高考英语真题分类汇编专题02动词的时态和语态及情态动词解析版 13页

‎2016年高考试题及模拟题分项解析之专题2‎ 动词的时态和语态及情态动词 ‎1.【2016·北京】21.Jack ________ in the lab when the power cut occurred.‎ A. works B. has worked C. was working D. would work ‎【答案】C 考点：考查时态 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 一、过去进行时的构成：was/were+动词的现在分词(--ing) ‎ 二、过去进行时的用法：‎ ‎1、表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间壮语连用。‎ 例如：At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.‎ 昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。‎ ‎2、表移动的动词，如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等词的过去进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。‎ 例如：She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。‎ ‎3、在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。‎ 例如：It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。‎ ‎　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。‎ ‎4、在叙述或描写过去的事情时，过去进行时经常与其它过去时态，特别时是一般过去时连用。但是过去进行时往往是表示背景。‎ 例如：One night, he was typing in his study. Suddenly, a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity.‎ 一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源。‎ ‎2.【2016·北京】23. —Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?‎ ‎—The new Star Wars. We ________ here for more than two hours.‎ A. waited B. wait C. would be waiting D. have been waiting ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：题目考查时态。句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？——《星球大战》，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。“for+时间段”与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故选D。‎ 考点：考查时态 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has been+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：‎ ‎1. 现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。‎ ‎-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ‎ ‎-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.‎ They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。‎ ‎2. 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。‎ I have been waiting you for about one hour.。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)‎ She has been working all night long.‎ ‎3. 表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）‎ ‎ We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.‎ ‎ I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.‎ ‎3.【2016·北京】25. I ________ half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.‎ A. read B. have read C. am reading D. will read ‎【答案】B 考点：考查时态 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 现在完成时基本用法：‎ ‎1、表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, yet, ever, never, just，before 等词连用。‎ 例如：Have you ever cooked at home? 你吃晚饭了吗？‎ You have already grown much taller.你已经长高了许多。‎ ‎2、表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，常用的有：for＋一段时间；since+过去时间点或从句。（Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度），提问用How long.‎ 例如：It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。‎ ‎ They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。‎ ‎3、现在完成时需注意的问题：‎ ‎○1表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用appear, begin, borrow, lend, buy, close,‎ come, die, fall, find, finish, join, kill, leave, sell, stop等。‎ 例如：He has joined the army for five years. （错误）‎ He has been in the army for five years.(正确)‎ 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。‎ ‎（错）I have received his letter for a month.‎ ‎（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.‎ ‎○2不能和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1998,two days ago等。‎ ‎○3have/has been to 和have/has gone to 的区别：‎ ‎ have/has been to 去过某地，现在已经回来；‎ ‎ have/has gone to 去了某地，在去的路上或已经在那里。‎ ‎○4比较一般过去时与现在完成时 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，强调动作，不和现在发生联系，常与具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，不能与表过去的时间状语连用。‎ I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）‎ I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）‎ Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）‎ He has been a League member for three years. （强调他是团员）‎ 现在完成时考点分析：‎ ‎①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。‎ ‎②下列句型中常用现在完成时 It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时 This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时 This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时 ‎③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：‎ I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.‎ If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.‎ Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.‎ ‎4.【2016·北京】30. The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ with success in the end.‎ A. rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded ‎【答案】D 考点：考查时态和语态 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 一般将来时 ‎①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。‎ ‎②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。‎ We’ll die without air or water.‎ ‎③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。‎ ‎④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：‎ A shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。‎ B be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；‎ be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：‎ If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)‎ If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)‎ C be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。‎ A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.‎ D be about to do sth.表示“即将或者正要去做某事”，通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用，构成常考句型：sb was about to do when sb did sth。‎ Autumn harvest is about to start.‎ 被动语态的构成 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在时 am/is/are+p.p am/is/are+being+ p.p have/has+been + p.p 过去时 was/were+ p.p was/were+being+ p.p had +been + p.p 将来时 shall/will+be+p.p shall/will+have been+ p.p 注意：‎ 含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态：由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式构成。‎ 含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态：其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”。‎ ‎5.【2016·北京】31. I love the weekend, because I ________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.‎ A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. wouldn’t D. shouldn’t ‎【答案】A 考点：考查情态动词 ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎ 常用的情态动词有can，may，must，need,should, had better.‎ ‎1. can 的用法：‎ ‎ ① 表示能力 “能，会” eg: He can speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。‎ ‎ ② 表示请求或许可 “可以” eg: Can I help you? 要我帮忙吗? ‎ ‎ ③ 表示猜测 “可能” eg: Where can she go now? 她可能到哪里去了呢? ‎ ‎ 2.may 的用法：‎ ‎①表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” eg: May I go home，please?请问我可以回家吗? ‎ ‎ ② 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” eg: I think it may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。 ‎ ‎ 注：might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。‎ ‎ eg: ① He might not come today.今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定) ‎ ‎ ②You might also get a headache when you work too hard，当你工作太努力时，你也可能患头痛 ‎3. must的用法：‎ ‎ ①表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” eg: You must come early tomorrow．你明天得早来。 ‎ ‎ ② 表示推测时“肯定，一定” eg: They must be at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢. ‎ ‎ ③ must not 禁止，不许 eg: You must not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。 ‎ 注意： ①must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用 don't have to 或needn't 。而不用mustn't ‎ ‎ eg: ---Must I finish my homework first? 我必须先完成作业吗？‎ ‎ ---No, you don't have to/ needn't. 不，你不必。‎ ‎ ② can 和 must在 表推测时，can一般否定句中，而must 常用于肯定句中。‎ ‎ eg: ①It can not be Li Lei 那个人不可能是李磊 ‎ ‎② It must be Li Lei 那个人肯定是李磊。‎ ‎4. need 的用法：‎ ‎ ① 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。‎ ‎ eg: You needn't come here this afternoon.你今天下午不必来。‎ ‎ ② 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。‎ eg: ①You don't need to go now. 你不必现在就走。‎ ‎ ② I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下 ‎ ③ Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗？‎ need的用法的助记口诀：‎ 实义动词表“需要”，后接名、代、不定式。 need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。‎ 情态动词表“需要”，没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。‎ ‎6.【2016·北京】34. Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ me, I could have helped.‎ A. told B. had told C. were to tell D. would tell ‎【答案】B 考点：考查虚拟语气 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 英语中的三种语气，语气是动词的一种形式，用来说明我们对自己的话所采取的态度。‎ 1、 陈述语气（疑问，否定，肯定，感叹）‎ 2、 祈使语气（命令，要求，建议，警告）‎ 3、 虚拟语气：不可能发生的事，愿望，建议，与事实相反的假设等.‎ 一、 虚拟语气在条件中的具体用法 真实条件句 If you work hard,you’ll surely pass the exam.‎ 虚拟条件句（假设情况不存在，实现机会很小）‎ If I were a bird, I could fly freely in the sky.‎ If it snowed tomorrow, we would stay at the home.‎ if从句的谓语动词 主句谓语动词 ‎1.与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were）‎ would/could/might/should+动词原形 ‎2.与过去事实相反 had done ‎ would/could/might/should+have done ‎3.与将来事实可能相反 a.动词过去式（be一律用were）‎ b.should+动词原形（不能用would）‎ c.were to+动词原形 would/could/might/should+动词原形 1. 与现在事实相反 if从句：动词过去式（be---were）‎ 主句：would/could/might/should+动词原形 If we had time, we would go with you.‎ If I were you, I shouldn’t do that.‎ If it weren’t raining, we wouldn’t stay.‎ 2. 与过去事实相反 if从句：had done 主句：would/could/might/should+have done If the teacher hadn’t helped us, we couldn’t have succeeded.‎ I could have done it better if I had been more careful.‎ If he hadn’t been ill, he might have come.‎ ‎3.与将来事实可能相反 if从句：a.动词过去式（be一律用were）‎ ‎ b.should+动词原形（不能用would）‎ ‎ c.were to+动词原形 主句：would/could/might/should+动词原形 If he came tomorrow, I would tell him everything.‎ If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home and watch TV.‎ If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.‎ Should he come tomorrow, please give the book to him.‎ 4. 错综时间条件句 在虚拟语气中，有时条件从句动作发生的时间和主句动作发生的时间是不一致的，称为错综时间条件句。这种句子的形式往往要根据句子的时间相调整，分别处理。‎ If you had spoken to him yesterday, you would know what to do now.‎ If you had followed the doctor’s advice then, you would be all right now.‎ If you had watered them more, the crops would be growing still better now.‎ ‎(有时时间会省略） ‎ 5. 含蓄条件句 有时虚拟条件不用if条件从句，而用介词或介词短语来表示。‎ They would not be able to live without him.（如果没有）‎ He would have failed but for his teacher’s timely advice.‎ ‎（要不是）=if it had not been for If only you had worked with greater care!(要是......就好了）‎ You would have done the same thing in her position.‎ With a little more care you could have avoid the traffic accident.‎ 6. 虚拟结合条件句 在虚拟语气中，假设的情况有时间可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来，并且虚拟的情况和真实的情况同时存在。‎ I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the singing competition.‎ ‎（实------虚）‎ ‎=I was ill that day. If I hadn’t been ill that day, I would have taken part in the singing competition.‎ He would have bought the piano, but he didn’t have enough money.‎ ‎（虚------实）‎ ‎=He would have bought the piano if he had had enough money, but in fact he didn’t have enough money. ‎ 7. 省略if倒装条件句 在虚拟语气中，if从句假设的情况中如果有助动词had, should和were，那么可省略if，把had, should和were放在句首构成倒装，简称省略if倒装条件句。‎ If he had finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.‎ ‎ =Had he finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.‎ If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.‎ ‎ =were I you, I wouldn’t do that.‎ If I should meet him, I would tell him about it.‎ ‎ =Should I meet him, I would tell him about it.‎ ‎7.【2016·江苏】22.More efforts, as reported, ______in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.‎ A. are made B. will be made C. are being made D. have been made ‎【答案】B 考点：考查时态语态 ‎8.【2016·江苏】27.If it for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.‎ A. had not been B. should not be C.were not to be D.should not have been ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查虚拟语气。本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反，所以使用过去完成时，主句表示与现在事实相反，所以使用“情态动词+动词原形”。句意：如果不是因为前几天他的邀请，我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。‎ ‎【名师点睛】‎ 有时条件从句和主句所表示的动作在时间上可以不一致（例如一个与过去事实相反，另一个与现在事实相反），这种虚拟条件句就称为错综时间虚拟条件句。在这种条件句中，动词的形式要根据具体情况进行调整。‎ 例句：‎ She would never have behaved like that if she had some common sense.‎ 如果她有一些常识的话，她就决不会像那样做了。         ‎ If I had a bike (now), I would have lent it to you yesterday.‎ 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。‎ 句型说明： 错综时间条件句中，特别注意时间状语，在这种情况下必须明确给以时间或通过上下文可明白看出时间不同，否则就按一般时间搭配使用。‎ 考点：考查虚拟语气 ‎9.【2016·江苏】29.Dashan, who_________crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.‎ A. will be learning B. is learning C. had been learning D. has been learning ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查时态。本句的时间状语是“for decades几十年来”，该时间状语通常和现在完成的有关时态连用，本句强调这几十年来大山一直努力把中国相声和西方的脱口秀相结合。所以使用现在完成进行时，强调动作的延续性和反复性。故D正确。‎ 考点：考查时态 ‎10.【2016·天津】3. When walking down the street, I came across David, when I _____ for years.‎ ‎ A. didn’t see B. haven’t seen C. hadn’t seen D. wouldn’t see ‎【答案】C 考点：考查动词时态。‎ ‎【名师点睛】英语中的时态主要由动词的形式决定，因此在学习英语时态时，要注意分析动词形式及具体语境，想象在那个特定的时间动作所发生的背景，这个动作是经常性动作、一般性动作、进行性动作、完成性动作还是将要发生的动作。过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示过去的过去的动作，还有一个特点就是和过去的一段时间搭配。‎ ‎11.【2016·天津】5. It was really annoying; I _____ get access to the data bank you had recommended.‎ ‎ A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：这真是令人生气的；我不能进入你推荐的数据库。wouldn’t不愿意；couldn’t不能；shouldn’t不应该；needn’t不必。故选B。‎ 考点：考查情态动词。‎ ‎【名师点睛】情态动词主要考查句意和说话人的语气的强弱，这几个情态动词的否定形式意思各不相同，确定各自的含义，弄清它们的区别再结合上下文语境就不难理解了。couldn’t通常表示“没有能力”，wouldn’t带有意愿色彩，shouldn’t强调的是没有义务，必要性；needn’t表示“没有需要”，之间有明显不同。‎ ‎12.【2016·天津】15. I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I ____.‎ ‎ A. were injured B. would be injured ‎ C. had been injured D. would have been injured ‎【答案】D ‎【名师点睛】if的虚拟语气非常重要，首先要熟悉基本用法：1、表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句：If主语+过去时(be动词用were)；主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do：　2、表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句：If主语+had+done；主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done　3、表示对将来情况的主观推测，从句：①if+主语+were to do②if+主语+should+do ③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were ；主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do，另外要注意从句也可以省略if，把had，were，should提前。这句话的虚拟语气比较明显，if条件句使用了过去完成进行时和过去相反，没有倒装形式，学生容易看出。‎ ‎13.【2016·浙江】9. Silk ______ one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.‎ A. had become B. was becoming C. has become D.is becoming ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析： 句意：到公元前100年为止，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。时间状语是by+过去时间，谓语用过去完成时。故选A。‎ 考点：考查动词时态。‎ ‎【名师点睛】动词的时态、语态是选择题中必考内容之一，动词的各种时态形式都可能考到，不过最常考的是一般现在时态，一般过去时态，现在进行时态，以及一般将来时态，现在完成时态，同时还常与非谓语动词一起考查，做语法填空题时，首先要判断括号中所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，如本小题第一个空就是考查谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态、语态、语气(陈述语气还是虚拟语气)、主谓一致四个方面，本小题考查过去完成时，从三个方面来进行判断：‎ ‎1. 看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句，本小题时间状语是by about 100 BC，故判断是过去完成时。‎ ‎2. 在没有时间状语或时间状语从句时，要看上下文的谓语动词的形式。‎ ‎3. 看是否是特殊句型等。如：It was+the first time+that从句中用过去完成时。‎ ‎14.【2016·浙江】15. Had the governments and scientists not worked together , AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.‎ A. had not fallen B. would not fall C. did not fall D. would not have fallen ‎【答案】D ‎ 考点：考查虚拟语气。‎ ‎【名师点睛】if的虚拟语气非常重要，首先要熟悉基本用法：1、表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句：If主语+过去时(be动词用were)；主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do：　2、表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句：If主语+had+done；主句：主语+should/ would/ could/ might+have done　3、表示对将来情况的主观推测，从句：①if+主语+were to do②if+主语+should+do ③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were ；主句：主语+should /would/ could /might+do，另外要注意从句也可以 省略if，把had，were，should提前。这句话的虚拟语气比较明显，if条件句省略了if，将had提前，说明使用了过去完成进行时和过去相反，学生看出这点就容易做题了。‎ ‎15.【2016·浙江】17. George _________ too far . His coffee is still warm .‎ A. must have gone B. might have gone C. can't have gone D. needn't have gone ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can’t have done是对过去的否定推测；must have done过去一定做了某事；might have done过去可能做了某事；needn’t have done过去本不必做某事。故选C。‎ 考点：考查情态动词+have done。‎ ‎【名师点睛】熟练掌握情态动词的用法，对准确理解语法填空、完形填空、阅读理解、听力理解中含有情态动词的句子是很有益处的，并且在写作中也可能会用到情态动词。因此，我们应当学好情态动词，尤其要掌握好常用情态动词的用法。情态动词+have done的用法：情态动词无论是表达“推测和可能性”，还是表达“虚拟”这一概念，只要是对过去已经发生的事情进行描述，一律用“情态动词+have done”这一结构；对现在或将来的事情进行描述，用“情态动词+动词或系动词原形”。注意不同的情态动词和have done搭配的含义。表示推测的can have done一般用于疑问和否定句中。‎