高考英语知识点之时态 8页

高考英语知识点之时态 ‎1. 一般现在时 ‎ ①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）‎ The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.‎ Water boils at 100oC.‎ ‎②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。‎ Ice feels cold.‎ We always care for each other and help each other.‎ ‎③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：‎ I know what you mean.‎ Smith owns a car and a house.‎ All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.‎ ‎④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。‎ If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。‎ ‎⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。‎ The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.‎ Tomorrow is Wednesday.‎ ‎2. 一般过去时 ‎①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：‎ I met her in the street yesterday.‎ I once saw the famous star here.‎ They never drank wine.‎ I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.‎ ‎②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：‎ He told me he read an interesting novel last night. ‎ ‎③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。‎ The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.‎ He bought a watch but lost it.‎ ‎④常用一般过去时的句型：‎ Why didn’t you / I think of that?‎ I didn’t notice it.‎ I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.‎ I didn’t recognize him.‎ ‎3. 一般将来时 ‎①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。‎ ‎②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。‎ We’ll die without air or water.‎ ‎③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。‎ ‎④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：‎ be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。‎ be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：‎ If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)‎ If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)‎ be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。‎ A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.‎ be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。‎ Autumn harvest is about to start.‎ ‎4. 现在进行时 ‎①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：‎ It is raining now.‎ He is teaching English and learning Chinese.‎ I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.‎ We are leaving on Friday.‎ At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)‎ The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)‎ ‎②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。‎ ‎5. 过去完成时 ‎①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/‎ though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.‎ ‎②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。‎ After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.‎ We arrived home before it snowed.‎ ‎6. 过去将来时 参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do ‎ sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。‎ ‎7. 过去进行时 ‎①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。‎ ‎②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎8. 现在完成时 ‎①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。‎ ‎②下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时 This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时 ‎③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：‎ I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.‎ If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.‎ Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ ‎9. 时态区别 ‎①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。‎ 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。‎ ‎②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。‎ ‎2、被动语态考查要点简述 被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。‎ ‎（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。‎ ‎①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。‎ My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.‎ An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.‎ I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.‎ ‎②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。‎ The boss made him work all day long.‎ He was made to work all day long(by the boss)‎ ‎③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。‎ The children were taken good care of (by her).‎ Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.‎ ‎④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。‎ ‎⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：‎ People say he is a smart boy.‎ It is said that he is a smart boy.‎ He is said to be a smart boy.‎ People know paper was made in China first.‎ It is known that paper was made in China first.‎ Paper was known to be made in China first.‎ 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …‎ ‎（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。‎ ‎①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。‎ ‎②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。‎ ‎③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。‎ ‎④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。‎ ‎⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。‎ ‎⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。‎ ‎⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。‎ ‎（3）主动形式表被动意义。‎ ‎①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。‎ This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。‎ These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。‎ My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。‎ The door won’t lock.门锁不上。‎ The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。‎ ‎②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。‎ The plan worked out successfully.‎ The lamps on the wall turn off.‎ ‎③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。‎ ‎④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。‎ This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.‎ The girl isn’t easy to get along with.‎ 另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。‎ ‎（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。‎ ‎①be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。‎ ‎②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。‎ ‎③be lost迷路 ‎④be drunk喝醉 ‎⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.‎ ‎（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：‎ The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)‎ The book is well sold.(系表结构)‎ 二、精典名题导解 选择填空 ‎1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)‎ A.will request B.are requested ‎ C.are requesting D.request 解析：答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。‎ ‎2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)‎ A.is changing B.has changed ‎ C.will have changed D.will change 解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。‎ ‎3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2000年春季高考）‎ A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed 解析：答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系；②结合语境选择正确时态。‎ ‎10. 动词的时态与语态习题 ‎ ‎1．—We could have walked to the station．It was so near．‎ ‎ —Yes．A taxi at all necessary．‎ ‎ A．wasn’t B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t be D．won’t be ‎2．When I got to the cinema，the film for the minutes．‎ ‎ A．has begun B．had begun C．had been on D．was on ‎3．If city noises from increasing，people shout to be heard even at the dinner table．‎ A． are not kept；will have to B．are not kept；have to C．do not keep；will have to D．do not keep；have to ‎4．In some parts of the world，tea with milk and sugar.‎ ‎ A．is serving B．is severed C．serves D．served ‎5．—Do you like the material?‎ ‎ —Yes，it vety soft．‎ ‎ A．is feeling B．felt C．feels D．is felt ‎6．I don’t really work here．I until the new secretary arrives．‎ ‎ A．just help out B．have just helped out C．am just helping out D．will just help out ‎7．—You haven’t been to Beijing，have you? ‎ ‎— ．How I wish to go there!‎ ‎ A．Yes．I have B．Yes，I haven’t C．No．I have D．No，I haven’t ‎8．It is reported that by the end of this year，another school will ．‎ ‎ A．be built B．have built C．have been built D．have be built ‎9．—Hey，look where you are going!‎ ‎— ——0h，I’m terribly sorry． ．‎ ‎ A．I’m not noticing B．1 wasn’t noticing C．I haven’t noticed D．I don’t notice ‎10．—How are you today?‎ ‎— ——Oh，I as ill as I do now for a long time．‎ A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling C．don’t fee D．haven’t felt l1．Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while，but soon to his old ways．‎ ‎ A．returned B．returns C．was returning D．had returned ‎12．All the preparations for the task ，and we’re ready to start．‎ ‎ A．completed B．complete C．had been completed D．have been completed ‎13．He to the lab than he set out to do the experiment．‎ ‎ A．has no sooner got B．was supposed to ‎ C．will no sooner get D．have no sooner got ‎14．The train arrive at 11：30 but it was an hour late．‎ ‎ A．would suppose B．was supposed to C．is supposed to D．supposed to ‎15．He stepped into the office， down and began to fill in the forms．‎ ‎ A．sitting B．to sit C．sat D．having sat ‎16．The little girl her heart out because she her toy bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it．‎ A．had cried；1ost B．cried；had lose C．has cried；has lost D．cries；has 1ost ‎17．Both my brothers work at the power station that at my home town．‎ ‎ A．has set up B．has been set up C．was set up D．is set up ‎18．Linda has 1ost her passport again．It’s the second time this ．‎ ‎ A．has happened B．has been happened C．happened D．happens ‎19．—Sorry，I forgot to post the letter for you.‎ ‎ —Never mind， it myself tonight．‎ ‎ A．I’m going to post B．I’d better to post ‎ C．I’ll post D．I’d rather post ‎20．He his leg when he in a football match against another schoo1．‎ ‎ A．broke；played B．was breaking；was playing ‎ C．broke；was playing D．was breaking；played ‎21．—Where the recorder? I Can’t see it anywhere．‎ ‎ —I it right here．But now it’s gone．‎ ‎ A．did you put；have put B．have you put put ‎ C．had you put；was putting D．were you putting；have put ‎22．Hello! I you in London．How long have you been here?‎ ‎ A．don’t know；were B．hadn’t known；are ‎ C．have known；are D．didn’t know；were ‎23．—Come on，Peter．I want to show you something．‎ ‎ —Oh，how nice of you! I you to bring me a gift.‎ ‎ A．never think；are going B．never thought；were going ‎ C．didn’t think；were going D．hadn’t thought；were going ‎24．All the teachers in this schoo1 are ．‎ ‎ A．clean dressing B．cleanly dressing C．clean dressed D．cleanly dressed ‎25．When I was at college I three foreign languages，but I all except a few words of each．‎ ‎ A．spoke；had forgotten B．spoke；have forgotten ‎ C．had spoken；had forgotten D．had spoken；have forgotten ‎26．—Have you moved into the new house? ‎ ‎—Not yet．The rooms ．‎ ‎ A．are being painted B．are painting C．are painted D．are being painting ‎27．—Excuse me，sir．Would you do me a favor? of course．What is it?‎ ‎ —I if you could tell me how to fill out this form．‎ ‎ A．had wondered B．was wondering C．would wonder D．did wonder ‎28．—We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time．‎ ‎— What do you suppose to her?‎ ‎ A．was happening B．to happen C．has happened D．having happened ‎29．I wonder why Jenny us recently．We should have heard from her by now．‎ ‎ A．hasn’t written B．doesn’t write C．won’t write D．hadn’t written ‎30．Mary a dress when she cut her finger．‎ ‎ A．make B．is making C．was making D．makes ‎31．—Do you know our town at all? ‎ ‎—No，this is the first time I here．‎ ‎ A．was B．have been C．came D．am coming ‎32．The last time I Jane she cotton in the fields．‎ ‎ A．had seen；was picking B．saw；picked ‎ C．had seen；picked D．saw；was picking ‎33．Tom into the house when no one ．‎ ‎ A．slipped；was looking B．had slipped；looked ‎ C．slipped；had looked D．was slipped；looked ‎34．We were all surprised when he made it clear that he office soon．‎ ‎ A．1eaves B．would leave C．1eft D．had left ‎35 The pen I I is on my desk，right under my nose．‎ ‎ A．think；lost B．thought；had lost ‎ C．think；had lost D．thought；have 1ost ‎36．—Can I join the club，Dad?‎ ‎—You can when you a bit older．‎ ‎ A．get B．will get C．are getting D．will have got ‎37．—I’m sorry to keep you waiting．‎ ‎ —0h，not at a11．I here only a few minutes．‎ ‎ A．have been B．had been C．was D．will be ‎38．You don’t have to describe her I her several times．‎ ‎ A．had met B．have met C．met D．most