2020年高考英语学业水平测试一轮复习 阅读理解 第Ⅱ题 专题一 事实细节类题目 13页

第Ⅱ题　阅读理解 专题一　事实细节类题目 ‎[命题特点]‎ 针对原文具体叙述本身设问，可以直接或间接的从文中找到答案，常以who，which，what，where等设问。‎ ‎[考查重点]‎ ‎(1)直接理解题(信息可在原文中直接找到答案)。‎ ‎(2)语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)。‎ ‎[方法技巧]‎ ‎1．查读法 ‎(1)速读全文，明确段落中心句，掌握大意。‎ ‎(2)按文章体裁、作者组材方式寻找关键信息词。‎ ‎(3)找到细节，认真推敲甚至计算等。‎ ‎2．按组材模式阅读(常见模式)‎ ‎(1)列举型：抓住作者所举事例。‎ ‎(2)时间、空间型：掌握具体的时间、地点。‎ ‎(3)分类、例证型：掌握例证的事实细节，以便得到答案。‎ ‎(4)程序型：理清说明事物的顺序，从而得出答案。‎ ‎(5)因果分析型：理清因果关系，从而推出答案。‎ ‎(6)比较、对比型：通过比较，对比事实细节，找到答案。‎ ‎(7)留意不含阿拉伯数字，但代表时间或数量的单词。‎ 如：at dawn(黎明时)，score(20)，fortnight(14 days)，century(100 years)，quarter (/15 minutes)，decade(10years)，a season(3 months)，week(7days)，couple (2个)，double/doubled(翻倍)，multiplied(乘)，be divided(除以)，average(平均)，sum(求和)，in all(总共)。‎ Passage 1‎ Last night's meteor(流星)shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley's mayor, people ‎ 13‎ gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky.What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.‎ ‎“My family was so frustrated，” admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”‎ Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades.They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.‎ There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs，snakes，etc.For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的)birds.According to the International Dark－Sky Association，“100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”‎ Countless more animal casualties(伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting.Clearly，people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans，too.They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer.‎ Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution.For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇科普文，主要介绍了城市的光污染对日常生活、天文学家的工作以及动物的生活都产生了消极的影响。在Flagstaff，Arizona已经采取了灯光管理措施。‎ ‎1．It happened last night that ________．‎ A. the city's lights affected the meteor watching B．the meteors flew past before being noticed C．the city light show attracted many people 13‎ D．the meteor watching ended up a social outing ‎ 解析：根据第一段最后一句“...so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.”可知，昨天晚上由于城市的灯光太亮，影响了人们观看流星。故选A。‎ 答案：A ‎2．What do the astronomers complain about?‎ A．Meteor showers occur less often than before.‎ B．Their observation equipment is in poor repair.‎ C．Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.‎ D．Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting.‎ 解析：根据第三段“...have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from...”可知，天文学家多年来一直在抱怨光污染问题未解决。故选C。‎ 答案：C ‎3．What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?‎ A．Birds may take other migration paths.‎ B．Animals' living habits may change suddenly.‎ C．Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced.‎ D．Animals' survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.‎ 解析：根据第四段第一、二句“...that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc.”以及本段最后一句“...‘100 million birds a year throughout...die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.’”可知，作者第四段主要叙述的是动物也受到了光污染的影响，甚至它们的生存也受到了影响。故选D。‎ 答案：D ‎4．Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to________．‎ A．lessen the chance of getting cancer B．create an ideal observation condition C．ensure citizens a good sleep at night D．enable all creatures to live in harmony 解析：根据第六段第二句“...has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at...”可知，这条规定是为了给天文学家的工作创造理想的观察条件。故选B。‎ 13‎ 答案：B ‎5．What message does the author most want to give us?‎ A．Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.‎ B．Great efforts should be made to save energy.‎ C．Human activities should be environmentally friendly.‎ D．New equipment should be introduced for space study.‎ 解析：根据整篇文章的叙述，作者主要描述了城市的光污染对人们生活、工作以及动物的生存造成的影响，因此作者在文中呼吁我们人类的活动应该对环境有利。故选C。‎ 答案：C Passage 2‎ Studying volcanoes is a demanding profession. Hazel Rymer frequently has to struggle through rainforests, climb to the top of mountains, then climb 200 metres into the crater of active volcanoes. But the 38－year－old volcanologist does her best to make it sound less alarming than it is. “Driving to work is more risky，” she insists. “And the deepest I go into the crater of a volcano is about 300 metres，” she adds, trying to make it all sound as ordinary as taking the dog for a walk. ‎ Hazel has been studying volcanoes for a long time, so it's not surprising she is used to the danger. Her interest in volcanoes began at school. A teacher gave her a book about Pompeii. “I remember reading about the eruption of Vesuvius and the destruction of the city，” she explains. “The thought of all those people just frozen in time had quite an effect on me and I am still excited by their dangerous beauty today.” ‎ Nowadays, volcanoes are getting more and more unpredictable. There have been many changes in sea level caused by global warming and melting ice caps. These have resulted in some dormant volcanoes erupting, so studying them is more dangerous than ever before. Hazel says that although she doesn't take any unnecessary risk, she has had some frightening moments. Her worst experience was on the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily, when she was slowly surrounded by lava. “I had a choice of walking ten hours to get around the lava flow or just walking across it，” she explains. She chose to pick a path across the cooler rocks in the lava stream. “I guess it was five metres. The flow was 1，000°C, so if you hesitated, your boots would begin to melt. It was scary, but it really was a practical decision—there wasn't time 13‎ ‎ to do anything else.”‎ And what about the future? “I haven't been to the volcanoes in Indonesia yet. And I would love to spend some time working in the Antarctic，” she says. “I would also like to know why quiet lava flows erupt from some volcanoes and why other volcanoes go bang.” In other words, Hazel Rymer won't be exchanging her volcanoes for the relative safety of driving to work just yet.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　 本文主要介绍了火山学家Hazel Rymer的一些关于火山的研究活动。尽管研究火山充满不可预测的风险，但是Hazel也不会改变自己的选择。‎ ‎1．Hazel's claim that “driving to work is more risky” than exploring volcanoes shows that ________．‎ A．people have exaggerated the dangers of volcanoes in the past B．Hazel does not really understand the dangerous situations she puts herself in C．there are many bad drivers in the place where Hazel lives D．Hazel is being modest and understating the dangers she faces ‎ 解析：由此句话的前一句“But the 38－year－old volcanologist does her best to make it sound less alarming than it is.”以及此句话可知，Hazel Rymer说开车上班比对火山进行研究更危险可推断出，她是以一种谦虚的说法淡化其面临的危险。‎ 答案：D ‎2．When did Hazel first become interested in volcanoes?‎ A．When she was visiting Italy.‎ B．When she was at school.‎ C．When she was twenty.‎ D．When she saw Vesuvius. ‎ 解析：由第二段第二句“Her interest in volcanoes began at school.”可知她在读书时就对火山感兴趣。‎ 答案：B ‎3．The underlined word “These” (in Paragraph 3) refers to “________”．‎ A．melting ice caps　　　B．volcanic eruptions C．changes in sea level D．higher temperatures 解析：由画线词的前一句话“There have been many changes in sea level caused by global warming and melting ice caps.”可知画线词应该指的是海平线的变化。‎ 答案：C ‎4．When Hazel was on Mount Etna, she had to ______．‎ 13‎ A．take a dangerous route B．take an unnecessary risk C．leave her boots behind D．walk for ten hours around the mountain 解析：由第三段最后几句“‘I had a choice of walking ten hours to get around the lava flow or just walking across it，‘she explains.She chose to pick a path across the cooler rocks in the lava stream.‘I guess it was five metres.The flow was 1，000 ℃， so if you hesitated, your boots would begin to melt.It was scary, but it really was a practical decision —there wasn't time to do anything else.’”可知她选择了从熔岩流中走过，而这是一条危险的路。‎ 答案：A ‎5．In the future, Hazel wants to ________．‎ A．revisit volcanoes she knows B．go on holiday to the Antarctic C．find a less dangerous job D．discover new things about volcanoes 解析：由最后一段内容“...I would also like to know why quiet lava flows erupt from some volcanoes and why other volcanoes go bang...”可知，Hazel将继续对火山进行研究，并发现一些新的东西。‎ 答案：D Passage 3‎ Online clothes shoppers will be told exactly what size is best, for them using new software which combines with their webcam or smart phone to form a “3D tape measure”. ‎ Scientists from Surrey University and design experts from the London College of Fashion are developing a programme which can take precise waist, hip, chest and other measurements from camera images. ‎ Using the person's height as a starting point, the software will be able to build up and estimate their size at various different points on the body, based on their overall proportions.‎ The result will be a more accurate sizing guide than previous systems based on the waist size or a “small/medium/large” scale, which rely on limited measurements and the buyer's perception of their own body size. ‎ Shoppers and retailers(零售商) who choose to sign up for the project could save ‎ 13‎ millions of pounds a year in postage costs by removing the need to order multiple sizes of the same garment(服装) and send back ill－fitting clothes, researchers claimed. ‎ The project, sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC), is expected to be brought to market within two years.‎ After choosing an item, the shopper will activate the software, enter their height, stand in front of their webcam or smart phone in their underwear and take a photograph.‎ The software will not store or transmit the image to the Internet, but will use it to judge the person's dimensions at various points on their body.‎ Philip Delamore of the London College of Fashion said, “The potential benefits for the fashion industry and for shoppers are huge. Currently, it's common for online shoppers to order two or three different sizes of the same item of clothing at the same time, as they're unsure which one will fit best.”‎ ‎【语篇解读】　 英国萨里大学科学家和伦敦时装学院设计专家共同开发的一款3D软件可以根据用户上传的照片精确测量出用户的腰围、臀围、胸围等关键尺寸，以帮助用户选定最适合的服装。‎ ‎1．What is the essential part of a “3D tape measure”？‎ A．A software.　　　 B．A webcam.‎ C．A microphone. D．A smart phone.‎ 解析：通读全文以及第一段“...for them using new software which combines with their webcam or smart phone to form a ‘3D tape measure’．”可知文章主要介绍了一款能实现3D量体的软件，因此选A项。‎ 答案：A ‎2．What can we learn about the “3D tape measure”？‎ A．It will store or transmit the image to the Internet.‎ B．It is based on the buyer's perception of their size.‎ C．It will be a co－working production.‎ D．It uses a person's weight as a starting point.‎ 解析：根据第二段“Scientists from Surrey University and design experts from the London College of Fashion are developing a programme...”可知，这款软件是科学家和设计专家共同研发的，因此选C项。‎ 答案：C ‎3．Compared with the traditional sizing system, a “3D tape measure”‎ 13‎ ‎ is________．‎ A．quicker B．more precise C．more beautiful D．more vivid 解析：根据第四段“The result will be a more accurate sizing guide than previous systems based on the waist size or a ‘small/medium /large' scale...”可知，此3D测量软件比传统软件更精确，因此选B项。‎ 答案：B ‎4．How can the “3D tape measure” benefit online shoppers?‎ A．Online shoppers will get their ordered garment in time.‎ B．Online shoppers will get their ordered garment more quickly.‎ C．Online shoppers will get an ordered garment of high quality.‎ D．Online shoppers will get an ordered garment to their measure.‎ 解析：通读全文可知，网购者使用文章中介绍的a “3D tape measure”来测量衣服的尺寸，能够买到更符合自己型号的衣服，因此选D项。‎ 答案：D ‎5．What is the right order for a shopper to form a “3D tape measure”？‎ ‎①to take a photo with a webcam ‎②to activate the software ‎③to enter his/her height ‎④to judge his or her size by analysing his or her image A．①②③④ B．②①③④‎ C．②③①④ D．②③④①‎ 解析：根据倒数第三段“After choosing an item, the shopper will activate the software, enter their height, stand in front of their webcam or smart phone in their underwear and take a photograph.”以及倒数第二段“The software will not store or transmit the image to the Internet, but will use it to judge the person's dimensions at various points on their body.”可知这个项目首先激活软件，然后测量其身高，再用网络摄像机摄像，最后通过分析其影像来判断其身材，故答案为C项。‎ 答案：C Passage 4‎ The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place.Now it is an ecological disaster area.Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.‎ For thousands of years，Polynesian people lived in the remote island of 13‎ ‎ Nauru，far from Western civilization.The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798.He was the British captain of the Hunter, a whaling ship.He called the island Pleasant Island.‎ However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communication with Europeans at first.The whaling ships and other traders began to visit it，bringing guns and alcohol.These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island.A ten－year civil war started，which reduced the population from 1，400 to 900.‎ Nauru's real troubles began in 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸盐)on the island.In fact，it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate，which was a very important fertilizer for farming.The company began mining the phosphate.‎ A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground；it is a strip mine.When a company discovers strip mining，it removes the top layer of soil.Then it takes away the material it wants.Strip mining totally destroys the land.Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon.‎ In 1968，Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world.Every year the government received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate.‎ Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.In addition，they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was running out.Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.By 2000，Nauru was financially ruined.Experts say that it would take approximately$433，600，000 and more than 20 years to repair the island.This will probably never happen.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　 文章主要讲述了太平洋岛国瑙鲁如何从一个环境优美的天堂岛变成一个生态失衡、满目疮痍的小岛的故事。‎ ‎1．What might be the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To seek help for Nauru's problems.‎ B．To give a warning to other countries.‎ C．To show the importance of money.‎ D．To tell a heartbreaking story of a war. ‎ 解析：由文章第一段的“Now it is an ecological disaster area.Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.”可以看出，‎ 13‎ 作者的目的是给当前很多只注重发展经济而忽略环境保护的国家一个警告。故选B项。‎ 答案：B ‎2．What was Nauru like before the Europeans came?‎ A．Rich and powerful.‎ B．Modern and open.‎ C．Peaceful and attractive.‎ D．Greedy and aggressive. ‎ 解析：从第一段提到的“太平洋上的国家瑙鲁岛曾经是一个美丽的地方”看出，瑙鲁岛很吸引人；由第二段第一句以及第三段第一句可知，上千年来，瑙鲁岛的人们生活在偏远的小岛上，过着平静的生活。故选C项。‎ 答案：C ‎3．The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from ‎________.‎ A．soil pollution　　　 B．phosphate overmining C．farming activity D．whale hunting 解析：最后一段的“Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem－their phosphate was running out.Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.”即“磷酸盐逐渐减少，开采殆尽”。由此可以看出，“磷酸盐的过量开采”导致了瑙鲁岛的生态灾难。故选B项。‎ 答案：B ‎4．Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem?‎ A．Its leaders misused the money.‎ B．It spent too much repairing the island.‎ C．Its phosphate mining cost much money.‎ D．It lost millions of dollars in the civil war. ‎ 解析：由最后一段的“Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.”看出，是领导人不正确地使用资金导致了财政问题。故选A项。‎ 答案：A ‎5．What can we learn about Nauru from the last paragraph?‎ A．The ecological damage is difficult to repair.‎ B．The leaders will take the experts' words seriously.‎ C．The island was abandoned by the Nauruans.‎ D．The phosphate mines were destroyed. ‎ 13‎ 解析：文章最后告诉我们：Experts say that it would take approximately $433，600，000 and more than 20 years to repair the island.也就是说，瑙鲁岛上的生态损失弥补起来需要大量的资金和时间，即选项所说的“修复起来很难”。故选A项。‎ 答案：A Passage 5‎ An “apple polisher” is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment. It is not exactly a bribe(贿赂), but is close to it.‎ All sorts of people are “apple polishers”， including politicians and people in high offices—just about everybody.Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed.‎ There are other phrases meaning the same thing as “apple－polishing”—“soft－soaping” or “buttering－up”．A gift is just one way to “soft－soap” somebody, or to “butter him up”. Another that is just as effective is flattery, giving someone high praise—telling him how good he looks, or how well he speaks, or how talented and wise he is.‎ Endless are the ways of flattery. Who does not love to hear it? Only an unusual man can resist the thrill of being told how wonderful he is. In truth, flattery is good medicine for most of us, who get so little of it.‎ We need it to be more sure of ourselves. It cannot hurt unless we get carried away by it. But if we just lap it up for its good value and nourishment, as a cat laps up milk, then we can still remain true to ourselves.‎ Sometimes, however, flattery will get you nothing from one who has had too much of it. A good example is the famous 12th century legend of King Canute of Denmark and England. The king got tired of listening to endless sickening flattery of his courtiers(朝臣). They overpraised him to the skies, as a man of limitless power.‎ He decided to teach them a lesson. He took them to the seashore and sat down. Then he ordered the waves to stop coming in. The tide was too busy to listen to him. The king was satisfied. This might show his followers how weak his power was and how empty their flattery was.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　 本文论述了现代社会存在的一种普遍现象：人们往往为了自己的一点儿利益去送礼或者说一些阿谀奉承的话，而且有时即使这样做了也未必就能实现自己的愿望。‎ ‎1．Which of the following activities has nothing to do with “apple－polishing”？‎ A．A boy tells his girlfriend how pretty she looks.‎ 13‎ B．An employee tells her boss how good he is at management.‎ C．A knight is said to be of limitless power by his followers.‎ D．A teacher praises her students for their talent and wisdom.‎ 解析：根据“An ‘apple polisher' is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment.”可知选D项。‎ 答案：D ‎2．What does the writer want to prove with Cromwell's example?‎ A．Everybody can be an “apple－polisher”．‎ B．Cromwell was not a good “apple－polisher”．‎ C．George Fox and his party were not “apple－polishers”．‎ D．There are people who don't like being “apple－polished”．‎ 解析：根据第二段“All sorts of people are ‘apple polishers’， including politicians and people in high offices—just about everybody.Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed.”可知高层的领导者都可能是拍马屁的人，可以想象每个人都可能是这种人。故选A项。‎ 答案：A ‎3．Which of the following statements about flattery is TRUE according to the author?‎ A．Too much flattery can carry us away.‎ B．Flattery is too empty to do people any good.‎ C．Flattery can get you nothing but excessive(过度的) pride.‎ D．Flattery is one of the ways to apple－polish people.‎ 解析：根据第一段“An ‘apple polisher' is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment.”和第三段“A gift is just one way to ‘soft－soap' somebody, or to ‘butter him up’．Another that is just as effective is flattery...”可知选D项。‎ 答案：D ‎4．Why did King Canute of Denmark and England take his followers to the seashore?‎ A．Because he was sick of his normal life.‎ B．Because he disliked being overpraised any more.‎ C．Because he wanted them to realize how wise he was.‎ D．Because he wanted them to see how weak he was as a king.‎ 解析：根据第六段“The king got tired of listening to endless sickening flattery 13‎ ‎ of his courtiers(朝臣)．”可知国王厌烦了朝臣的阿谀奉承，故选B项。‎ 答案：B ‎5．Who does the author think that flattery can do good to?‎ A．Those who are politicians or in high offices.‎ B．Those who lack confidence.‎ C．Those who are really excellent.‎ D．Those who think highly of themselves.‎ 解析：根据第四段“In truth, flattery is good medicine for most of us, who get so little of it.”以及第五段“We need it to be more sure of ourselves.It cannot hurt unless we get carried away by it.”可知，阿谀奉承对于缺乏自信的人是有好处的。故选B项。‎ 答案：B 13‎