高考英语语法倒装强调主谓一致反意疑问句 18页

高中英语重要考点解析——反意疑问句 一、反意疑问句的一般情况 1．当陈述部分的主语是：等everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody合成代词时，附加疑问句的主语非正式文体中往往they用。（也可以按语法一致原则用单数。） ‎ ‎2．当陈述部分以one不定代词做主语时，附加问句的主语在正式常场用one，非正式场合用he。 ‎ ‎3．当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句、this或that，附加疑问句的主语用it。（是those, these则用they） ‎ ‎4．当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, nothing等，附加问句的主语用　it。 ‎ ‎5．陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，例如：never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, none, no one, rarely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, few, little等，附加疑问句的动词要用肯定形式。 ‎ ‎6．如果陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀，那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理，附加疑问句应用否定形式。 ‎ 二、常见句型的反意疑问句 7．当陈述部分是there be 存在句型时，附加疑问句的主语也用there。 ‎ ‎8．感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。 ‎ ‎9．祈使句后面的附加疑问句问题 A) 祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问句只能用will you。 B) 祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。 C) Let开头的祈使句要注意： 1.Let’s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句往往用shall we。 2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，let 有allow的意思。附加疑问部分用will you。 3. Let me 开头表示请求，附加疑问句用will you，或用may I。 ‎ 三、复合句的反意疑问句 10．当陈述部分是一个（带that引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是， 当陈述部分的主语是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。 ‎ ‎11．当陈述部分是I’m sure that,；we are sure；I’m afraid that；We are sure that；I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。 ‎ ‎12．当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要和离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。‎ 四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句 13．陈述部分中有have一词，且表示“所有”含义时，附加疑问句部分既可用have也可用do。 ‎ ‎14．陈述部分中有have to，附加疑问句部分用do。 ‎ ‎15．含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。  　He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? ‎ ‎16．陈述部分有used to，附加疑问句部分可用used 也可以用did 。 ‎ ‎17．陈述部分有needn’t时，附加疑问句部分用need但有时也可用must。 ‎ ‎18． 陈述部分有must，且表示“必须”时，附加疑问句部分用mustn’t，如果表示“必要”则用needn’t。 ‎ ‎19．陈述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”时，附加疑问句部分用must。 陈述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。‎ ‎20．陈述部分是I wish， 表示询问或征求意见，附加疑问部分用may I。 ‎ ‎21．弄清陈述句中的’d rather = would rather；’d better = had better附加疑问句部分前者用would，后者用had。 ‎ 其它特殊结构的反意疑问句 22．陈述部分的主语是each of...结构时，附加疑问句在强调整体时用they，当作个别时用he。 ‎ ‎23．陈述部分有neither...nor...(either...or...)做并列主语，附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。      Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? ‎ ‎24．陈述部分是：I’m ....结构，附加疑问句一般用aren’t I? ‎ ‎25.  陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?   　You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? ‎ ‎26.  陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。  　He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? ‎ ‎27.  陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。  　You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? ‎ ‎28.  带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。  　We need not do it again, need we ?  　He dare not say so, dare you?  　当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。  　She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?‎ 用must表推测的反意疑问句的有关用法 ‎1）对现在情况的推测，问句部分用主动词（do,be)一般现在时的适当形式。若是现在进行时，问句部分用现在进行时的适当形式表示。若是there be结构，问句用isn't/aren't there。如： 1)He must be there,isn't he? 2)He must have a big family,doesn't he? 3)He must be waiting outside,isn't he? 4)There must be some students in the room,aren't there? ‎ ‎2）对已发生的过去情况的推测，若陈述句谓语部分有“must have done”，而且有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用didn't；若没有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用haven't或hasn't。如： 1)They must have gone there last night,didn't they? 2)They must have arrived by now,haven't they?（根据by now来判断） 3)They must have been to the Great Wall,haven't they? ‎ ‎3）若是被动，应按被动结构来处理。如： 1)The room must have been cleaned yesterday,wasn't it? 2)The room must have been cleaned,hasn't it? ‎ ‎4）若句中有表示过去完成时的时间状语，问句部分应用hadn't.如: They must have learnt 5000 English words by the end of last term,hadn't they? (本题中must表推测，如果将它去掉，还原为真实句就是They had learnt 5000 English words by the end of last term.因此，反意问句是hadn't）‎ 高中英语重要考点解析——倒装句 ‎ 考点一：倒装句结构 ‎1. So much of interest does Beijing offer that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.‎ ‎2. Rarely did a debate attract so much media attention.‎ ‎3. Never before has this city been in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.‎ ‎4. Not only snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.‎ ‎5. Only when your identity has been checked, will you be allowed in. ‎ ‎6. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who is as capable as john.‎ ‎7. Not a single song did she sing at yesterday’s party.‎ ‎8. Little did he care about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.‎ ‎9. The food did not cost much, but neither was it very good.‎ ‎10. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom have I felt so lonely as now.‎ ‎11. Strange as it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. ‎ ‎12. No sooner had she gone than it happened.‎ ‎13. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else can you find such a beautiful palace.‎ ‎14. Scarcely had I arrived before he came out to meet me.‎ ‎15. On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.‎ ‎16. There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work. ‎ 考点二：倒装的种类 ‎  A. 完全倒装   完全倒装是将谓语的全部放在主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时两种。‎ ‎  On her left sat her husband.   Here is the book you want.   Down went the small boat. ‎ ‎  B. 部分倒装   部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，移至主语之前。   Only by working hard can one succeed.   Never have I seen her before.   提示：如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。   Well do I remember the day I joined the League.   Little did I think that he could be back alive ‎ 考点三： 常见的完全倒装结构 ‎1．there be 句型。   There is a mobile phone and some books on the desk.   There are thousands of people gathering on the square.   注意 引导词there 还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。   There lived an old fisherman in the village.   There stand two white houses by the river.   There existed some doubt among the students. ‎ ‎  2．用于here, there, now, thus, then + 动词 + 主语的句型中（谓语动词多为be, go, come等）。 ‎ ‎  Here comes the bus．   There goes the bell.   Now comes my turn.   Then came the order to take off. ‎ ‎  3．以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头，谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。   Away went the crowd one by one.   In came a stranger in black.   Down fell the leaves.   注意在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。   Out she went.   Here we are. ‎ ‎  4．表示地点的介词词组位于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。   South of the lake lies a big supermarket.   20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming pool.‎ ‎  On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers.‎ ‎  5. “表语+连系动词+主语”结构。   Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.   Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.   Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists. ‎ 考点四：常见的部分倒装结构 ‎1. 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere等）放在句首时。   He can not speak a single word of English.   ——Not a single word of English can he speak.   He cares little about his clothes.   ——Little does he care about his clothes.   I have never seen him before.   ——Never have I seen him before.   ——Never before have I seen him.   The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.   ——Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. (Not until引出的主从复合句中，主句倒装，从句不倒装。)   Churchill was not only a statesman, but a poet   ——Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a poet.  I shall by no means give up.   ——By no means shall I give up.    必背：表示“刚……就……的倒装结构   Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain.   Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang.    No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes.‎ ‎  2. 副词only +状语放在句首时。   Only then did I see life was not easy.   Only in this way can you use the computer well.   Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.（only+状语从句，从句不倒装，主句倒装）‎ ‎  3. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是：So + be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语。 ‎ ‎  She has been to Tokyo. So have I.‎   He can send emails to his former classmates. So can she.‎ ‎  He went to the film last night. So did I.‎   注意：如果对前面所说的内容，加以肯定，或不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，那不倒装。   --- Jack won the first prize in the contest.   --- So he did.   --- It is cold today.   --- So it is and so was it yesterday.   His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. ‎ ‎  4．Neither nor引导的句子用倒装语序，用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。   She won’t go. Nor will I.‎   I can not swim. Neither can he .   注意：如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时，用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。   He worked hard, but didn't pass the exam. So it was with his sister.（既有肯定又有否定）   She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching. So it is with Mr Li.（谓语一个是系动词，一个是行为动词）‎ ‎  5. “so...that...和“such...that...”结构中的so或such位于句首时。   He was so excited that he could not say a word.   ——So excited was he that he could not say a word.    His anger was such that he lost control of himself.   ——Such was his anger that he lost control of himself.  ‎ ‎  6．一些表示频率的副词（如many a time, often等）位于句首时。   I have seen her taking a walk alone many a time.   Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.   She often came to my house in the past.   Often did she come to my house in the past. ‎ ‎  7．表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时。   Well do I remember the day when I joined the League.   Gladly would I accept your proposal ‎  8．非谓语动词 + be + 主语。   Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water.   Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies.‎ ‎  First to unfold was the map of the world.‎ 考点五：常见的其他形式的倒装结构 ‎1．宾语位于句首表示强调   The past one can know, but the future one can only feel.‎ ‎  What Julia did I cannot imagine. ‎ ‎  2．the ...more... the more ...结构中的倒装   The harder you work, the happier you feel.（表语提前）   The more you study, the more you know.（宾语提前）   提示：   有时从句倒装，主句不倒装。   I like the painting better the more I look at it. ‎ ‎  3．although 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装   ①表语提前，构成倒装。   Though she is very pretty, she is not clever.   → Pretty though she is, she is not clever．‎ ‎   Although he was disabled, he tried his best to serve the people.   → Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people.‎ ‎  Although he is a child, he speaks fluent English.   → Child as he is, he speaks fluent English. （名词单数前不用不定冠词a）   Though he is the shortest, he is the richest of the three.   → Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three.（形容词最高级前去定冠词the）   ②动词提前，构成倒装。   Though they searched, they could not find anything in the house.   → Search as they did , they could not find anything in the house.   Though I failed, I would try again.   → Fail as I did, I would try again.‎ ‎  Though she may try again, she won't pass it.   Try as she may, she won't pass it.   ③副词提前，构成倒装。   Though he tried hard, he couldn't pass the exam.   → Hard as he tried, he couldn't pass the exam.   Though I listened attentively, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.   → Attentively as I listened, I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.‎ ‎  Though he ran the fastest, he still didn’t catch the train.   → Fastest as he ran, he still didn't catch the train.（副词最高级前不用定冠词the）‎ 高中英语重要考点解析——强调句 ‎ 考点一： it引导的强调结构 ‎  “It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分”是使用最广的强调句型。除了谓语动词不能强调外，句子中其它成分，如主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语都可以用该句型中加以强调。‎ 用强调结构强调句子成分 ‎  1．强调主语   被强调的主语是人时，可用It is/was ... that/who ...，但如果被强调的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。   He bought a camera yesterday.   -- It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday.   The famous writer and his works have aroused great interest among the students.   -- It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students.   2. 强调宾语   She helped me yesterday.   --It was me that/whom she helped yesterday.   They often talk about the school and the teachers.   --It is the school and the teachers that they often talk about. ‎ ‎  3. 强调宾语补足语   We elected him chairman of the meeting.   -- It was chairman of the meeting that we elected him.   We painted the wall white. It was white that we painted the wall.   4. 强调状语   英语中的状语种类很多,一般都可以用It is/was ... that ...来强调。   ①时间状语   He left his hometown for Taiwan in his teens.   -- It was in his teens that he left his hometown for Taiwan.‎ ‎  He let out the secret after the guest had gone away.   -- It was after the guest had gone away that he let out the secret.‎ ‎  提示   如果强调由not…until till 引导的时间状语时，要注意否定前移。   He didn't return to his hometown until after liberation.   -- It was not until after liberation that he returned to his hometown.‎ ‎  ②频率状语   He comes to see me once in a while.   -- It is once in a while that he comes to see me.   ③地点状语   The car accident happened in this street yesterday.   -- It was in this street that the car accident happened yesterday.‎ ‎  ④方式状语   They took care of their sick mother by turns.   -- It was by turns that they took care of their sick mother.   ⑤目的状语   He got up early to catch the early bus.   --It was to catch the early bus that he got up early.   ⑥原因状语   They could not cross the river because the water had risen.   -- It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.‎ ‎  提示：   在强调结构It is/was ...that ...中，要用because来引导原因状语从句，不用since或as。‎ ‎  ⑦其他状语   The tailor made a suit to my own measure.   -- It was to my own measure that the tailor made a suit.‎ ‎  ⑧with without 复合结构   “with without+名词代词+其他成分”这种结构，也可以放在It is/was ... that 中，成为被强调的部分。   He was waiting for his son at the gate, with an umbrella in his hand.    -- It was with an umbrella in his hand that he was waiting for his son at the gate.‎ ‎  She felt very nervous, with the teacher standing beside her.  It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt veryn nervous.‎ 考点二：强调句与定语从句、状语从句等其他句型的区别 有时强调句在形式上和定语从句、状语从句很相似。我们除了从意思上进行区分外，还能根据强调句结构特点来进行判断，如能去掉It was ...that ... 后，句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。‎ ‎  It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago.   是在火车站我们16年前第一次相逢。（强调句，强调地点状语at the railway station）   It was the railway station where we first met 16 years ago.   这是我们16年前第一次相逢的火车站。（定语从句，where 是关系副词，在定语从句中做地点状语）   It was in this street that the car accident happened the other day.   前几天发生汽车事故的就是在这条街上。（强调句，强调地点状语in this street）   It was this street where the car accident happened the other day.   这是前几天汽车事故的那条街。（定语从句，where 是关系副词在定语从句中做地点状语）   It was at midnight that he got home yesterday.   他昨天是半夜到家的。（强调句，强调时间状语at midnight）   It was midnight when he got home yesterday.   昨天他到家时已是半夜。（when引导的是时间状语从句，it 是代词，指时间）‎ 考点三：强调句的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句 ‎1. 强调句的一般疑问句基本句型是：Is/Was + it + that +句子其他成分？   Did he see you in the office just now？   -- Was it in the office that he saw you just now？他见你的地方是在办公室吗？   Does he often go to the library Is it to the library that he often goes 他经常去的地方是图书馆吗？‎ ‎  2. 强调句的特殊疑问句的基本句型是：特殊疑问词+ is/was + it + that + 句子其他成分   When did you first go to the Great Wall？   -- When was it that you first went to the Great Wall？你究竟什么时候第一次去长城的？   Where did you go last night   -- Who was it that told you about it 究竟是谁告诉你这件事的？   Why did you keep silent at the meeting？  Why was it that you kept silent at the meeting？你究竟为什么在会上保持缄默？n ‎  3. 含有情态动词强调句的疑问句结构：   ① 一般疑问句基本句型是：情态动词或助动词+it+be+被强调的部分+that+句子其他成分？   Could he be killed at home  他是在家被杀的吗？   --Could it be at home that he was killed   他被杀的地方会是在家里吗？   Might she leave her keys in the office   也许她把钥匙丢在办公室了   --Might it be in the office that she left her keys？  也许她把钥匙丢在办公室了   ②特殊疑问句基本句型是：特殊疑问词+情态动词或助动词+it+be+that+主语+句子其他成分   Where might the accident happen？‎ ‎   -- Where might it be that the accident happened？可能是在什么地方发生这个事故的？   Who can it be in the office now？   -- Who can it be that is in the office now？现在还在办公室里的会是谁呢？ ‎ 归纳—高考英语中表示强调的八种方式 ‎1．用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调 e.g. Red Army fought a battle on this very spot．红军就在此地打过一仗。‎ Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon．今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。‎ ‎2．用反身代词表示强调 e.g. I myself will see her off at the station．我将亲自到车站为她送行。‎ You can do it well yourself．你自己能做好这件事情。‎ ‎3．用助词“do”表示强调 e.g. The baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold．‎ 那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。‎ Do be quiet．I told you I had a headache．务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。‎ ‎4．用副词“very”，“only”，“even”，“too”等表示强调 e.g. He drank it to the very last drop．他把它喝得一干二净。‎ Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops．只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。‎ He didn't answer even my letter．他甚至连我的信都未回。‎ I will too go！我要去的！‎ ‎5．用“…and that”，“…and those”，“not…too much”，“否定加否定”等结构表示强调 e.g. They fulfilled the task，and that in a few days．他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。‎ I gave her some presents，and those the day before yesterday前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。‎ I can't thank you too much．我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。‎ I am not unfaithful to you．我对你无比忠诚。‎ ‎6．用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调 e.g. His behavior was in every way perfect．他的举止确实无可挑剔。‎ By all means take your son with you．你一定要把儿子带来。‎ The news was only too true．这消息确实是事实。‎ It was over all too soon！此事的确了结得很快！‎ Where in heaven were you then？当时你到底在哪里？‎ Nobody under the sun would buy that car．确实没有人会买那辆车。‎ ‎7．用倒装句表示强调 e.g. Dishonest he is！他的确不诚实！In wine is the truth．酒后吐真言。‎ ‎8．用强调句型表示强调 e.g. It was the headmaster who opened the door for me．正是校长为我开的门。‎ It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment．就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。‎ 高中英语重要考点解析——省略、插入语 ‎ 考点一：常见省略考点归纳：‎ 一、并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。 　　1. This machine works well，but that one doesn't (work well). 　　2. All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units，some (of them) (weigh) 235 units，and some (of them) (weigh) 238 units. ‎ 二、在when，while，if， as if，though(或although)，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。 　　1. When (water is) pure，water is a colorless liquid. 　　2. When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.  　　3. Errors，if any，should be corrected. (if后省略了there are) 　　4. Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning. 　　5. The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for. 　　6. Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something. 　　7. She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak. ‎ 三、当见到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast a s，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)。 　　1. Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book. 　　2. When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something.  四、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。 　　1. It seems (或appears) (that) Joe is out，not Jack. 　　2. It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.  　　3. It's a pity (that) you can't operate a computer. 　　4. It is the third time (that) I have come to China. 五、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。 　　1. That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week. 六、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that，which，in which。 　　1. The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed. 　　2. The distance (which或that) light travels in one second is 300，000 kilometers. 七、以there be开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词，而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词。 　　1. There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day. 　　2. We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject. 八、命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。     1. Open the door! 2. Why not?3. Why so?4. Anybody wishing to go? 九、用so，not或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义，是NMET的常考项目。　　 1.—Can Emily do this work? 　　     —I think so.。 　　     —I think not (或I don't think so). 　　2. —Did you know anything about it? 　     　—Not until you told me. 　　3. He has gone. No one knows where (he has gone).      4. Jenny knows what (is to be done)!　 十、当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that。 　　1. When was it (that) you received his e-mail?  　　  2. We don't know who it was (that) called the doctor? 十一、某些形容词要求后面接一固定的介词短语，若接一从句，则只用that或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词。 ‎ ‎　　1. We are certain(省去of)that air is a mixture. 　　2. She is doubtful (省去about) whether she can complete it in time.‎ 十二、用to表示前述动词(包括谓语或非谓语动词)及其短语。 　　1. You may go online if you like (to) (go online). 　　2. Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to (play). 十三、在某些动词后含有宾语补语或主语补语的复合结构中省略to be或being的情况。 　　1. They found the answer (to be) correct.他 　　2. This conclusion proved (to be) correct. 十四、新闻标题要求简练醒目，需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分。 　　1. Boy 14，rescued from cliff face. (A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)。 　　2. American President to fly to London. (American President is to fly to London.)。 十五、注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。 　　have trouble (in) sleeping 　　spend one's evenings (in) reading novels 　　be busy (in) doing sth. 　　They are (of) the same age. 　　There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more. 　　He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as I did yesterday 考点二：句子成分的省略 ‎1. 省略主语。如: Haven't seen you for ages!  2.省略谓语。如： (Is there) Anything you want? (Does) Anybody need help? 3. 省略宾语。如： I don't know (where he is ). 4.省略主语和谓语（或谓语的一部分），只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其它成分。如： (I'm) Afraid I can't come. (Have you) Got any ink? ‎ 考点三：复合句的省略 1.在含有状语从句的复合句中 由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。例如： When (she was) asked , she didn’t answer a word. Water can be changed into vapor if (it is ) heated. When (you are) working ,you must pay attention. We may try again when (it is ) necessary . We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse.     ‎ A. if not carefully dealt with B. not if dealt carefully with           C. if dealt not carefully with         D. not if carefully dealt with 2.在限定性定语从句中 作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。 例如： All you ever want to do is going shopping. Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. —Do you have anything to say for yourselves?    —Yes，there's one point_____ we must insist on. A．/   B．where    C．how    D．why 3.宾语从句的省略。如： Tom has gone home, but I don't know why (he has gone home). I heard (that ) he had gone abroad. ‎ ‎ Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.    A. that          B.why          C. when           D. where ‎ 考点四：并列句的省略 在并列句中,如果后面的分句,与前面的分句有相同的部分,这一部分则常被省略掉,以免重复。如:     He teaches English and his brother maths. 他教英语, 他的哥哥教数学。     We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain. 我们一直在等她回来看望我们,但我们白等了。 He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. A. any   B. some  C. few      D. many      解析：答案为C。他制作了很多电影，但是好的很少。But 引导的并列句子进行了省略but few good ones = but he made few good ones . ‎ 考点五：肯定结构 So+助动词/情态动词+主语句型。这一结构用来表示相同概念，即前面所说的情况也同样适用于另一人或物，意思是“同样”、“也那样”，常理解为倒装结构。如： The boy died and a week later. So did his sister. I’m an English teacher, so is my wife. －My room gets very cold at night.    － ___________.    A. So does mine       B. So mine is        C. So is mine        D. So mine does －Will you be able to finish your respect today?   －           . A. I like it    B. I hope so     C. I’ll do so     D. I’d love it ‎ 考点六：在否定结构中 由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。例如： －I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!‎ ‎－Neither would I If Joe' s wife won' t go to the party, _______. A. he will either      B. neither will he         C. he neither will         D. either he will ‎ 考点七：不定式的省略     1. 在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let ,make ,have 后的"宾语+动词不定式作宾语补足语"的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。如： I haven't told you that my family made a lot of money in the nineteenth century by making children work 16 hours a day in their factories. The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day. －Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?‎ ‎  －Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. ‎ A.show   B.shows    C. to show      D. showing 2. 系动词（be）+形容词，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号，例如：     －Could you go shopping with me? －I'm glad to (go shopping with you). －I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? 　　 －Not at all. ______ . 　　 A. I've no time  B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it  D. I'll be happy to 　　 解析to后省略了look after your cat。 3. mean, try, want, would like, would love, afford等后面接不定式时：‎ ‎ －Did you get a ticket? －No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left. －Why haven’t you bought any butter ? －I _______ to but I forgot about it. A. liked    B. wished   C. meant   D. expected 4. tell, warn, order, advise, ask等动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时： The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab). The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______ . A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to　　 ‎ 考点八：在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉。‎ ‎  ①省略谓语的全部   James enjoys the theatre more than Susan.（Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre）   Tom has as many books as Jack.（Jack后省略了has many books）   ②省略主语和谓语的一部分   Brown speaks French as fluently as English.（as后省略了he speaks）   She was more angry than frightened.（than后省略了She was）   ③省略表语部分   Mrs. White is not so young as she looks.（looks后省略了young）   The situation is much more delicate than it seems（seems后省略了delicate）   ④省略主语和谓语的大部分，保留状语   He is working harder than before.（than后省略了he worked hard）   There are as many students in our school as in their school.（as后省略了there are many students）   ⑤省略主语   He drank a little more than was good for him.（than后省略了it）   ⑥省略宾语   You spent more money than I had expected.（expected后省略了that you should spend）   I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for.   ⑦省略从句的全部   You are getting slimmer.（slimmer后省略了than you were before）   It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.（foolishly后省略了as blind men act）   注意：   在这类句子中，被省略的部分大多数是不表示出来的。如果把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。   He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（am之后省略tall，补上不合习惯）‎ 考点九：使用替代词的省略 在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整。‎ ‎  1．do   do用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。   I know you better than he does.（he does等于he knows you）   --- Have you finished your work   --- Yes, I did yesterday. （did替代finished my work）   2．so   so在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等词后面，代替单词、词组或句子。   She became a loyal friend to me and remains so.（so替代a loyal friend）   --- Has she ever been to London   --- I don't think so.（= I don't think she has been to London.)   提示：   也可使用do so, do ‎ that来代替动词加宾语。   He said he would make the bed for me but he didn't do so.（do so代替make the bed for me）    they played cards after supper and I watched them do that.（do that代替play cards）   3．not   not代替否定的句子，用法和so相似。   --- Will it rain tomorrow   --- I hope not.（= I hope it won't rain tomorrow.）   --- Can you come next week   --- I'm afraid not. (= I'm afraid that I can not come.)   4．the same   the same可代替词组或从句。   The mother swept the floor and her child did the same.（the same代替swept the floor）   Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same.（the same代替two fried eggs）   These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same.（the same代替as sour as the last ones we had）   5．one   one是不定代词，常用来代替可数名词。其复数形式是ones。   I haven't got any books; can you lend me one   The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.  ‎ 归纳：动词不定式的几种省略形式 ‎1．感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to，即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”：feel,　listen to 、hear ,let、make、have, see、watch、notice、observe、look at. He noticed Tom take a branch of flowers in his hand. The teacher has us write a composition every week.     注：　除let 外其他在变成被动语态时要加上to。 The person was seen to enter the shop by us .  2　由 all，what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。 All I did was empty the bottle. What I wanted to do was drive all night. The only thing I could do was do it myself 3．常用的结构　may well do，may as well do (还是…好了)及but或except后接不定式时，如果它们前面有do便可省略to，其结构为can not do but…，can not help but…等句型， We might as well put up here for tonight. She can do nothing but/except sing. There is nothing he could do but play all day long。 4．不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时，可带to也可不带。 Can I help（to） carry it for you? I helped him（to） mend the bike. 5．在had better，would rather，rather than之后省略to。 You'd better not tell him the news .　 Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. 6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。 I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you. She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back. 　　注：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. He hasn′t decided whether to quit or to stay. ‎ ‎ To be or not to be, that is a question. 7 以Why或Why not 开头表请求的结构中常跟上动词原形,省略to。     Why not go out for a walk ? 8  通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：　  He is supposed （to be） nice.　 ‎ 插入语用法归纳 插入语一般对一句话作一些附加的说明。它是中学英语语法的重点,也是高考的考点。掌握这一语言现象不仅有利于对句子、篇章的理解,而且也有助于提高书面表达的写作水平。　                                                            ‎ ‎ 一、常见的插入语有形容词(词组)、副词、不定式、现在分词短语、介词短语、从句以及固定短语。 　1.常见的形容词(词组)、副词作插入语的有:sure enough(果然); strange; worse still(更糟糕的是);most important; honestly; obviously; however; otherwise; luckily; unfortunately; besides; first; second; especially; surprisingly等。例如: 　Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth. 　We must do the experiment carefully; otherwise you'll get another result. 　Honestly, I don't need it at the moment. 　He likes the country, especially in spring. 　2.常见的不定式有:to tell the truth; to be short; to begin with; to be sure(自然、当然、果然);to be honest/frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是),to be fair ,to sum up 等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成份。例如: 　　________ the truth, this is all Greek to me. 　　A. Tell   B. To tell   C. Telling    D. Told         　　That's a good idea, to be sure! 　　To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay. 　　3.常见的现在分词短语有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from/by; talking of(谈到); considering(考虑到,因为是);putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。这些分词用来修饰全句。例如: 　　Judging from appearance, he seems to be a strong man. 　　4.常见的介词短语有:in fact; in addition; in a word; on the other hand; in other words; in one's opinion; in that case; by the way; of course; as a rule(通常);to one's surprise; for example; on the contrary(相反);in a way(在某点上、在某种程度上); for one thing; for another (thing)等。例如: 　　In a way, I think we both won in the game. 　　5.常见的从句有:if you don't mind; if you like; if you please; if necessary; if any; if I may say so; if convenient; as it happens等。例如: 　　You can, ________, come to join us in the game. 　A. if you please   B. if you possible  C. if you happy   D. if you necessary   [Key: A] 　6.常见的固定短语:as a result; that is (to say); what's more; as above; all in all(总之),等。例如: 　　All in all, they have had a wonderful time today. 二、插入语的位置,可放在句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或分号隔开。例如: 　　Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. 　　He knows three foreign languages, namely, English, Japanese and Spanish. 　　但是有些词或短语可插在句子中,不用逗号隔开。例如: 　　What on earth are you doing here? 三、表示疑问的插入语结构 　　含think, suppose, guess, say, imagine, expect, ‎ believe等动词的疑问句,后接含疑问词的宾语从句时,要将疑问词放在句首。例如: 　　Whom do you think I should see first? 　　这一结构可改为:Whom should I see first, do you think? 　　He made another wonderful discovery, ________of great importance to science. 　　A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it         D. I think is               ‎ 例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality.‎ A.General speaking B.Speaking general C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally 这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。‎ 例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim.‎ A.In fact B.Luckily C.Unfortunately D.Naturally 小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），however（然而），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily （happily） for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），strangely（奇怪），briefly（简单地说）等。‎ 例3 Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard，_____， you failed.‎ A.in the end B.after allC.in other words D.at the same time 小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。‎ 例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____，we last met more than thirty years ago.‎ A.What‘s more B.That is to say C.In other words D.Believe it or not 小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），I’m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what’s more（而且），what’s worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。‎ 例5 _____ with you，I have no money to spare.‎ A.To be frank B.What’s more C.In addition D.However 小结：常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure（无疑地），to sum up（概括地说），to tell the truth（老实说）等。‎ 例6 _____， he should have done such a thing.‎ A.Speaking general B.Strange to say C.Luckily D.Of course 小结：常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有：true（真的），funny（真可笑），needless to say（不用说），most important of all（最为重要），worse still（更糟糕的），even better（更好）等。‎ 高中英语重要考点解析——主谓一致 ‎ ‎■不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Remember /To remember English words is not easy. ‎ Who will do the job hasn’t been decided yet. ‎ 注：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：‎ What he took with him were two books. ‎ ‎■“名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but ,except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语”作主语时，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。如：‎ Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema. ‎ No one except the two boys was late for class. ‎ Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret.‎ ‎■“more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ More than one person has known it. ‎ Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。‎ 注：“More+复数名词 than one”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。如：‎ More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。‎ ‎■“一两个……”，用“one or two+名词复数”表达时，谓语用复数；用“a(an) +名词单数or two”表达时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ One or two days are enough for them. =A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。‎ ‎■and连接两个名词一起作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：‎ Lily and Kite are kind to me. 莉莉和凯特都对我很好。‎ 但是，当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征是and后的名词前无任何冠词) ，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ The teacher and writer has come. 那个教师兼作家已经来了。‎ ‎(The teacher and the writer have come. 那个教师和那个作家都到来了。) ‎ Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 奶油面包是西方的日常食物。‎ A knife and fork is on the table. 有一副刀叉在桌上。‎ 注：当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有no，each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多教师和学生都看过这部电影。‎ ‎■不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each, every修饰的名词做主语，尽管有些表达复数意义，但是，它们的谓语应该用单数形式。如：‎ Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗？Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。‎ None knows the weight of another’s burden. 见人挑担不吃力。‎ 注：neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如：‎ Are/Is neither of the teams playing this week? 这个星期两个队中有哪一个队要进行比赛？‎ None of them has/have been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。‎ 不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。‎ ‎■在定语从句中，当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。如：‎ The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。‎ Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗？‎ I, who am a new teacher, will teach you English. 我，一个新教师，将教你们英语。‎ ‎■“one of+名词复数”后面的定语从句， 谓语动词应该用复数；而“the (only) one of + 名词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。如：‎ He is one of the students that have passed the exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。‎ He is the (only) one of the students that has passed the exam. 他就是通过考试的那个学生。‎ ‎■某些集体名词，如family, audience, class, club, company, crew, enemy, government, group, party, public, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复单数形式。如：‎ My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。‎ The family is rather big, with twelve people in all. 这个家庭很大，总共有12个人。‎ ‎■当表示时间、距离、金额等度量的复数名词作主语，把它看作一个整体时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：‎ Surely 15 minutes is enough time for you to have a coffee. 你喝杯咖啡15分钟当然足够了。‎ 但若与pass, go by, spend, waste等连用时，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息 ‎■由两个部分构成一个整体的物品名词做主语，如shoes, glasses, boots, socks, scissors, compasses, trousers, shorts等，谓语通常用复数形式。如： His trousers are new. 他的裤子是新的。‎ 但带有pair这样的量词时，谓语要与量词的数保持一致。如：That pair of trousers was sold out. 那条裤子卖出去了。‎ ‎■“分数（百分数）+ of + 名词”以及 “all (most, some, any, half, a lot, part, the rest) + of + 名词”做主语时，谓语动词的数与of后的名词的数一致。如：‎ Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is water. 地表四分之三都是水。‎ Twenty percent of the oranges are bad. 这桔子百分之二十都坏了。‎ All of my classmates like music. 我们所有的同学都喜欢音乐。‎ All of the water is gone. 那些水全都没有了。‎ The rest of the students have gone home. 其余的学生都回家了。‎ The rest of the money was stolen. 其作的钱被人偷了。‎ ‎■“a (the, this, that) kind /sort / type of + 名词”做主语，谓语用单数形式；但“these (those, all, many, some) kinds of + 名词”做主语，谓语则用复数形式。如：‎ This kind of book is useful for us. 这种书对我们很用。‎ Many kinds of shoes are on sale in that shop. 那个店里有许多种鞋出售。‎ 注：“名词+ of a (the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many等) + kind(s) ”做主语，谓语动词的数与前面名词的数一致。如：‎ Book of this kind is useful for us. 这种书对我们有用。Apples of these kinds are sour. 这种苹果是酸的。‎ ‎■在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：‎ On the wall hang two large portraits. 墙上挂着两幅大肖像。 ‎ Between the two rows of trees stands the teaching building. 要两排树之间是教学楼。‎ ‎■“a number of +复数名词”意为“许多”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of +复数名词”意为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：‎ The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 被邀请的人是五十个，但由许多人由于不同原因缺席了。‎ ‎■“a lot of /lots of /plenty of /a large quantity of /a large amount of +名词”作主语，谓语动词的数与名词的数一致；如：‎ A large amount of damage was done in a very short time. 在短时间内造成了很大的损害。‎ A great amount of our investments are in property. 我们大量的钱都投资到房地产中。 ‎ 但“(large /huge) quantities /amounts of名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用复数。如：‎ Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 那座桥耗费了大量金钱。 ‎ ‎■“a +单数名词+and a half”和“one and a half +复数名词”做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ One and a half pears has been left on the table. 盘子里剩下一个半梨子。‎