ strong and brave 是形容词作方式状语,如:‎ Stone – faced , the captain ordered to reduce speed . 船长面无表情的下达了减速的命令。‎ At last he got home, tired and hungry 形容词(短语)作状语还可充当以下成份:‎ ‎※原因状语:Too nervous to reply , he stared at the floor . 她紧张得不能回答,只是凝视着地板。‎ Hungry and tired, he stepped into a restaurant. 又累又饿, 他走进一家餐馆.‎ Glad to accept, Lin Tao nodded his agreement.‎ ‎=Because he was glad to accept, Lin Tao nodded his agreement. 因为很乐意接受,林涛就点头同意了。‎ ‎※时间状语: Ripe , these apples are sweet .这些苹果熟了的时候是很甜的。 ‎ ‎ Happy, she sings an English song. (=When she is happy, she sings an English song.)‎ 她高兴的时候,就唱一首英语歌。‎ ‎  Fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious(.=When they are fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious. )‎ ‎※条件状语:Fresh from the oven , rolls are delicious . 刚出炉的小面包很好吃。‎ Ripe, these apples are sweet.‎ When/If these apples are ripe, they are sweet. 熟了的时候/ 如果熟了,这种苹果很甜。‎ ‎  Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative.(=When/If they are enthusiastic, they are cooperative. )‎ 热心的时候它们是很合作的。‎ ‎※伴随状语: Crusoe hurried home,full of fear. 克鲁索满心恐惧地回了家. ‎ Helpless, we watched half a year’s food destroyed before our eyes.‎ 我们毫无办法,眼睁睁地看着半年的粮食给毁掉了。‎ ‎  Flushed and breathless, she bounded in through the gate. 她满脸通红气喘吁吁从大门口跑了进来。‎ ‎※结果状语:For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened.‎ 她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿,不敢相信刚才发生的事情。‎ ‎ Seeing the snakes , the girls stood still, unable to speak.‎ ‎※表状态意义:‎ One woman was lying in bed, awake, listening to the rushing winds.‎ 有位女人醒着躺在床上,静听着那疾驰而过的大风。‎ They stayed in the snow for several days, cold and hungry. 他们在雪地里呆了几天,又冷又饿。‎ They broke into the uncle’s bed room and found the man lying on the floor, dead.‎ 它们强行冲进叔叔的卧室,发现那个人躺在地板上,已经死了。‎ ‎※让步状语: 常由一个形容词或连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成 ‎①Right or wrong, he always comes off worst in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently.(=Whether he is right or wrong, he always comes off worst because of his inability to speak coherently.) 无论有理无理,由于他语言条理欠佳总是把事情弄得最糟。‎ ‎②Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(=Whether it was wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.) 不管天晴下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。‎ ‎③Every nation, big or small, should be equal.(=Whether it is big or small, every nation should be equal.)‎ 国家无论大小,都应一律平等。‎ ‎※ 句子状语(对句子内容加以评注)表示说话人的态度和看法。它通常位于句首。  ①Strange, he should have done such a thing. 很奇怪,他居然做出了这样的事情 ②Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth. 更糟糕的是,狮子甚至可能把婴儿叼走。  ③Surprising, there are five SARS patients in his family. 真惊人,他一家就有五位“非典”病人。  ④Necessary, young people can speak good English. 年轻人会说通顺的英语是必要的。‎ More important , he’s got a steady job. 更重要的是,他得到了一份稳定的工作。‎ Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all . 说来奇怪, 他竟然通过了考试 ‎※ 用形容词、并列形容词或形容词短语开头,修饰句子的主语,表示主语的特征或状态:‎ Tasty and crisp, potato chip are a favorite snack for both children and adults.‎ Happy at his good marks at school, the little boy skipped on his way home.‎ Desperate and hopeless, the poor man committed suicide.‎ ‎▲不定式作状语:‎ 不定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。  1)表示目的。如:‎ We eat to live, but we don't live to eat. He came here to borrow a bike.他来这儿借辆自行车。‎ Man sends rockets into outer space to study conditions there. 人类把火箭送到外层空间去探索那里的情况。‎ 注:表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用,构成so as (not) to do和in order (not) to do 结构,其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。 例如:‎ To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. ‎ ‎= We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time. ‎ ‎2)表示原因。例如:‎ She burst into tears to hear the bad news. I'm sorry to hear that.‎ To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner.  他这样说话,你会以为他是外国人。‎ The old father smiled to know his success.   知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。‎ 不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生这种情绪的原因,有时不是说明原因,而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。常见的这类形容词和过去分词有: able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed 感到惊异的,angry生气的,anxious 急于的,astonished 感到惊讶的, careful小心的, certain有把握的,clever聪明的, comfortable舒服的,cruel残忍的,deep深的,delighted 高兴的, difficult有困难的, disappointed感到失望的,determined 有决心的,eager 急于的, easy容易的,fit 合适的,foolish 愚蠢的,fortunate 幸运的, free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad高兴的,good好的, happy幸福的,hard艰苦的,lucky 幸运的,overjoyed 高兴的, pleased高兴的,possible 可能的,proud 自豪的,ready 准备好的,relieved 感到轻松的,right正确的,sad悲伤的,shocked感到惊讶的, sorry难过的,sure 肯定的, surprised感到惊讶的, unable没能力的,useless没用的,willing 愿意的,worthy 值得的,wrong 错误的等。例如: He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。‎ You’re lucky to have me as your teacher. 有我当你们老师,你们很幸运。‎ He feels proud to be on the school football team. 作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。‎ Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。‎ He’s anxious to go back straight to London. 他急于直接回伦敦。‎ They’ll be ready to leave in about an hour. 再有大约一小时他们就准备好了。‎ The new manager is easy to get along with . 新经理很容易相处。‎ This river is broad, deep and good to swim in. 这条河宽且深,是游泳的好地方。‎ Your sofa is comfortable to sit in.   你的沙发坐上去很舒服。‎ ‎3)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn得知,find 发现,see 看见,hear 听见, to be told被告知,make 使得 等。Only +不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:‎ What has he said to make you so happy? (结果) ‎ He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已起飞了。‎ He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into. 他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。‎ I come here only to say good-bye to you.  He searched the room only to find nothing.‎ 不定式常与too或enough连用,在句中作结果状语。 ‎ 如:The boy is too young to go to school/ to be sent to school. ‎ ‎= The boy is not old enough to go to school/ to be sent to school. ‎ 不定式有时用于so...as to do sth.结构中作状语。 ‎ 例如:Will you be so kind as to help me with the work? ‎ ‎ Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police. 汤姆太傻了,竟对警察说谎。‎ He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.  他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。‎ ‎4). 有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分, 修饰一个句子,表明说话人的态度。‎ To be frank (with you), this is not satisfactory.   老实(和你)说,这不令人满意。‎ To be fair, she is an honest girl.       说句公道话,她是一个诚实的姑娘。‎ To tell you the truth, you are wrong..      实话告诉你,你错了。‎ 类似短语还有: to be honest, to be franc, to be fair, to tell you the truth实话告诉你,to conclude 最后, ‎ to begin with首先,to cut a long story short 简而言之,to go back to the point回到正题,not to make too much of it 别小题大做,to put it another way 换句话说,to hear him talk听他说话的口气,等等。‎ ‎▲分词作状语。如:‎ ‎① -ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语,多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑 ‎ ‎ 上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系,用-ing分词,有动宾关系则用-ed分词。 ‎ 例如:We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing. ‎ ‎   Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old. ‎ ‎② -ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语, 其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑 ‎ 上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系,用-ing分词,有动宾关系则用-ed分词。 ‎ 例如: Being so poor in those days, they couldn't send the boy to school.(原因) ‎ Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.看到太阳从海面升起来,我们高兴得叫了起来。‎ Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因) ‎ Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (时间) Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful. (时间) ‎ ‎3.-ing分词有时可作结果状语。 ‎ 例如:Her husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children. ‎ We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time. ‎ ‎4.-ed分词有时用作条件状语,其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。 ‎ 例如:Given more time, we could have done it much better. ‎ ‎5.如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,该不定式或分词用完成式。 ‎ 例如:I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.    Never /Not having met the man before, I couldn't recognize him at first. ‎ ‎   Having finished my homework, I went to play football. 【注】分词作状语时,当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,分词需带自已的主语,从而形成独立主格结构作状语。‎ There being no bus,we had to walk home. 没有公共汽车了,我们只得步行回家。‎ He lay on his hack,his hands crossed under his head. 他面朝天,头枕着手躺着。‎ Jack being away,John had to do the work. 杰克不在,只好由约翰来做这工作。‎ 掌握分词作状语的关键 掌握分词或分词短语作状语的关键是理解分词及其逻辑主语之间的关系。如果是主动关系,则选用现在分词,如果是被动关系,则选用过去分词。 ‎ ‎1、作状语的分词与逻辑主语是主动关系,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生,则用现在分词的一般式。如: ‎ Relying on our own efforts,we overcame all the difficulties.‎ 依靠自己的努力,我们把所有的困难克服了。(rely与其逻辑主语we之间是主动关系) ‎ Sally was lying in bed crying. 莎莉躺在床上哭泣。(cry与其逻辑主语Sally之间是主动关系) ‎ ‎2、当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时,则用现在分词的完成式。如: ‎ Having already seen the film twice, she didn't want to go to the cinema.‎ 这部电影她已看过两遍,所以她就不想去看了。(see与其逻辑主语she之间是主动关系) ‎ Never having handled a machine, she met with a lot of difficulties at first .‎ 由于她从没碰过机器,所以一开头就碰到很多困难。(handle与其逻辑主语she之间是主动关系) ‎ ‎3、如果作状语的分词与逻辑主语之间有被动关系,则用过去分词。如: ‎ Encouraged by these successes,they decided to expand the business.‎ 在这些成绩的鼓舞下他们决定扩大经营。(encourage与其逻辑主语 they之间是被动关系) ‎ We went home exhausted. 我们回到家里已筋疲力尽了。(exhausted与其逻辑主语we之间是被动关系) ‎ 作状语的分词与逻辑主语之间有被动关系,也可用现在分词的被动式。如: ‎ Having been invited to speak ,I'll start making preparations tomorrow.应邀发言,我明天将开始准备。(invite与其逻辑主语I之间是被动关系) ‎ 值得注意的是,有些分词在句子中没有逻辑主语。这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词。属于分词的一种特殊的用法,须特别记住。常见的这类垂悬分词有:‎ regarding关于,barring除……以外,concerning关于,granting / granted(that)假定,即使,presuming假定,admitting(that)承认,considering考虑到,assuming假设,supposing(that)假定,seeing that考虑到,given(that)考虑到,如果,假如,等等。如: ‎ He did poorly in his examinations, considering how hard he had studied for them.就他为准备这些考试所付出的巨大努力而言,他考得极差。 ‎ Granted that he has enough money to buy the house,it doesn't mean he's going to do so.即使他有足够的钱买这栋房子,这也并不是说他要买下来。 ‎ Given his age,he has done a good job. 考虑到他的年龄,他干得不错。 ‎ He asked me questions concerning my health. 他问了一些关于我的健康的问题。 ‎ 常见这类分词词组有:‎ taking ...into consideration考虑到,judging by/from从……判断,talking about说到……,speaking of说到……,looking at考虑到,着眼于,generally speaking一般来说,allowing for考虑到,等等。如: ‎ Judging from the number of cars,there were not many people at the club yet.从汽车的数量来看,俱乐部里人还不多。 ‎ Judging from his accent,he must be from Henan. 从口音上判断,他肯定是河南人。‎ Generally speaking ,boys are more interested in such activities than girls.一般来说,男孩子对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子大。 ‎ Allowing for the deficiencies,the show is a success.考虑到这些不足,这次表演是成功的。‎ ‎▲名词或其短语作状语。多限于表示时间和距离,重量等概念的名词 如:‎ We walked ten miles to the town. 我们走了十英里到了这个镇上。‎ He came here the day before yesterday . 他前天到这儿。‎ He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。‎ Wait a minute/ moment ,please.请等一下。 The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。‎ They study hard day and night. 他们白天黑夜地学习。 Come this way! 走这条路!‎ They traveled a long way before they came here. 他们到这之前走了很长的路。‎ This baggage weighs 20 kilograms. 行李重20公斤。 The telephone rang a second. 电话铃第二次响了。‎ Leifeng was a good example of serving people heart and soul. [全心全意地]‎ We should do everything heart and soul. 我们做一切事都应该全心全意。‎