高考英语语法易错点归纳 12页

高考英语语法易错点归纳 第一讲 定语从句 一、只能用that引导定语从句的情况：‎ ‎ 1．先行词是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, all, much, many, a lot, few, little, none等时。如：‎ ‎ He was so hungry that he ate up everything that was put in front of him.‎ ‎ He saw much that was bad.‎ ‎ There is little that I can do for you.‎ ‎ 2． 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。如：‎ ‎ He is the first student that I got to know in this school.‎ ‎ This will be the last thing that I will do.‎ ‎ 3．先行词被最高级修饰或先行词本身就是最高级时。如：‎ ‎ This is the most interesting film that I have seen this year. ‎ ‎ This book is the most expensive that I have bought so far.‎ ‎ 4． 先行词被all, every, some, next, any, no, many, much, the only, the very等修饰时。如：‎ ‎ He is the very man that I am after.‎ ‎ 5． 一些以who, which开头的句子，为了避免重复，也要用that作关系代词。如：‎ ‎ Which is the book that you have just paid for? ‎ ‎ Who is the person that you are looking for?‎ ‎ 6． 先行词既指人也指物时。如：‎ ‎ We talked about the things and persons that we still remembered.‎ ‎ 7． the way用作先行词时，引导词用that或in which，也可省略，但不能用which。 如：‎ ‎ This is the only way（that / in which） you can work out this problem.‎ ‎ 8. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(只限于限定性定语从句)。如：‎ ‎ Mr. Smith still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.‎ ‎ 二、只能用which引导定语从句的情况：‎ ‎ 1． 在引导非限定性定语从句，且which指代前面的整个句子时。这一用法是高考的一个热点。如：‎ ‎ Mary failed in the examination, which worried her mother a lot.‎ ‎ 2．在介词的后面只能用关系代词which来指代前面表示物的名词。如：‎ ‎ I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.‎ ‎ 三、as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别：‎ ‎ 1． 从句意上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句通常表示“正如……，正像……的那样”；而which引导非限定性定语从句时指代前面整个句子的内容。如：‎ ‎ Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all.‎ ‎ China is making rapid progress, as everybody can see.‎ ‎ Mary didn’t pass the driving test, which made her very sad. ‎ ‎ 2． 从位置上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句子的前面、后面，甚至可放在这个句子的中间。因为，实质上，as引导的非限定性定语从句是一个插入语，用来对一个句子进行附加说明。故它在句中的位置比较灵活；而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。如：‎ ‎ As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.‎ ‎ He is late again, as is often the case.‎ ‎ Many people, as you know, are learning foreign languages.‎ ‎ He changed his mind, which made me very angry.‎ ‎ 3． 从搭配上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词。如：see, hear, know, expect, guess, hope, remember等；而which引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词则没有这样的特点。如：‎ ‎ The weather turned out fine, as we had expected. ‎ ‎ She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well. ‎ ‎ 四、“介词+关系代词”结构：‎ ‎ “介词+关系代词”也是历年来各省市高考的一个热点。对于这个结构应重点把握如下几点：‎ ‎ 1． 关于“名词+of which / whom”结构。这种结构表示一种所属关系，在名词的前面通常有定冠词修饰。这个结构常常可以转化为“whose+名词”结构。如：‎ ‎ The house, the gate of which faces south, belongs to the Smiths. ＝ The house, whose gate faces south, belongs to the Smiths.‎ ‎ Mr. Smith, the house of whom was robbed, reported it to the police. ＝ Mr. Smith, whose house was robbed, reported it to the police.‎ ‎ 2． 关于“数词+of which / whom”结构（数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换）。在这个结构中，介词of表示一种部分与全体的关系。这时，其中的数词可以后置，放在关系代词which或whom的后面，构成“of which /whom+数词”的结构。这时的介词of不可换成其他任何介词。如：‎ ‎ The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. ＝ The buses，of which most were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd．‎ ‎ I met some foreigners yesterday, two of whom are from the US. = I met some foreigners yesterday, of whom two are from the US.‎ 注意区别：I met some foreigners yesterday, and two of them are from the US. ‎ I met some foreigners yesterday. Two of them are from the US.‎ ‎ 3． 关于“介词+关系代词”结构。非限定性定语从句的关系代词前如果带有一个介词时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)。如：‎ ‎ Mr. Green, for whom money is not a problem now, still lives a simple life.‎ ‎ They arrived at a small town, from which it is only a short way to Shanghai.‎ ‎ 且which和whose还可修饰一个名词，作这个名词的定语。如：‎ ‎ He got to the station at five yesterday afternoon, by which time the trains to Beijing had all left.‎ ‎ This is Mr. Brown, by whose car I came to New York. ‎ 五、当表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词作先行词时，不能一概用关系副词when, where, why或“介词+which / whom”引导定语从句。若引导词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词或“介词＋which / whom”引导定语从句；若引导词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则应用关系代词引导定语从句。试比较下面的句子：‎ ‎1) I’ll never forget the days (that / which) I spent with my teacher. (that / which在定语从句中作宾语)‎ ‎2) I’ll never forget the days when (=on which) I joined the army. (when在定语从句中作时间状语)‎ ‎1) This is the reason which he gave me for doing it. (which在定语从句中作宾语)‎ ‎2) Do you know the reason why he came late? (why在定语从句中作原因状语)‎ ‎1) You can see the way in which his mind works when he reads his books. (in which在定语从句中作方式状语)‎ ‎2) Is there any way that can be found to solve the problem? (that在定语从句中作主语)‎ ‎1) It is the house that was built two years ago. (that在定语从句中作主语)‎ ‎2) It is the house where I was born. (where在定语从句中作状语)‎ 小结如下：‎ ‎1、先行词是表示时间的名词时，如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词when / 介词+which；如果在从句中作动词或介词的宾语，则用which或that。如：‎ ‎①I will never forget the days when / in which we worked together. （work是不及物动词）‎ ‎②I will never forget the days which / that we spent together.（spent是及物动词）‎ ‎③I will never forget the days when / in which we spent ones together.（spent是及物动词,但其后已有宾语 ones）‎ 解析：在句①中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语，所以用关系副词when来代指，引导定语从句修饰先行词the days；而在句②中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语，所以用关系代词that或which来代指。‎ ‎2、同样，先行词表示地点的名词如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词where / 介词+which或；如果在从句中作动词的宾语，则用which或that来代替。如：‎ ‎①This is the factory where / in which I worked.（作状语）‎ ‎②This is the factory that / which I visited years ago.（作宾语）（visit是及物动词）‎ ‎③This is the factory where / in which I visited it years ago （作状语）（visit是及物动词,但其后已有宾语 it）‎ ‎ 六、定语从句与强调句型的区别：‎ ‎ 定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词在所引导的从句中作某种成分，而强调句中的that或 who在句中不作任何成分。‎ 特别注意：强调句与定语从句、状语从句等的混合使用。如：‎ ‎①It was the park where I met her first time. (where 引导地点状语从句，it指代地点)‎ ‎②It was in the park that I met her first time. (that 引导强调句) ‎ ‎③It was six o’clock when we got home yesterday afternoon. (when 引导时间状语从句，it指代时间)‎ ‎④It was at six o’clock that we got home yesterday afternoon. (that 引导强调句)‎ ‎⑤ ---Where did you met her first time?‎ ‎ --- It was in the park where we used to do morning exercise that I met her first time.(where引导定语从句，that引导强调句)‎ ‎⑥--- When did the couples find their lost son?‎ ‎ --- It was on the morning when you went to school that they found their son. (when引导定语从句，that引导强调句)‎ ‎ 七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：‎ ‎ 引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语或表语时可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that在句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。如： ‎ ‎ This is the suggestion (that) he put forward.（定语从句） ‎ ‎ He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o’clock. （同位语从句）‎ 八、定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：‎ ‎①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0‎ ‎②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.‎ 解析：在句①中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句②中，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students，为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。‎ 感悟：分析定语从句句子结构和成分是关键。‎ 九、 几个特殊先行词后的定语从句：‎ ‎ 1. reason为先行词时, 若引导词在从句中作状语，则用why引导，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则用that或which引导。如：‎ ‎ Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting? （why在从句中作状语）‎ ‎ This is the reason that / which he gave. (that / which在从句中作宾语)‎ ‎ 2. situation, occasion, point 在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where 或in which。如:‎ ‎ We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to. (where在从句中作状语)‎ 十、特殊定语从句。‎ ‎ 下面的定语从句，是一些特殊例子，还有些是与其他句式的对比，一定要熟记。‎ ‎1. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.‎ ‎2. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.‎ ‎3.① Is this place the one that we visited? ‎ ‎② Is this the place that we visited?‎ ‎4.① He is one of the boys who play the piano very well. ‎ ‎② He is the only one of the boys who plays the piano very well.‎ ‎5. ①Mr. White has three sons, all of whom are doctors.‎ ‎②Mr. White has three sons, and all of them are doctors.‎ ‎6. ①This is so touching a story as I have read three times.‎ ‎②This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.‎ ‎7. ①As is known to us, Bell invented the telephone.‎ ‎②It is known to us that Bell invented the telephone. ‎ ‎8. ①Five visitors invited by him came as I expected.‎ ‎②More visitors invited by him came than I expected.‎ 第二讲 名词性从句 一、that引导的定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“……的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如 fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如：‎ ① Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas. ‎ ‎②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.‎ 解析：在句①中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句②中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。‎ 感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。‎ 二、名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点 ‎1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：‎ It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.（形式主语）‎ We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）‎ ‎2）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it.‎ 例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.‎ ‎3）动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it.‎ 例如：① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.‎ ‎② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.‎ ‎4）短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时，必须冠以形式宾语it.‎ 例如：① I’m counting on it that you will come.‎ ‎② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead.‎ 第三讲 虚拟语气 一、 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。‎ ‎① if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.‎ ‎② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.‎ 句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去的情况，所以用过去完成时，但在主句中，句①依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是would have done，而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now, 这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在，从而按句①的形式填写答案。‎ 二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法 ‎1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided ‎(ordered, suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中，主语从句中的谓语动词常用（should）+动词原形结构，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被决定”等 例如：① it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.‎ ‎② it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.‎ ‎2. suggest, insist 后面指宾语从句时需注意的地方 ‎1）①suggest 当“建议”“提出”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“（should）+动词原形”‎ 例如：He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议立即动工。‎ 类似的动词还有insist坚持，demand要求，desire要求、请求，request请求，require要求、需要，order命令，propose建议，command命令，ask要求，advise建议，prefer宁愿等。‎ 这些动词变被动语态（如：It is suggested +that主语从句）形式后，主语从句谓语动词仍用“（should）+动词原形”‎ 这些动词变名词（如suggestion）后，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用“(should)+动词原形”‎ ‎②suggest 当“提出（某看法），暗示，启发”讲时，其后宾语从句的动词不用虚拟语气。‎ 例如：（1）The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member 警察局提出窃贼可能是一名家庭成员。‎ ‎（2）Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。‎ ‎（3）Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision ‎__wrong.虽然他没提出我们应该终止游过这条河的决定，但他的表情表明我们的决定是错误的。‎ A：stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ; was D: stopped; should be 在这个句子中，前一个suggest当“建议”“提出”讲，而后一个作“表明”讲，所以答案为“A”‎ ‎2）①insist作“坚决要求…该…；坚持认为…定要…”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”‎ 例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我坚持认为你应该准时到那里去 ‎②insist 作“坚持（意见，看法）；坚持说，确信”讲时，其后从句不用虚拟语气。‎ 例如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他坚持说他听到隔壁屋子里有人。‎ 三、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法 ‎ 1. 连词if 的省略 ‎ if 虚拟条件句中有should, had 或were时，if 可以省略，将should, had 或were放在句首。如：‎ ‎ Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded. ‎ ‎ 如果我当时努力学习的话，我当然会成功的。‎ ‎ Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.‎ ‎ 如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。‎ ‎ 2． 混合虚拟语气 ‎ 有时条件从句和结果主句所表示的时间不一致，这就要求主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念来确定。如：‎ ‎ If she had followed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now.‎ ‎ 如果当时她听医生的话，她现在就会好了。‎ ‎ 3． 含蓄条件句 ‎ 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：‎ ‎ （1）介词（短语），主要有but for, without, in case of等。如：‎ ‎ But for your help, I couldn’t finish the work on time. ‎ ‎ 要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。‎ ‎ Without electricity, there would not be modern industry. ‎ ‎ 没有电，就没有现代工业。‎ ‎ （2）通过上下文，句中往往有 otherwise, or等词。如：‎ ‎ I was very busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have come to see you. ‎ ‎ 我昨天很忙，要不然我就来看你了。‎ ‎ 4. 不用if 引导的条件从句 ‎ 非真实条件句中的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用as if, unless, in case, for fear， on condition等引导。如：‎ ‎ I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.‎ ‎ 我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。‎ ‎ He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. ‎ ‎ 如果明天能还回来，他就可以用这辆自行车。‎ ‎ 5. 只保留从句的虚拟语气 ‎ 这种从句常表示一种不可能实现的愿望，常用if only 引导。如：‎ ‎ If only I hadn’t wasted the time in high school. ‎ ‎ 我要是上中学时没有荒废时间就好了。‎ ‎ ‎ 第四讲 反意疑问句 ‎1.在一般疑问句中，无论肯定的问或是否定的问，如果回答为肯定则用yes，反之则用no.特别注意如果出现省略则看下文所暗示的意义。‎ ‎①—Are you a new comer?‎ ‎—Yes, I came here only yesterday.‎ ‎②—Isn’t Tom a good student?‎ ‎—Yes, he is excellent.‎ ‎③—Don’t you think the composition good?‎ ‎—No, It can’t be any worse.‎ 注意：在②③句中，当回答的意思与问句相一致时，则用No，译为“是的”，当回答的意思与问句相反时，则用Yes，译为“不”‎ ‎2.情态动词must ‎① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?（表必须）‎ ‎② He must be in the classroom, isn’t he? （表推测：侧重表事实）‎ ‎③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ?‎ ‎（表推测：侧重现在的结果）‎ ‎④ He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon, didn’t he? （表推测：侧重表过去）‎ 当句子中有表示猜测的情态动词时，其反意疑问句的构成不能再用原句中的情态动词，而应根据原句在去掉情态动词的情况下的主谓关系来确定其反问形式。‎ 第五讲 非谓语动词 非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语）。‎ Judging/considering / generally speaking/supposing 指说话者的动作，故只用主动式。如：‎ Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.‎ 解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完成式。‎ In order to improve English , ________.‎ A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes. B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.‎ C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny. D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.‎ 解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以，应该排除CD，再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.‎ ‎———，we decided to go out for a walk.‎ A. It is fine B. It fine C. Being fine D. It being fine 解析：主句主语we与动词短语be fine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选C项，而应该选D项。‎ ‎————more attention, the trees could have grown better.‎ A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having giving 解析：give与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选A.如为主动关系则选C.‎ 易出错的问题一般都是学生在学习中对知识理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，应及时纠错和建立“错题档案”，还应“借题发挥”，有意地把一些易错题予以归类，找出错误根源，总结规律。‎ 第六讲 “情态动词 + have done”用法盘点 ‎ 一. 表推测 ‎ ①must have done表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，意为“一定，准是，想必……”，只用于肯定句中。‎ ‎ ②can / could have done表示对过去发生行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中，意为“‎ 不可能……”。‎ ‎ ③may / might have done表示对过去发生的情况的推测，意为“也许，或许……”，一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。如：‎ ‎ It’s too late. I think they may have gone to bed.‎ ‎ 太晚了，我想他们可能睡觉了。‎ ‎ This cake is very sweet. You must have put a lot of sugar in it. ‎ ‎ 这蛋糕很甜，你一定是放了很多糖。‎ ‎ My sister met him yesterday afternoon, so he couldn’t have attended your lecture. ‎ ‎ 我姐姐昨天下午遇见他了，因此他不可能去听你的课。‎ ‎ 二. 表责备 ‎ ①could have done用在肯定句中，表示本来能做某事，但实际上未做某事。‎ ‎ ②might have done表示本来可能做某事，但实际上未做某事。‎ ‎ ③should / ought to have done表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做；其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。‎ ‎ ④need have done表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做；其否定式表示本来不必做某事但实际上却做了。如：‎ ‎ You might have given him more help, though you were busy. ‎ ‎ 尽管你很忙，但你本来可以给他更多的帮助的。‎ ‎ You should / ought to have stopped at the red light. ‎ ‎ 你见了红灯本应该停车的。‎ ‎ You needn’t have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to your house. ‎ ‎ 你没必要坐出租车，这儿离你家很近。‎ ‎ You could have made greater progress, but you didn’t devote yourself to your study.‎ ‎ 你本来能取得更大的成绩，但你没有全身心地投入学习。‎ ‎ 三. 用于与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中 ‎ 主要有would / should / could / might have done。如：‎ ‎ If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest. ‎ ‎ 如果去年雨水充足的话，我们可能会有一个好收成。‎ ‎ If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the final test. ‎ ‎ 如果你当时努力学习的话，就会轻松通过最后的测试的。‎ 第七讲 倒 装 倒装包括全部倒装和部分倒装, 部分倒装是历年高考的考查重点。‎ 一、 部分倒装 部分倒装是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词提到主语之前。如果句子的谓语部分没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。常考的部分倒装结构有：‎ ‎1． 句首为否定或半否定的词语。如：not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, at no time, in no way, not ... until ..., not only ..., hardly / scarcely / ... when ...等。‎ ‎2． 用于so, neither, nor 开头的句子，重复前句中的部分内容, 表示“……也(不)这样”。其结构为：so / neither / nor + be /have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语。so 用于肯定句中，neither或nor用于否定句中。‎ ‎3. “only + 状语”位于句首时，后面的主句要用部分倒装。‎ ‎4. 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。‎ ‎5． 在虚拟条件句中，当从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词时，可将if 省略，而把 were, had, should ‎ 移到主语之前。如：‎ Were it to snow tomorrow, many crops will die.‎ Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. ‎ Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.‎ ‎6． 在以often, many a time, now and then等表示方式或频度的副词（短语）开头的句子，有时也有倒装现象。如：‎ Now and then do our teachers donate some money and clothes to the poor students. ‎ 二、 完全倒装 完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常用于一般现在时和一般过去时。在历年高考试题中出现较多的是：地点状语提前。在下列几种情况下多用完全倒装：‎ ‎1. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如：‎ In front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.‎ ‎2. 当now, then, thus, in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副词置于句首，且谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等时。如：‎ Out rushed a group of children. ‎ In came my mother with a cake. ‎ 注意：这时句子的主语必须是名词，如果是代词，则不用倒装句。如：‎ Up went the rocket. / Up it went.‎ ‎3. 在there, here 引起的句子中, 谓语动词用come, go, follow, enter, rush, occur等时。如：‎ There comes Yao Ming, a famous basketball superstar.‎ 注意：当主语是人称代词时，句子不必倒装。如：‎ There he comes, a famous basketball superstar.‎ ‎4. 在there, here 引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, live, lie 等表示状态的不及物动词时。如：‎ There lived a cruel queen long ago. ‎ ‎5. such提前时，整个句子需要倒装。如：‎ ‎ Such is the fact that China is a great country. ‎ ‎6. “动词-ing形式 + be + 主语”结构。‎ ‎ Walking at the head of the line was our teacher. ‎ 第八讲 反意疑问句 ‎ 一、反意疑问句部分的助动词：‎ ‎ 反意疑问句的助动词要与陈述句部分的助动词保持一致。通常情况下，容易作出正确的判断。但要注意掌握以下较为复杂的情况：‎ ‎ 1． 陈述句的谓语动词为have to时，反意疑问句部分用助动词do构成疑问句。如：‎ They had to stay there, didn’t they?‎ ‎ 2． 陈述句的谓语动词含有used to时，反意疑问句可用usedn’t 或didn’t作助动词。如：‎ ‎ She used to come and help you, usedn’t / didn’t she?‎ ‎ 3． 陈述句含有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问句部分用ought作助动词。如：‎ ‎ She ought to come, oughtn’t she?‎ ‎ 4． 当陈述句部分有实义动词dare和need时，反意疑问句部分用do作助动词；如果need和dare是情态动词时，则反意疑问句部分仍用这两个词作助动词。如：‎ ‎ They don’t dare to come, do they? / They dare not come, dare they?‎ ‎ 5． 陈述句有情态动词must时：‎ ‎ 1) must be表示“推测”时，反意疑问句部分用be的适当形式作助动词。如：‎ ‎ She must be a student, isn’t she? ‎ ‎ 2) must表示“必须”时，后面用needn’t’t作助动词。如：‎ ‎ They must hand in their papers today, needn’t they? ‎ ‎ 3) mustn’t表示“禁止”，则反意疑问句部分仍用must作助动词。如：‎ ‎ The children mustn’t play in the street, must they? ‎ ‎ 4) 陈述句的谓语部分是“must have+过去分词”时，如果这个结构带有一个表示过去的时间状语，则反意疑问句用did作助动词；如果没有表示过去的时间状语，则反意疑问句部分用have作助动词。如：‎ ‎ They must have finished their work yesterday, didn’t they? / They must have finished their work, haven’t they?‎ ‎ 二、 反意疑问句用肯定式还是否定式：‎ ‎ 1． 陈述句部分的谓语是由带“否定”前缀的词构成时，这个句子仍被看作肯定句，后面的反意疑问句部分用否定式。如：‎ ‎ He is unfit for his office, isn’t he?‎ ‎ 2． 如果陈述句部分含有表示否定或半否定意义的词语如not，no，never，little，seldom，hardly，few，nowhere，nothing等时，这个句子被看成否定句，那么反意疑问句用肯定式。如：‎ ‎ He never comes to school so late, does he? ‎ ‎ 三、反意疑问句的主语：一般来说，反意疑问句部分的主语要与前面的陈述句部分的主语保持一致。但需注意下面几点：‎ ‎ 1． 如果陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词如anyone, someone, no one, everybody, nobody, somebody等时，反意疑问句的主语可用he，也可用they。如：‎ ‎ Everybody knows that, don’t they / doesn’t he?‎ ‎ 2． 陈述句部分的主语是表示物的不定代词如anything, nothing, something, everything等时，反意疑问句的主语用it。如: ‎ ‎ Nothing happened, did it?‎ ‎ 3． 如果陈述句部分的主语是非谓语形式或主语从句时，反意疑问句的主语用it。如：‎ ‎ Doing more exercise is good for health, isn’t it? ‎ ‎ That he missed the exam made his parents worried, didn’t it?‎ ‎ 四、反意疑问句是主从复合句或感叹句时，反意疑问句的构成： ‎ ‎ 1． 如果陈述句部分是I think / believe / suppose等时，反意疑问句应与其宾语从句保持一致。如：‎ ‎ I don’t think he is right, is he? 但：You don’t think he is right, do you?‎ ‎ 2． 如果陈述句部分是一个主从复合句，反意疑问句应与主句保持一致。如：‎ ‎ If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off, won’t it?‎ ‎ 3． 陈述句部分是并列句时，反意疑问句与后一个分句保持一致。如：‎ ‎ I bought you a ticket yesterday, and you went to see the film with me, didn’t you?‎ ‎ 4． 陈述句部分是一个感叹句时，反意疑问句通常用否定式，助动词一般用动词be。如：‎ ‎ Ｗhat a cold day, isn’t it!‎ ‎ 5． 祈使句的反意疑问句通常用will作助动词。如：‎ ‎ Don’t go out, will you?‎ 第九讲 主谓一致 ‎ 主谓一致是高中英语中的一个重要语法项目。下面将这个问题分类向大家说明，以期同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目。‎ ‎ 一、名词作主语时应注意以下问题:‎ ‎ 1． 有的名词既可被看作一个整体，又可被看作这个整体中的成员。被看作整体时，其谓语动词应用单数形式。被看作这个整体中的成员时，其谓语动词应用复数形式。这类名词有：group，family，enemy，class，team，government，crew，crowd，audience，committee等。‎ ‎ 2． 有些集体名词只能被看作复数。这类名词有：people，police, cattle等。‎ ‎ 3． 有的名词单复数形式相同。这时，要根据具体的意义来确定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如：‎ ‎ There is a sheep under the tree. / Five sheep are eating grass on the hill.‎ ‎ 4． 当一个名词短语表示时间、度量、距离、金额、书名等时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，其谓语用单数形式。‎ ‎ 5． 不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词被and或or 连接时，即使有多个并列的主语，仍看作是单数。‎ ‎ 6． 主语由more than one或many a 修饰时，尽管从意义上表示的是复数，但其谓语动词仍用单数。‎ ‎ 但是，“more＋复数名词＋than one”结构之后的谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ ‎ More students than one have gone there before.‎ ‎ 7． 有的名词表示的是由两个对称的部分构成的物品。如：trousers, glasses, shoes, gloves, shorts, scissors等，这类名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式。但如果其前有a pair of，a kind of修饰时，则应被看作单数形式。‎ ‎ 8． 如果名词被most of, all of, half of, the rest of等词语修饰时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于这些词语所修饰的是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数，即谓语动词应与它们所修饰的词语保持一致。如：‎ ‎ Half of the population in this city are workers. / Half of the land has been developed.‎ ‎ 9． 在倒装句中，谓语动词要与后面的主语保持一致。如：‎ ‎ On the wall hangs a picture. (a picture为主语)‎ ‎ 二、由连词连接的名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致问题：‎ ‎ 1． 由and，both ... and连接的两个词语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，如果and所连接的两个名词指的是同一个人或物，或者同一个概念时，谓语动词用单数。如： Bread and butter is his favourite food.‎ ‎ 2．主语的后面有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but，besides，including等词语所接的名词或代词时，谓语动词要与主语保持一致。如：‎ ‎ Tom as well as his parents is going to visit China. ‎ ‎ 3． 以or，either ... or，neither ... nor，not only ... but also等连接的两部分作主语时，谓语动词要与最近的那一个保持一致。如：‎ ‎ Either you or I am wrong. /Are either you or I wrong?‎ ‎ 三、代词作主语时的主谓一致问题：‎ ‎ 1． 名词性物主代词作主语时，既可用作单数，也可用作复数。这要取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：‎ ‎ Your pen is old. Mine is new. / My books are expensive. Hers are cheap.‎ ‎ 2． such用作指示代词时，应根据其所指的内容来决定其单复数。如：‎ ‎ Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with a warm heart. (Such指Albert Einstein)‎ ‎ Such are his words spoken at the meeting. (Such指his words)‎ ‎ 3． 疑问代词who，what，which用作主语时，其谓语动词可用作单数或者复数。这要取决于它所要表达的意思是单数还是复数。如：‎ ‎ 1) —Who is to go there?‎ ‎ —It’s Xiao Li.‎ ‎ 2) —Who are talking over there?‎ ‎ —Mary and Betty.‎ ‎ 4． 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all,‎ ‎ some等作主语时，视其在句中的意义，谓语动词可用作单数或复数。如： Now all has changed. / All are silent at the meeting.‎ ‎ 四、分数、量词作主语时的主谓一致问题：‎ ‎ 1． “分数或百分数 + (of) + 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词。如：‎ ‎ Two thirds of the population here are workers. / Two thirds of the land is covered by water.‎ ‎ 2．被a lot of，half of，plenty of，a large quantity of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。如：‎ ‎ Half of the food has been sent to that area. / Half of the students have seen the film.‎ ‎ 3． quantity修饰名词时，谓语动词用单数还是复数形式取决于quantity是单数还是复数形式。如：‎ ‎ Large quantities of books / cloth are on sale. / A large quantity of books (rice) is on sale.‎ ‎ 4． a year and a half作主语时，谓语动词用作单数，因为谓语动词与half接近（就近原则）；one and a half years作主语时，谓语动词用作复数，因为谓语动词与years接近。‎ 第十讲 代词it、one、that的用法与区别.‎ ‎1、One表泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物中的某一个，用于指代单数可数名词，相当于a + 名词单数，其复数形式ones前一般要有定语，否则就要用some. ‎ ‎2、the one 表特指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于定指单数可数名词，相当于 it. the ones表特指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于定指可数名词复数，相当于 them / they.‎ ‎3、That表特指（those复数）既可指代不可数名词，也可指代可数名词，相当于the + 名词，后面经常与介词修饰语连用。‎ ‎4、It指代上文出现的同一名词，另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可作形式主语，形式宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it.‎ 例如：① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表，我想我必须再买一只。（代指上文指到的同类事物，但不指同一个）‎ ‎② Where is my pen? Have you seen it?‎ 我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事物）‎ ‎③ The land of China is larger than that of America.‎ ‎④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或two blue ones）‎ ‎⑤ He has no child, and he wants to adopt one （或some）‎