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高考英语语法专题复习代词

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高考英语语法专题复习 三、代词 知识要点: ‎ ‎ 代词是代替名词、名词短语或句子的词。代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、疑问代词、相互代词、连接代词、关系代词等九类。‎ 一、人称代词 人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如I, you, he, she, it, we, they, 等)和宾语(用宾格,如me, you, him, her, it, us, them等):‎ 人称代词的用法:‎ 注:(1) 在电话中或It is/was...that/who...强调句型中被强调部分做主语时,用主格:‎ ‎ ---Is that Mr. Li? ---Yes. This is he. It’s I who did it. 这是我干的。‎ ‎(2) 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格:‎ ‎ “I’m tired.” “Me too.” “我累了。”“我也累了。” “Who wants this?” “Me.” “谁要这个?”“我要。”‎ ‎(3) 有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化:‎ ‎ I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为I like you better than he likes you.‎ ‎ I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为I like you better than I like him.‎ ‎(4) 人称代词的排列顺序:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;‎ ‎ 复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即 we, you and they:‎ ‎ You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。‎ ‎ We , you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。‎ ‎ 但若用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称 I 置于其他人称代词之前:‎ ‎ Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。 ‎ ‎ 但是,you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。‎ ‎(5) 人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语:‎ ‎ These small desks are for us students. 这些小课桌是给我们学生的。‎ ‎ We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子常一起去看电影。‎ ‎ He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。‎ 二、物主代词 物主代词分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词前,作定语;名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语:‎ His son is taller than hers. 他的儿子比她的儿子高。‎ Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家 Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。‎ This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 这是你的铅笔,我的在铅笔盒里。‎ 注: (1) a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs)结构 ‎(2) 物主代词与own 连用。表强调。也可用 of one’s own 置于名词后作定语:‎ ‎ Mind your own business. 别管闲事。‎ ‎ I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。‎ ‎ I hope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。‎ 三、 指示代词 指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个,这些”“那个,那些”。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语;(单数:this, that;复数: these, those;为了方便学习将such,so也归于此类)。‎ I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。‎ What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。‎ 注:(1) 指示代词用作主语和定语时,可指人或物;用作宾语和表语时,只指物。如:‎ ‎ This is my father. (作主语,指人) Do you know this? (作宾语,指物,译为“你知道这个情况吗?)‎ ‎(2) 刚提到的或已经完成的事情时用 that,但是若要指下文将要发生或将要提到的事情通常用 this:‎ ‎ She married Jim, and that surprised me. 她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。‎ ‎ I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道这一点:他是否很健康。‎ ‎(3) 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指对方:‎ ‎ Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?‎ ‎(4) such指代前面所述的这样的人或事。如:‎ ‎ Such is Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, but a simple man. 这就是艾尔伯特,爱因斯坦,......‎ ‎(5) so代替一个句子或短语表达的事情。‎ ‎ a.在believe,expect,suppose,imagine,think等词后用so代替前文观点。表肯定、否定(=not)均可。‎ ‎ b. 用于表示肯定的hope,I’m afraid后,代替前文提出的观点。‎ 四、 反身代词 反身代词是 oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等变化的词(单数: myself, yourself,himself, herself, itself, 复数:ourselves, yourselves, themselves ),在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语,不能作主语。‎ 注:(1) 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末):‎ ‎ The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。‎ ‎ You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。‎ ‎(2) 用作宾语(动词或for,of, in, by, to等介词的宾语):‎ ‎ She could not make herself understood. 她不能使别人听懂她的话。‎ ‎ You’ll have to see if he has come for yourself. (for oneself 亲自,为自己)‎ ‎ The computer may shut off of itself. (of oneself 自动的)‎ ‎ You shouldn’t leave the child at home by herself. (by oneself 独自,单独)‎ ‎ Jim isn’t bad in himself, but he likes playing tricks on others. (in oneself 本身)‎ ‎ He likes a table to himself. (to oneself 独自占用)‎ ‎(3) 用作表语:有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态:‎ ‎ The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。‎ ‎ The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。‎ ‎ I'm not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。‎ ‎ I'll be myself again in no time. 我过一会儿就会好的。‎ ‎(4) 含有反身代词的动词短语:devote oneself to=be devoted to 专心于;lose oneself=be lost in 迷失;‎ ‎ seat oneself= be seated 坐下; express oneself 表达某人的思想; say for oneself 为自己找借口;‎ ‎ say to oneself 心想; talkto oneself 自言自语; feel oneself 觉得正常; come to oneself 苏醒;‎ 三、 疑问代词 疑问代词包括who, whom, whose,which, what,在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等:‎ ‎1、who 与 whom的用法:前者为主格,用作主语、宾语,后者为宾格,用作宾语。‎ ‎ Who spoke at the meeting?  Whom are you talking about? ‎ ‎ 口语中或作宾语的 whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代替,但whom前有介词时除外:‎ ‎ Who(m) is the letter from? ‎ 2、 whose的用法:表示“谁的”,既可用于名词前作定语,也可单独使用。在句中作主、宾、表、定语。‎ ‎ Whose is better, yours or hers?(作主语) Whose do you love better, yours or hers?(作宾语)‎ ‎ Tom has already taken his bag away.Whose is this?(作表语) Whose bag do you like?(作定语)‎ ‎3、what和 which 的用法:有选择范围时,多用 which;无选择范围或不明确时,多用 what。‎ ‎ 拓展:what的习惯用法:‎ ‎(1) What...for...? 和 What for? 用于询问原因和目的。‎ ‎ ---What did you put it into the soup for? --- It would improve the taste.(你为什么...?)‎ ‎ ---I’m going to the grocery store. ---What for? We still have enough food in the apartment.(为何啊?)‎ (2) What if...?表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑。‎ ‎ What if it rains while we are on the way?‎ (3) What do you mean (by...)?表示愤怒、不满等情绪。 ‎ ‎ What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?‎ (4) What/How about...?用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况。‎ (5) 疑问词what构成的固定搭配。‎ ‎ So what?那又怎么样呢?(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要) What next?(店员用语)还要什么?‎ ‎ Guess what?(你猜怎么着?(用于引起他人的注意) What can I do for you?你要买(借)什么?‎ ‎4、what和who的区别:一般来说。what 问职业、地位等,who 问姓名或关系等:‎ ‎ Who is he? 他是谁? What is he? 他是干什么的?‎ 四、 相互代词 ‎ 相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语:‎ ‎ We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。‎ ‎ They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。‎ ‎ The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和蓝天似乎融为一体。‎ 注:(1) 相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可作主语,所以以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。‎ ‎ (2) 不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说 talk to each other,但不能说 talk each other。‎ ‎ (3) 相互代词可以有所有格形式:The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互相借笔记。 ‎ ‎ (4) 有时可分开用:We each know what the other thinks. 我们都知道对方的想法。‎ 五、 不定代词 ‎1. 不定代词概说。英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no,  few,  little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no 和 every 则只用作定语。‎ ‎2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:‎ Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。‎ All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。‎ There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。‎ He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。‎ He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。‎ 注:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.‎ ‎3. 复合不定代词的用法特点。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。具体使用时应注意以下几点:‎ ‎(1) 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:‎ There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。‎ Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous?  你见过名人吗?‎ ‎(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their:‎ Everyone knows this, doesn't he [don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?‎ If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。‎ ‎(3) 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they:‎ Everything is ready, isn't it?  一切都准备好了,是吗?‎ ‎(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写):‎ any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)‎ every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)‎ ‎4. 是any not 还是 not any。按英语习惯,any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:‎ 误:Any one doesn't know how to do it.‎ 正:No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。‎ 误:Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.‎ 正:Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。‎ 误:Anything cannot prevent me from going.‎ 正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。‎ ‎5. 不定代词与部分否定。不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定;若        要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较:‎ All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。‎ Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。‎ All of the students don’t like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。‎ None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。‎ ‎6. all, both, each 等用作同位语。若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:‎ We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all 修饰的主语是代词)‎ The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all 修饰的主语是名词)‎ They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all 修饰的宾语是代词)‎ 但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)‎ ‎7. so little 与 such little的区别。用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little:‎ He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。‎ I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。‎ ‎8. some 与 any的用法区别。一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any:‎ Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?‎ Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?‎ Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?‎ 注:any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:‎ Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。‎ Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。‎ ‎9. many 与 much的用法区别。两者都表示“许多”,但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与 few(少数)相对;而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:‎ Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?‎ We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。‎ 在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰,也可用于肯定句中:‎ Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。‎ Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。‎ You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。‎ Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。‎ I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。‎ ‎10. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法区别。‎ ‎(1) few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:‎ It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。‎ It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。‎ ‎(2) little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似:‎ Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。‎ Fortunately, I had a little money on me.  幸好我身上带着一点钱。‎ ‎11. other, the other, another与others的用法区别:这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:‎ ‎(1) 指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用 the other:‎ Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。‎ ‎    Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。‎ ‎(2) 指复数时,若泛指用 other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):‎ There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。‎ Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?‎ ‎(3) others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地 the others 大致相当于“the other+复数名词”:‎ Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。‎ He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。‎ ‎(4) another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时,则也可接复数名词:‎ We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。‎ In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。‎ ‎(5) 与 some 对比使用时,用 others(此时与 some 同义):‎ Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。‎ ‎12. 不定代词与语境考题。不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:‎ ‎(1) “Is ____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”‎ A. anybody      B. everybody     C. somebody       D. nobody 若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)‎ ‎(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _____.‎ A. everything   B. anything      C. something      D. nothing 此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的 but I don’t agree with everything(但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。‎ ‎(3) “Do you have _____ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”‎ A. something     B. anything      C. everything      D. nothing 答案选C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”‎ ‎(4) “If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _____ that I need most. A. anything   B. something    C. nothing    D. everything 此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。‎