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语法 动词不定式讲义
动词不定式的定义：
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语
动词不定式的用法：
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
动词不定式的基本形式：
一般形式 to do
一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后
否定形式 not to do
被动形式 to be done
进行形式 to be doing
进行式表示的动作或状态，与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生
完成形式 to have done
完成式表示动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态之前
一、不定式做主语：
1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult work.
To do such things is foolish.
注: 1 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数
2、当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
注意：在此句型中，adj. 只能用可以修饰 人物的形容词。
例如: kind nice good brave clever wise stupid foolish honest careless cruel generous
eg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the water
It was careless of her to make such a mistake
(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do…
注意：这里的adj. 不能表示人的性质，只能表示某事或某物的性质。
例如： difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful, useful
Eg: It is not difficult for us to learn English well.
It is right for him to work here.
(3) it is +a +名词+ to do
例如: pleasure pity duty shame crime 等
Eg : It is a duty to plant trees every day .
注: 在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语
Eg : What fun it is to jump into a lake in summer!
How long did it take you to finish the work?
二、不定式做表语：
不定式作表语常表示将来的动作
1.主语是以aim duty hope idea intention mistake plan proposal job suggestion
wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组 或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容
eg : My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
2主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）
Eg : To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
3 不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain， become , look , sound , taste , smell , feel , 等后作表语．
Eg : The plan seems to have been changed .
4 在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，例如：All you have to do is (to )press the button.
The only thing I can do is (to) give you as much help as I can.
三 动词不定式作宾语
1、“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构
常用动词有: like wish hope want try begin start mean plan hate
Agree refuse promise pretend ask choose decide forget hope learn would like intend demand expect fail offer help attempt determine manage remember prepare 等
Eg : We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
2 不定式即可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.
不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.
这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句
动词+疑问词+不定式
Eg : I’m worrying about what to do next.
Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.
• 这类动词常见的有： tell advise show teach find out decide discuss learn forget inquire know explain remember see understand wonder 等。
疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what where who(m) when how whether
Eg : I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.
I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.
We must find out what to do next / where to put it.
注1 ：如果作宾语的不定式结构后面还有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置
eg : I find it difficult to understand him.
We thought it wrong not to help her.
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
注2 ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用.
Eg : He seldom comes except to look at my pictures
注意不定式符号的省略问题！
do nothing but / except 后的不定式不带to.
需要注意的是,此句型中but/ except 前必须要有实义动词do时，but / except后的不定式to才能省略，否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是： 有do无to，有 to无 do．
Eg : She has no choice but to wait for the news.
He could do nothing but wait.
He will do anything for you except lend you money.
注3 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同
remember to do 记住要做某事；
remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do 忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做原来在做的事
Eg : I remember seeing you somewhere before.
Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
四 不定式结构作宾语补足语
1、只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词
① 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。
Eg : What do you desire me to do?
The director preferred her to act the old lady.
②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。
Eg : We mustn’t let this (to) happen again.
His father put him to mind the sheep.
③ 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。
Eg : He begged me not to tell his father about it.
She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.
④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。
Eg : He urged us to accept the compromise.
The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.
⑤ 含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。
Eg : He required us to keep it a secret.
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days.
I warn you not to do that again
⑥ 其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。
Eg : He promised to teach me to swim.
We should train them to make use of reference books.
We are waiting for the train to stop.
2、既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：
△ see, watch, notice, look at, hear,
listen to, observe, feel, have;
△ imagine, find, discover, like, want,
understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set
Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house?
Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct.
We find him to be dishonest.
注 ①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。
不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）
现在分词表示动作正在进行,即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。
Eg : Did you see anyone enter the house?
He saw his father talking with his teacher.
I once heard him sing this song.
She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.
注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略
不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to
“看”： see, look at, observe, watch, notice
“听”：hear, listen to
“感觉”：feel
使役动词：have, make, let
但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原：
They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.
The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.
需要注意have, make的用法：
have, make用做使役动词
表“让，使，允许”等意，其后的不定式作宾补时，才可省to．
用作一般实义动词, have表示“有”，make表示“制造”，“做”等意义，且后面的不定式作目的状语，定语等时，不定式符号to不能省．
Eg : I won’t have him cheat me. “允许”
I have a lot of work to do. “有”
His story made us laugh. “使”
Father made a kite for his son to fly. “做”
△feel 在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时不带 to；
在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，
Eg : He felt them to be right.
Did you feel the earth shake?
△ help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带to，也可以不带 to
Eg : Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?
不定式运用口诀
本领最多不定式， 主、表、宾、补、定和状。
样样成分都能干， 只有谓语它不敢。
大家千万要当心， 有时它把句型改，
作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。
七个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开；
疑问词后接上它， 宾语从句可充当；
逻辑主语不定式， 不定式前for sb. ;
to前not是否定， 各种用法区别开。
不定式在七个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略。如
例1： Now, let me go.（go前省掉了to）
例2：I saw her run into the classroom.（run前的to省掉了）
比较She was seen to run into the classroom.
五.作定语:(常常表示将来的动作)
（不定式作定语须放在被修饰的名词 或代词的后面）
1.不定式与被修饰的词有动宾关系
e.g: Have you got anything to do this evening
I have some fiends to invite.
当名词被 the first , the last, the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式 作定语，而不管动作是否已完成．
Eg : He is the only person to know the truth.
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
2.不定式用于说明被修饰的名词或代词的内容，相当于同位语，可转换成同位语从句。
e.g: I have no chance to go abroad. = I have no chance that I will go abroad.
3作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 或逻辑宾语．
Eg : Alice is always the first student to come to school.
The teacher gave me some English books to read.
The meeting to take place here tomorrow is going to discuss the problem of pollution.
Mr. Brown has a large family to support．
当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系．
Eg : Please pass me some paper to write on.
There’s nothing for us to worry about.
She has a nice pen to write with.
He bought a flat for the family to live in.
An office to work in /A child to look after
A river to swim in
六、不定式做状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、 条件等。
1、表目的
e.g: To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best..
He came here to attend an important meeting
注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语
Eg : He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
He went home to see his mother.
例外的情况
eg : He opened the door for the children to come in.
They sent a man to mend the window.
注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as
Eg : He came here in order to see Charlie.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
He went early in order not to miss the train.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.
注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于他功能的标志之一。
但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，
Eg : To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
(In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.)
To get the best results, use clean water.
2、表结果
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：
① so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?
② such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③ enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④ too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：
I’m only too glad to go. = I’m very glad to go.
I shall be only too pleased to get home.= I shall be very pleased to get home.
〖 only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 〗
☆☆不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果
eg : She woke early to find it was raining.
He got home to learn that his father was ill.
这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：
1 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
He arrived late and found the others had gone home.
2 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果）
Eg : He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.
3 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气
Eg : He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，根据词汇意义认真加以区别，
试比较：
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert.
( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains.
( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)
3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）
eg :I wondered to hear her voice in the next room .
= I wondered because I heard her voice in the next room .
She cried to see him in that condition .= She cried because she saw him in that condition .
注意
在there be结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示．
There is a lot of work to do/to be done.
Hurry up! There’s no time to lose/to be lost.
There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.
不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前．
I’m glad to have seen your father.
She seemed to have heard of it already.
So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.
主动形式表被动意义的不定式
E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer.
The problem is difficult to deal with.
主语＋be +adj. +to do
能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的) ,interesting, nice , heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.
主语+be +adj. + enough +to do
E.g.: The box is light enough to carry.
The river water is warm enough to swim in.
主语+be +too +adj. +to do
E.g.: The books seemed too heavy to carry.
The ice is too thin to skate on.
七、分裂不定式
在不定式符号to和动词原形之间可插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式，所插入的副词习惯上常与不定式的动词原形连用，故分裂不定式要合乎习惯，不可滥用，如：
He liked to half close his eyes
It is too heavy for me to even lift. 它很重，我都掀不动它。
I remember to have plainly refused his offer.
八、不定式的独立结构
不定式具有它自己的独立主语时，二者即构成不定式独立结构，常用作状语，表伴随情况，如：
I to bear this is some burden.
我担负此物颇不轻松（ I to bear this 是不定式独立结构）
We divide the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.
Exercises
1. Tom _____ when they spoke ill of him.
A. happened to be passed B. happened to be passing by
C. happened passing by D. happened to passed
2. We all hope ______ scientists.
A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became
3. We all want _____ the sports meet.
A. taking part in B. joining C. to take part in D. to attending
4. They expect _____ their mother.
A. to be seen B. to be seeing C. to see D. see
5. I happened _____ the article when he asked me about it.
A. having read B. to have read C. to be read D. reading
6. I didn’t _____ it until you had explained how.
A. manage to do B. managed to do
C. manage to have done D. manage doing
7. Yesterday I did nothing but ____ TV.
A. watch B. watched C. to watch D. watching
He waited for nothing but _____ the manager.
A. to see B. seeing C. see D. saw
8. There is nothing to do but _____ down to have a rest.
A. lie B. lying C. to lie D. lay
9. They are planning ______ London next year.
A. visiting B . to visit C. visited D. visit
10. Talking about the future career, I’d prefer ____ a teacher ____ be a secretary.
A. being, to B. to be, to C. to be, rather than D. being, more than
11. — Don’t forget to turn off the light when you leave.
— OK, I’ll remember _____ when I leave
A. to turn off it B. to turn it off C. turning off it D. turning it off
12. He found it important _____ the situation all over the world.
A. study B. to study C. studies D. to be studied
13. It had no effect except _____ him angry.
A. make B. making C. to make D. made
14. Bob did nothing except _____ tennis.
A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
15. I’m considering _____ his letter.
A. to answer B. how answering C. to be answering D. how to answer
16. We have no idea about _____ next.
A. how doing B. what doing C. what to do D. to do
17. The government calls on us ______ our produce.
A. increased B. increasing C. increase D. to increase
18. The young man persuaded his father _____ smoking
A. to give up B. giving up C. being given up D. give up
19. We can depend on the workers _____ out the plan.
A. carrying B. carry C. to carry D. carried
20. They would not allow him _____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
21. With his teacher _____ he wanted to try it a second time.
A. helping B. to help C. help D. helped
22. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.(NMET94 25)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
23. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_____. (NMET95 35)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
24. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. (97 上海12)
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
25. Believe it or not, he was seen ______upstairs just now.
A. to go B. to going C. having gone D. go
26．Mrs. Smith warned her husband _____after drinking again and again.
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never rive
27. Little Jim should love _____to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
28. Sandy could do nothing but ___ to his teacher that he was wrong .
A .admit B .admitted C .admitting D .to admit
29.With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time .(2002 春季上海)
A .settled B .settling C .to settle D .being settled
30. Paul doesn’t have to be made ___ . He always works hard .
A .learn B .to learn C .learned D .learning
31 . This book is said ____ into many foreign languages .
A .to have been translated B .to have translated
C .to be translated D .having been translated
32The classroom needs _____．
A．clean B．cleaned C．to clean D．cleaning
33.The patient doesn’t like _____ now．
A．ate B．eat C．eating D．to eat
34.Last summer I took a course on____.
A how to make dresses B how dresses be made
C how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made
35.John was made ____the truck for a week as a punishment.
A to wash B washing C wash D to be washing
36.The patient was warned ___oily food after the operation.
A to eat not B eating not C not to eat D not eating
37. _____ with him is a great pleasure.
A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking
38. It is nice _____ your voice.
A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing
39. ______ is to struggle.
A. Living B. Live C. To live D. To be lived
40. Her wish is ______ a doctor.
A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come
41 Is______ necessary to change trains at Beijing?
A. this B. that C. it D. he
42. Do let your mother know all the truth . She appears _____ everything .
A .to tell B .to be told C .to be telling D .to have been told
43. _____ is easier than to do .
A . Saying B . Said C . To Say D . To having said
44.It was foolish his car unlocked.
A. for him to leave B. of him to leave C. for him leave D. him to leave
45. He seems _____ the old lady.
A. knowing B. to be known C. to know D. to be knowing
46. Mr. Crossett seemed ____ the visitor somewhere before.
A. meeting B. to have met C. to be meeting D. to meet
47. He seems ____ here for three years.
A. to be living B. to have lived C. to have been lived D. to live
48. The last man ____ the sinking ship was the captain.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left D. to have left
49. There is a restaurant ______.
A. eat B. eating C. to eat D. to eat at
50.At last they found a house _____.
A. to leave his things with B. to leave his things in
C. leaving his things in D. leaving his things
51. Last summer I took a course on ______.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
52. There is nothing _______.
A. to worry B. to worry about C. worry D. worry about
53. We started so early _____ get there before noon.
A. that B. as to C. so as to D. in order to
54. Have you got enough room ______ all of us?
A. seating B. to seat B. seated D. to be seated
55. It is too dark for us _____ anything in the room.
A. see B. seeing C. to see D. seen
56. He bent down _____ the pen lying on the floor.
A. pick up B. to pick up C. picking D. picked
57. _______ the room temperature, he added some coal into the stove.
A. To keep up B. So as to keep up C. Keep up D. In order keep up
58. He is always the first _____ and last _____.
A. of coming, of leaving B. comes, leaves
C. to come, to leave D. coming, leaving
59. The teacher did what she could ______ me with my lesson.
A. help B. helps C. helped D. to help
60. The doctor did everything he could _____ the patient.
A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved
Key:1---5 BBCCB 6---10 AA(A)ABC 11---15 BBCAD 16—20 CDACA
21---25 BAAAA 26---30 AAACB 31—35 ADDAA 36---40 CAACC
41---45 CDCBC 46---50 BBADB 51—55 ABBBC 56—60 BACDB
Exercises
1.He asked me to help him repair his radio, but I don’t know ___.
A. to do it B. how to C. what to do it D. how to do
2. His voice made me _____ terrible.
A. To feel B. feel C. feels D. felt
3. My parents told me ____ people when they are in trouble.
A. never laugh at B. not to laugh at
C. don’t laugh at D. not laugh at
4. It’s bad manners ____ rude to people.
A. to be B. are C. be D. to being
5. It’s interesting _____ us to take part in the games.
A. of B. to C. for D. at
6.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ___ it more difficult.
A not make B not to make C not making D do not make
7.I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C to be expecting D expects
8.Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
9. I would love ___ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
10. _____ with him is a great pleasure.
A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking
11. It is nice _____ your voice.
A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing
12. ______ is to struggle.
A. Living B. Live C. To live D. To be lived
13. Her wish is ______ a doctor.
A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come
14. I was just about _____ the office when the phone rang.
A. leaving B. leave C. to leave D. to leaving
15. I didn’t _____ it until you had explained how.
A. manage to do B. managed to do
C. manage to have done D. manage doing
16. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _______ a look at the sports stars. （2005 上海卷）
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
17. Daddy didn't mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, ____fun . （2005 重庆卷）
A. had B. have C. to have D. having
18.Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music. (04全国III)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
19.---- Is Bob still performing?
---- I'm afraid not. He is said________ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005 江苏卷)
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
20. 31. He hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left.
(2005 广东卷)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
Key: 1—5 BBBAC 6---10 BBBBA 11---15 ACCCA 16---20CCDAA
Exercises你学会了吗?
1. The man wanted __________ (have) a rest.
2. The little boy likes ___________________ ( answer) questions.
3. Mr. Wang taught me ________ (play) basketball.
4. Would you like __________ (join) us?
5. The teacher asked him ________(be) earlier next time.
6. Please come over to my home ___________ (visit) my parents.
7. My watch needs ___________ (repair).
8. He was running ___________(catch) the bus.
9. Li Ping wanted you __________(call) him.
10. Let’s ask him __________(turn) it down.
11. I hope __________ (find) a good job.
12. He went there ________ ( work) as a teacher.
13. She wanted __________ (do) something _______ (keep) herself busy.
!4. Mother asked me _______(stay)at home .
15 .Let’s ______( have)a rest.
16 . I saw him_______ (drop)a book.
17 . He found it very difficult ______(get )to sleep.
18 . She went to the USA ________ . (learn)English.
19 . I have much homework _______.(do)
20 . I am sorry _______(trouble)you.
21 . He spent 2 hours ______ (mend)_his bike.
22 . Mother taught me _____and ____.(read, write)
23 . she is old enough _____(go)to school.
24 . He will tell me before he ______ .(leave)
Key: 1 . to have 2. to answer/ answering 3. to play 4. to join 5. to be
6. to visit 7. repairing 8. to catch 9 to call 10. to turn
11. to find 12. to work 13. to do , to keep 14 to stay 15 . have
16 .drop 17 .to get 18 . to learn 19 . to do 20 .to trouble
21 .mending 22 . to read ,write 23 .to go 24. leaves
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