高考英语阅读主旨大意题的解题技巧教师 10页

高考英语阅读专题之主旨大意题 关于主旨大意题的高考考试说明 ‎ 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章第一个段落甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么（即文章的主题），亦会了解到作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。‎ 一、主旨大意题的命题形式 这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题(title, headline)、短文或段落的主题(subject)、中心思想(main idea)、作者的写作目的(purpose或为传递信息、或为愉悦读者、或为阐述某一道理)等。这类题的设问方式主要有：‎ ‎(1)The subject of the passage/paragraph is ______.‎ ‎(2)The main idea of the passage/paragraph is ______.‎ ‎(3)The text is mainly about ______.‎ ‎(4)The passage mainly centers on ______.‎ ‎(5)The passage mainly tells about ______.‎ ‎(6)What is the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎(7)What is the main idea of this passage?‎ ‎(8)What is the passage mainly about?‎ ‎(9)What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?‎ ‎(10)What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?‎ ‎(11)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?‎ ‎(12)Which title best gives the idea of the passage?‎ ‎(13)What would be the best title for the text?‎ ‎(14)What might be the most suitable title for the passage?‎ ‎(15)The best headlines for this newspaper article would be______‎ ‎(16)The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ______.‎ ‎(17)The writer's purpose in writing this story is ______.‎ ‎(18)What is the author's main purpose?‎ ‎(19)What does the writer really want to tell us in this passage?‎ ‎(20)The writer wrote the story in order to______.‎ ‎(21)What is the advice given in the text / passage / article?‎ 二、寻找主题句的方法 ‎ 正确的解答这类题目的关键是准确地找出文章的主题句。那么，主题句通常在哪里呢？(1)主题句在文首；(2)主题句在文中；(3)主题句在文末；(4)主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末。（4）无明显主题句，需根据高频词或各段落主题句进行总结概括 1. 主题句在文首 Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.‎ The main idea of the paragraph is ________.‎ 1. 主题句在文中 Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working with her hands, and his hobby is gardening. ‎ What does this paragraph mainly talk about?‎ 2. 主题句在文末 When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.‎ What is the passage mainly about?‎ 3. 主题句首尾呼应 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? ‎ What is the main idea ?‎ A. Smoking can cause cancer. ‎ B. Smoking is a terrible killer ‎ C. Smoking is harmful to our health. ‎ D. An experiment on smoking 4. 无明显主题句 根据高频词概括 Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone can control it properly. To some ‎ people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do. ‎ Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind, when you experience unwanted feeling. ‎ By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation.‎ Anger control can also be achieved by communicating with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting annoyed about things. ‎ ‎ It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore, controlling it is the real challenge.‎ What is the best title of the passage ?‎ A. Not everyone can control anger. ‎ B. How to control anger.‎ C. Communicating with others is helpful.‎ D. Controlling anger is challenging 根据各段主题句概括 ‎ Mother’s Day was coming, a man stopped at a flower shop to order some flowers to be wired(电邮给) to his mother who lived two hundred miles away. ‎ ‎     As he got out of his car, he noticed a young girl sobbing (啜泣) . He asked her what was wrong with her and she replied, “I wanted to buy a red rose for my mother. But I only have seventy-five cents, and a rose costs two dollars.”The man smiled and said, “Come on in with me. I’ll buy you a rose.”After they went in, he bought a rose for the little girl and ordered flowers for his own mother. As they  were leaving, he offered to ride the girl home. She said, “Yes, please! But can you take me to my mother?” “To your mother?” the man was a little puzzled but didn’t say anything. She directed him to a cemetery(公墓), where she placed the rose on a freshly dug grave (新坟).      The man was shocked and returned to the flower shop, canceled(取消) the wire order, picked up a bunch of flowers and drove the two hundred miles to his mother’s house.‎ What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. Moved by the girl, the man sent his mother the flowers himself on Mother’s Day.‎ B. A man helped a girl to buy a flower for her mother.‎ C. We should often help others.‎ D. We should love our mothers.‎ 小练习 1. Smoking in indoor public places including public working places, public transport vehicles and some other special outdoor working places has been banned (禁止) in China since January 2011.Should smoking be banned in public places?Of course,it should be.‎ ‎ First, banning smoking will not only help in saving smokers from health problems and diseases, but will also be good for passive smokers.‎ ‎ Next, banning smoking will put stress on smokers to give up. Since a smoker is prevented from smoking. ‎ At last,smoking cigarettes adds to the pollution of the air,so if it isbanned, it will help in saving the environment from further deterioration(恶化).‎ What is the main idea of the passage ?‎ A.Smoking is bad for health. ‎ B.Smoking will increase pollution.‎ C.Smoking should be banned.‎ D.Smoking can cause fire.‎ ‎2. There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. ‎ What is the main idea?‎ A. Economic Principles ‎ B. Law of Supply and Demand ‎ C. More Goods, Lower Prices ‎ D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices ‎3. Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance What does the writher want to tell us ?‎ A. The innocent looks more guilty.‎ B. The professional criminal looks innocent. ‎ C. A man knows everything likes to hide his weekness.‎ D. We shouldn’t judge a person only by his appearance.‎ ‎4. WeChat(微信) is a mobile text and voice messaging communication service developed by Tencent in China, first released in January 2011. With WeChat, we can communicate with friends by sending text messages, voice messages, we can share our photos or videos, share our location, we can even chat with lots of friends at the same time. More important, it is free for the users.‎ The main idea of this paragraph is that ______. A. The tools of chatting. B. We can use Wechat to chat with lots of friends. C. The functions of Wechat. D. We should often communicate with friends.‎ ‎5. For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention. ‎ What does the paragraph mainly talk about?‎ A. Cold is not serious for adults.‎ B. Cold is serious for children. ‎ C. Cold has obvious symptoms.‎ D. Cold should be cured at once.‎ ‎6. Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can satisfy all students at the same time. ‎ What is the main idea ?‎ A. Some students prefer a strict teacher.‎ B. No one teaching method can satisfy all ‎ students at the same time.‎ C. Some students prefer to do work on their own.‎ D. Students should respect teachers.‎ ‎7. Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire(轮胎) goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper(野营者) also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. ‎ What is the main idea ?‎ A. A flashlight is useful every day.‎ B. A flashlight is useful in dark situations.‎ C. Children are afraind of darkness.‎ D. A camper needs a flashlight when the campfire is out.‎ ‎8. Magellan’s(麦哲伦) men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.‎ Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally, in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.‎ Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.‎ Which of the following is the best title for this passage?‎ A. Magellan’s death B. Going Around the World C. The World Is Round D. Magellan’s Voyage ‎9. There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. ‎ What is the main idea?‎ A. Economic Principles ‎ B. Law of Supply and Demand ‎ C. More Goods, Lower Prices ‎ D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices ‎10. If you are robbed, keep calm. If you cannot cry for help or run away, give the robber your money. Try to remember what the robber looks like and tell the police. If it is raining hard and there is lightning. Don’t stay in high places and keep away from trees. When there is a fire, get away as fast as you can. Put wet things on your body and try and find an exit. Do not take the lift! If someone is drowning(溺水), If you can’t swim, don’t get into the water. Cry out for help. Remember that danger is never as far away as you think. We should ‎ take care of ourselves.‎ What is the best title?‎ A. Danger everywhere.‎ B. Take care of ourselves.‎ C. How to save others D. Don’t stay under the tree when raining.‎ 高考题汇编 ‎1. 主题句在文首 ‎ 这类文章写法上的特点是：文章的第一句起着点题的作用，概括了文章的主要内容或信息，下文接着对主题句所涉及的话题进行具体的阐述。如：(全国高考题)‎ A JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students — 18 boys and 2 girls —had a thousand reasons to be ‎ proud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung(阶梯)out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest (竞赛)on Tuesday evening.‎ The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14.‎ ‎"Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable!" said a teacher from Guangdong province.‎ Named after China's most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986, one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognized by the State Education Commission(国家教委) as the country's biggest and best contest of its kind.‎ This news story is mainly about ______.‎ A. when the contest started ‎ B. how the contest got its name C. the 20 pupils who have won gold medals in the contest D. the 5th National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest ‎【分析】这是一篇报道，文章的第一段只有两句话：“20个学生(2女18男)有充分的理由为自己感到自豪，因为他们夺得了第五届华罗庚杯数学竞赛的金奖，是4百万参赛学生中的佼佼者”，下文接着对竞赛的有关情况进行报道，因此，第一段实际上就是这篇报道的主题句。A、B、C分别只包含了报道的部分信息，显然不合题意；D选项与主题句的意思完全一致，因此是正确答案。‎ ‎2. 主题句在文中 ‎ 这类文章写法上的特点是：开始部分是引题，接着是点题，最后是对主题进行叙述，主题句常常起着承上启下的作用。如：(全国高考题)‎ Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways. Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistline—which makes them look round, rather like apples. Others are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped.‎ There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the 'pears' have less internal fat, but the 'apples' have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems.‎ The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting (节食) simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.‎ The text is mainly about ______.‎ A. fatness and health B. ways to lose weigh ‎ C. people's figures D. distribution of fat ‎【分析】该文的第一段交代了脂肪在体内的分布状况；第二段交代了脂肪的种类及不同种类的脂肪与健康之间的关系；第三段讲的是减肥应该减掉哪一类脂肪以及节食存在的问题。很明显，第二段，特别是第二段的第二句，起着承上启下的作用，是该文的主题句。A选项符合主题句的意思，应该是正确答案；B选项与文章的意思无关；可以排除；C、D选项分别只与文章的部分信息有关，也可以排除。‎ ‎3. 主题句在文末 ‎ 这种写法的特点是：在叙述完某件事情或某个话题之后，用一句话交代事情的结果或对前面的叙述进行归纳。如：(广东高考题)‎ ‎ In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the "moon people" they met. In turn, the "moon people” expressed their surprise. "Why," they asked, "are you traveling to outer space when you don't even use your inner space?"‎ ‎ H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. How ever, the question that the "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.‎ ‎ Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The 'Chunnel", a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.‎ ‎ But what about underground cities? Japan's Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground system, called "Alice Cities." The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome(太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.‎ ‎ Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth's space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. H.G. Wells' "moon people" would agree. Would you?‎ What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Alice Cities—cities of the future B. Space travel with H.G. Wells C. Enjoy living underground D. Building down, not up ‎【分析】文章以月球人的问题Why are you traveling to outer space when you don't even use your inner space? 引起话题，接着讲叙了人类目前对地下空间的利用现状，结尾以地下空间开发的支持者的话点题 building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space。A选项只是本文话题的部分意思，不是主要话题；B选项与文章的意思无关；文章主要是讲地下空间的开发利用，而不是讲如何享受地下生活，因此C选项与文章的主题也无关；D选项符合文章的主要内容，与主题句的意思一致，因此，是该题的正确答案。‎ ‎4. 主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末 ‎ 这种写法的特点是：文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。如：(全国高考题)‎ ‎ Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career," he said.‎ ‎ In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.‎ ‎ "I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted 'Bring me the knife!' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever."‎ ‎ "The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,"Shu said.‎ The best headline for this newspaper article is ______.‎ A. Astonishing Medicine B. Farmer Loses Arms ‎ C. Dangerous Bites D. Snake Doctor ‎【分析】文章的第一段就两句话，第一句点题，第二交代了Shu Pulong成为蛇医的原因；第二、第三段举例说明Shu Pulong如何了解到农民被蛇咬的情况；第四段回归主题，强调是由于第二、第三段中所交代的事例促使Shu Pulong决心成为蛇医。题目的A选项与文章中的信息无关；B、C两个选项只涉及到文章所举的例子的某个方面；D选项能涵盖首位两个自然段，即主题句，的信息，因此是正确答案。‎ ‎5. 无明显主题句 有的文章没有明显的主题句，如果在阅读这类文章的时候碰到判断文章的主题、话题、中心思想之类的题目，我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：1. 文章的主要内容；2. 选项之间的区别。也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。如：(全国高考题)‎ ‎ James Cleveland Owens was the son of a farmer and the grandson of black slaves. His family moved to Cleveland when he was 9. There, a school teacher asked the youth his name.‎ ‎ "J.C.", he replied.‎ ‎ She thought he had said "Jesse", and he had a new name.‎ ‎ Owens ran his first race at age 13. After high school, he went to Ohio State University. He had to work part time so as to pay for his education. As a second-year student, in the Big Ten games in 1935, he set even more records than he would in the Olympic Games a year later.‎ ‎ A week before the Big Ten meet, Owens accidentally fell down a flight of stairs. His back hurt so much that he could not exercise all week, and he had to be helped in and out of the car that drove him to the meet. He refused to listen to the suggestions that he give up and said he would try, event by event. He did try, and the results are in the record book.‎ ‎ The stage was set for Owens' victory at the Olympic Games in Berlin the next year, and his success would come to be regarded as not only athletic(体育的)but also political. Hitler did not congratulate any of the African-American winners.‎ ‎ "It was all right with me," he said years later. "I didn't go to Berlin to shake hands with him, anyway."‎ ‎ Having returned from Berlin. He received no telephone call from the president of his own country, either. In fact, he was not honored by the United States until 1976, four years before his death.‎ ‎ Owens' Olympic victories made little difference to him. He earned his living by looking after a school playground, and accepted money to race against cars, trucks, motorcycles, and dogs.‎ ‎ "Sure, it bothered (烦扰)me," he said later. "But at least it was an honest living. I had to eat."‎ ‎ In time, however, his gold medals (奖牌) changed his life. "They have kept me alive over the years," he once said. "Time has stood still for me. That golden moment dies hard."‎ Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?‎ A. Jesse Owens, a Great American Athlete B. Golden Moment — a Life-time Struggle C. Making a Living as a Sportsman ‎ D. How to Be a Successful Athlete?‎ ‎【分析】这篇文章简明扼要地介绍了奥林匹克金牌得主，美国黑人运动员James Cleveland Owens辉煌而又坎坷的人生，但文章侧重介绍的是他人生的坎坷，而不是他人生的辉煌。B选项侧重的是他人生的辉煌，而不是他人生的坎坷，不能涵盖文章的主要意思，因而不合题意；C、D选项与文章的内容无关，也不合题意；James Cleveland Owens在获得奥林匹克金牌后虽然没有立即得到美国社会的重视，但获得金牌奠定了他作为一名伟大的运动员在美国田径运动史上的重要地位却是不争的事实，A选项既表达了文章的这一主要意思，也能涵盖他人生辉煌及坎坷的不同侧面，比较全面地反映了文章的主要内容，因而符合题意，是正确答案。‎ 以上从五个方面介绍了判断文章主题的主要方法，但要真正掌握并熟练运用这些方法也不是能一蹴而就的事情，还需要在大量的阅读实践中不断思考，总结，得出自己的体会。‎ 各段主题句 ‎(江西D)Modern inventions have speeded up people’s lives amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world a day, while computers operate at lightning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boasts（吹嘘）of saving precious seconds in handling tasks.‎ All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind in another time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to some scientists; too much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence we do not like to think about. ‎ However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed to constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing, or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen quietly to a story on the radio, letting imaginations take us into another world.‎ There was a time when some people’s lives were devoted simply to the cultivation of the land or the care of cattle. No multi-tasking there; their lives went on at a much gentler pace, and in a familiar pattern. There is much that we might envy about a way of life like this. Yet before we do so, we must think of the hard tasks our ancestors faced: they farmed with bare hands, often lived close to hunger, and had to fashion tools from wood and stone. Modem machinery has freed people from that primitive existence.‎ ‎71. What does the passage mainly discuss?‎ A. The present and past times. B. Machinery and human beings.‎ C. Imaginations and inventions. D. Modem technology and its influence.‎ 关键词的重复（tunnels）‎ A new eight-kilometre road is under construction that links the port area with the motorway system. ‎ ‎ It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometre road tunnels are being built below the  central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 metres below the surface and are 12 metres wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.       In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and  keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point.  There will also be electronic signs at frequent intervals (间隔). They show traffic conditions ahead, and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering  and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining (混凝土衬砌). ‎ ‎     Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The  drainage system (排水系统), just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water.  In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel,  pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals  along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel, and at the level of the road surface.  Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.‎ ‎1. Each of the tunnels under construction is _____. ‎ A. eight kilometers long and twenty metres wide B. eight kilometers long and six metres wide ‎ C. four kilometers long and twenty metres wide ‎ D. four kilometers long and six metres wide ‎ ‎2. Which part of the tunnel in the diagram is used to pipe out extra water? A. 1. ‎ B. 3. ‎ C. 5. ‎ D. 6. ‎ ‎3. Driving in the tunnel, one can know the traffic conditions ahead through _____. A. the lights ‎ B. the electronic signs C. the trucks and cars ‎ D. the emergency phones ‎ ‎4. The passage is mainly about _____. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels ‎ D. the design of two tunnels DCBD