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学通语法（增分语法填空和短文改错）
集释(一) “语境考查类”语法项目
第一讲 冠__词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned.
3．(2015·浙江高考改编)Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.
4．(2015·陕西高考改编)The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually becomes.
5．(2015·重庆高考改编)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.
一、不定冠词
(一)不定冠词的基本用法
1．表示泛指某个人或事物。
I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.
今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。
2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。
3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.
我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。
4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
5．用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus, we'll have a better view.
如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。
6．用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist. I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。
(二)固定搭配中的不定冠词
不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：
have a gift for有……的天赋 have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观
lend sb. a hand帮助某人 as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离 a waste of……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食
a collection of一批…… a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of有……历史
in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时，一时
all of a sudden突然 a matter of……的问题
have a population of有……人口
cover an area of占……的面积
You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.(2014·安徽高考单选)
你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。
二、定冠词
(一)定冠词的基本用法
1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。
I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was founded in the early twentieth century.
我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。
2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。
①As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought.
众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。
②As a matter of fact, the rich aren't always happy.
事实上富人并非总是快乐的。
———————————————————————————————————————
“the＋adj.”表示一类人的常用短语：
the rich富人 the dead死者
the poor穷人 the aged老人
the old老人 the living活着的人
the young年轻人 the injured/wounded受伤的人
—————————————————————————————————————
3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。
①Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。
②Now, years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。
4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。
The village where I was born has grown into a town.(2014·陕西高考单选)
我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。
5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。
As is well known to us all, the Second World War broke out in the thirties.
众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。
6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence, as it happened so long ago.
没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。
8．用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。
As far as I know, he likes playing the piano.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。
(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词
1．固定结构中的定冠词
(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。
—It's said that John will be in a job paying over D|S60,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。
——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。
(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中。
His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.
那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。
(3)用于the more ... the more ...(越……越……)结构中。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就会越少犯错误。
2．固定短语中的定冠词
at the moment此刻；目前 in the end 最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下 in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时 on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说 in the distance在远处
to the point 中肯；切题
make the most/best of充分利用
go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧
Now that you have such a good chance, you'd better make the best of every minute to achieve your goal.
既然你有这么好的一次机会，你最好充分利用每一分钟去实现你的目标。
三、零冠词
(一)零冠词的基本用法
下列情况下不用冠词。
1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。
①Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which you'll make great progress.
记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。
②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.
电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。
2．表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。
A year can be divided into four seasons — spring, summer, autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。
After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.
多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。
5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(二)固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词
1．固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．固定短语中的零冠词
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for让位 in debt负债
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side并排
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地
Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does pushups too to stay in shape.(2014·江苏高考单选)
汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2014·陕西高考)That day I didn't learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!
②(2016·邢台市高三摸底考试)But he had only an 100yuan note.
③(2016·嘉峪关市一中三模)He was an European billionaire who got everything he wanted.
①a→an
②an→a
③an→a
(1)不定冠词a和an的错用
①在元音音素前应用不定冠词an；
②在辅音音素前应用不定冠词a；
③有些单词以元音字母开头但却是以辅音音素开头，前面应用冠词a而不用an；还有一些单词以辅音字母开头但却是以元音音素开头，前面应用冠词an而不用a。
①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.
②(2016·郑州二模)Most of us feel nervous whenever we're taking the important exam.
①shop前的a→the
②the→an
(2)不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用
①表示特指时用定冠词the；
②表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。
①(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)This custom soon became another meal of day.
②(2016·江西九校联考)Forrest Gump was born in small village.
①在day前加the
②在in和small之间加a
(3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失
一般情况下，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词a(n)或the。 a(n)表示类指或泛指，the 表示特指。
①(2013·浙江高考)Tomorrow is first day of school.
②(2016·衡水一中模拟)In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, richest man in the world, gave up studying in Harvard University.
①在first前加the
②在richest前加the
(4)定冠词the的缺失
①在序数词前常用定冠词the；
②在形容词最高级前也常用定冠词the。
①(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom
①去掉flowers前的the
(5)冠词的多余
可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。
buildings.
②(2016·南昌市一模)I think it's a great fun and I can make more friends.
②去掉great前的a
①(2015·浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.
②(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
①在hurry前加a
②在result前加a
(6)常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余
在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a(n)，有的用定冠词the，而有的不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, on the right, in fact, as a result, as a result等。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·济南外国语学校模拟)Nowadays, how we can take good care of the old is becoming a hot and serious topic.
2．(2016·大庆质量检测二)If I were ever short of cash and couldn't afford to do anything much, which in those days was usually the case, I could always go outside and take a look around.
3．(2016·泰安二模)It was a burninghot, summer's day and I was longing to go swimming at the local pool. Instead, I was riding in the back seat of the car as my parents drove to a friend's house.
4．(2016·江西八校一模)He tapped her on the shoulder, “Hi! I have been looking for you for such a long time！”
5．(2016·长春调研考试)Today the Internet is playing an important and essential role in our life.
6．(2016·枣庄模拟)First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you can never get a second chance to make first impressions.
7．(2016·石家庄二模)Our destination was Orewa, a seaside town.
8．(2016·青岛自主诊断)After a short silence, the man told the doctor that he seized all the money that his father gave to his brother, who was abroad.
9．(2016·郑州高三二模)It's a pleasure for me to be here to speak to such a distinguished group from all over the world.
10．(2016·南阳一中三模)Imagine falling towards the planet Earth at an awesome speed of 300 kilometers per hour.
11．(2016·济南高考模拟)When he became a doctor, he tapped people's chests to see how much liquid was in their lungs. Laennec did the same and learned to tell by tapping carefully on a chest whether it was diseased or not.
12．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)I should be very interested to meet the man who threw the stone you mentioned in the newspaper.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·银川质量检测短文改错)This afternoon I went to see my grandfather by a bus.去掉a
2．(2016·贵州监测二短文改错)With English being widely used in the world, it is playing a more and more important role. For example, a French and Chinese can't speak each other's language.Chinese前加a
3．(2016·赣州模拟短文改错)He became a engineer instead and spent most of his time studying car design.a→an
4．(2016·衡水中学二模短文改错)Second, we must set the goal, which motivates us to pursue our dreams.the→a
5．(2016·山东省实验中学一模短文改错)I'm Li Hua and I'm writing to apply for the assistant post you advised on Internet.on后加the
6．(2016·豫东、豫北十所名校联考短文改错)There is no doubt that English has become an universal language nowadays.an→a
7．(2016·呼和浩特调研短文改错)If you want to make a progress, you need to put your heart into your study and work hard.去掉a
8．(2016·吉林省第二次调研短文改错)I borrowed story book from the library the other day and took it home.story前加a
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河北衡水中学三模)It was a busy day at the grocery store and an old couple were in line behind me with birthday balloons.
From __1__ they said, I knew their nephew had a twin and something bad happened to the baby at birth. Though they did all they could __2__ (help) them but times were tough for them.
They seemed to be too nervous and were too __3__ (anxiety) to leave, so I asked __4__ they wanted to go ahead of me or not. They didn't understand what I __5__ (mean)
at first. After knowing it, they were very appreciative. But they stood behind me.
At that time I knew it had to be a significant day to them. Nothing could be __6__ (good) if someone offered to help them. So I told the cashier to add the balloons to my purchases. The old couple refused at first __7__ I insisted. I said, “You tell your sweet nephew that there are still nice people left who wanted to give them __8__ hand in this world.” They thanked me over and over and the cashier was moved to tears, __9__ (say) there was an angel in her line today.
That little act of __10__ (kind) made everyone who saw it feel good — but it made me feel the best of all!
1．what 介词后接宾语从句，设空处为连接代词，此处表示“从他们所说的话”，故填what。
2．to help 此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。
3．anxious 该词在系动词be之后且有too修饰，故用形容词anxious。
4．whether 此处为宾语从句的连接词，表示“是否”，且与or not搭配，故用whether。
5．meant 此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，主句为一般过去时，所以从句也用一般过去时。
6．better 否定词与比较级连用表示最高级的含义。
7．but 此处表示转折关系，故用but。
8．a give sb. a hand为固定短语，意为“帮助某人”。
9．saying 此处作状语，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。
10．kindness 介词of后应用名词，故填kindness。an act of kindness“善行”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·烟台市二模)I was not good in math in the first year of junior high school. Having been failed so many times in math exams, I was anxious about the subject. Every time I tried hardly to work out a math problem, I was afraid of making mistakes, that really made me feel helpless. Luckily, I met a nice math teacher in second year. She told me that I didn't need to worry about making mistakes because I could find out my shortcomings through my mistake. She always encouraged myself to try again whenever I make a mistake. Thanks to my teacher's encouragement, I became interesting in math and made rapid progress. My experience proves that failure was the mother of success and that we can learn a lot from our mistakes.
答案：第一句：第一个in→at
第二句：去掉been
第三句：hardly→hard; that→which
第四句：second前加the
第五句：mistake→mistakes
第六句：myself→me; make→made
第七句：interesting→interested
第八句：was→is
第二讲 代__词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)A few hours before, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with its (it) choking smog.
2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Now it occurred to him (he) that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It's me/mine (I)”．
4．(2014·广东高考语法填空)Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said it was a wonderful holiday destination.
5．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)The river was so polluted that it actually caught fire and burned.
6．(2015·陕西高考改编)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.
一、人称代词
形式
句法功能
主
格
I, we, you, he, she, it, they
主要用作主语，有时用作表语
宾
格
me, us, you, him, her, it, them
作动词或介词的宾语；口语中常用宾格作表语
①She was beautiful and could run faster than others.
她(那时)很美并且比其他人跑得快。
②Give me a challenge, and I will meet it with joy.
让我迎接挑战，我会欣然接受。
二、物主代词
形式
句法功能
形容词性
物主代词
my, our, your, his, her, its, their
作定语
名词性
物主代词
mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs
作主语、宾语或表语
He invited some friends of his to his party.
他邀请了他的一些朋友参加宴会。
三、反身代词
形式
句法功能
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
作宾语、表语或同位语
The child looked at himself in the mirror with interest.
那个孩子饶有兴趣地看着镜子里的自己。
—————————————————————————————————————
含有反身代词的习惯用语：
by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自
come to oneself苏醒；恢复知觉 dress oneself自己穿衣
behave yourself举止规矩有礼 devote oneself to致力于
apply oneself to专心致志于 help oneself to随便吃/用
enjoy oneself玩得开心 seat oneself就座，入席
make yourself at home别客气 teach oneself自学
adapt/adjust oneself to 适应于
—————————————————————————————————————
四、指示代词
指示代词
用法
this/these
指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物
that/those
指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that 可指上文提到过的人或物
such
指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数
so
代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine, guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点
①The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.(2015·天津高考单选)
这所规模很小的学校的教学质量比有些规模较大的学校的教学质量还要好。
②Studying Wendy's menu, I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald's.(2012·浙江高考单选)
研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。
③Such are my friends who will never fail to help me when needed.
我的朋友们就是这样：永远会在我需要他们时伸出援手。
④—Is James coming tonight?
—I think so, but I'm not sure.
——詹姆斯今晚会来吗？
——我想会的，但我不能肯定。
五、不定代词
(一)不定代词的基本用法
不定代词
用法
each/both/all
each指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”
either/neither
either表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不”
none/nothing
none表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事”
another
another泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”
other/others
other泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。other＋可数名词复数＝others
the other/
the others
the other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the other＋可数名词复数＝the others
①As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
因为这两本字典有用，我把两本字典都带上，每一本对我而言都很重要。
②—Would you like to go shopping with me on Saturday or Sunday?
—I'm sorry. Neither will suit me. I'll be away on business during that period.
——星期六或星期天陪我去购物好吗？
——对不起。那两天都不行。我那段时间将正在出差。
③You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。
④Neither side is prepared to talk to the other unless we can smooth things over between them.
除非我们能够消除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。
(二)复合不定代词的用法
某……
任何……
每个……；
所有……
没有……
人
someone/
somebody
anyone/
anybody
everyone/
everybody
no one/
nobody
物
something
anything
everything
nothing
①There is something in his words. We should have a try.
他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。
②This project requires close teamwork. Nothing will be achieved unless we work well together.(2013·安徽高考单选)
这个项目需要密切的团队合作，除非我们通力合作，否则将一事无成。
(三)表示数量的不定代词的用法
代词
用法
表示意义
含义
few
修饰可数名词
否定含义
几乎没有
a few
修饰可数名词
肯定含义
几个；一些
little
修饰不可数名词
否定含义
几乎没有
a little
修饰不可数名词
肯定含义
少量；一点点
many
修饰可数名词
肯定含义
许多
much
修饰不可数名词
肯定含义
许多
①Few of us can speak four foreign languages.
我们当中很少有人会说四种外语。
②I have a few friends, but my younger sister has very few.
我有一些朋友，但我妹妹几乎没有朋友。
③She can speak a little French, but she knows little English.
她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。
六、it的用法
1．it用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。
The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
史密斯一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。
2．it指时间、距离、天气等。
It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham.
从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。
3．it 用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。
①It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.
独居而不和他人来往没有好处。(it作形式主语，动名词短语living alone without ...为真正的主语)
②No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。(it作形式宾语，动词不定式to go for ...为真正的宾语)
③He didn't make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句when and where ... 为真正的宾语)
[知识积累]……………………………………………………………………………………
常用it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式：
It is a pity/shame that ... 真可惜/丢人……
It is no wonder that ... 难怪……
It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看起来……
It looks/seems as if/though ... 看起来好像……
It happens that ... 碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that ...
某人突然想起……
It is said/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggested that ... 据说/据报道/据宣布/人们
认为/人们希望/人们建议……
It is no use/good/a waste of time doing sth.
做某事没有用/好处/浪费时间
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间
主语＋表示情感倾向的动词或动词短语(enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate, rely/count on等)＋it＋that/if/when ...
①I would appreciate it if you take my suggestion into consideration.
如果你考虑我的建议我将感激不尽。
②It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind.As is known to us all, he is so stubborn.
试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。众所周知，他是如此固执。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.
②(2016·太原市模拟)I often watched them carefully so as to learn his techniques.
①them→it
②his→their
(1)代词单复数的错用
人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。
①(2013·陕西高考)We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.
②(2016·太原市测评)I've always been dreaming of having an opportunity to travel in Englishspeaking countries like your to practise and improve my English.
①ours→our
②your→yours
(2)物主代词的错用
①形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；
②名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。
①(2013·全国卷Ⅰ)He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others in our small town, and he was strong and powerful.
②(2016·洛阳高三一模)First of all, you should respect you or no one would respect you.
①himself→him
②第二个you→yourself/yourselves
(3)反身代词与人称代词的错用
①反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到本人身上；
②若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。
①(2015·陕西高考)I wanted to do
①anything→
(4)不定代词的错用
anything special for him at his retirement party.
②(2015·四川高考)It's been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.
③(2013·浙江高考)Dad lost his job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.”
something
②many→much
③other→
another
①some(thing)与any(thing)：一般来说前者用于肯定句，后者用于疑问句和否定句；
②many与much：many代替可数名词，much代替不可数名词；
③the other与another：表示“两者中的另一个”用the other，而表示“(三者以上)另外的一个”用another。
(2014·四川高考)Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off ... If it's a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom.
us→you
(5)代词与其所指代的对象不符
代词主要是用来代替其他实义词或上下文意义的，因此代词应与其指代的对象相符。否则就会出现代词指代错误。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·曲阜市三校模拟)It has to wait patiently and pitifully for its owner to claim it, otherwise it'll remain alone as a deserted umbrella.
2．(2016·三门峡市考前适应性训练)She remembered how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
3．(2016·济宁模拟)I just choose a simpler lifestyle, one where I can ride my bike all over and do not have to make a great living to survive.
4．(2016·威海模拟)Some people take great pleasure in helping and giving to someone else while others feel happy doing the opposite.
5．(2016·长春新高三起点调研)For one thing, it can provide a colorful platform to show their talent. For another,_it is a useful way to release their pressure.
6．(2016·河南省考前质量检测二)The less skin a person has relative to his weight, the easier it is for him to keep warm.
7．(2016·聊城三模)When I was on the airplane, I kept telling myself that I had to be strong when facing any troubles or problems.
8．(2016·三门峡市考前适应性练习)She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please him.
9．(2016·石家庄二模)“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough. You are holding up the traffic，” another voice ordered from the seat next to mine/me (I)．
10．(2016·贵州质量检测)When he came to life, he found himself lying on the ground, bleeding in the head.
11．(2016·江西高安中学模拟)I hope my parents won't try to force me to do their (they) favorite job.
12．(2016·云南第一次检测)Meeting my favorite football star face to face was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·南昌调研短文改错)Unluckily, all of the boys got poisoned and had stomachaches with our faces pale.our→their
2．(2016·山西四校第二次联考短文改错)I sincerely hope you can give us a chance. I'm looking forward to your early reply.us→me
3．(2016·河南洛阳统考短文改错)I just smiled to me and thought “What can I do? They are guests after all.”me→myself
4．(2016·兰州模拟短文改错)Twentysix percent of the students say that English stories are his favorite.his→their
5．(2016·云南第一次统一检测短文改错)Shortly after he arrived in Germany, he found easy to steal subway rides.found后加it
6．(2016·长春质量监测二短文改错)I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position as a secretary of English. Here I would like to introduce me briefly.me→myself
7．(2016·大连双基测试短文改错)In my opinion, this is our duty to help those who are in trouble.this→it
8．(2016·江西九江三模短文改错)Mysterious and classic decorations from the owners' collection make that more pleasant for drinkers to sit there and enjoy fine tea.that→it
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·甘肃普通高中第一次联考)The truth __1__ trees are vital to our life is not a secret. They provide us with food, wood and most __2__ (important), oxygen.
Now there is one more thing we can add to this list — blocking out harmful bacteria from water.
The discovery __3__ (make) by a team consisting of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and high school students __4__ were seeking a natural water filter — one that would help communities in developing countries that do not have __5__ (accessible) to modern water filter systems.
The __6__ (research), led by Professor Rohit Karnik, decided to turn to trees for help because they could allow liquid to flow through, while blocking out air bubbles.
They began by cutting 1.5inchwide sections of tree bark from the branches of a white pine tree. The people related then tested the wood's filtering ability by pouring water __7__ (contain) red dye particles of different sizes through. __8__ their amazement, they found that it was effective in trapping all the particles. __9__ (encourage), the team conducted __10__ experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria. Sure enough, the sapwood held back 99% of the bacteria, allowing only 1% to flow through.
语篇解读：树木对于我们的日常生活非常重要。它们不仅给我们提供食物、木材，最重要的是它们还给我们提供生存必需的氧气。除此之外，树木对于我们的生活还有一个非常重要的作用，即它们可以阻止有害细菌进入我们的水源。
1．that “__1__ trees are vital to our life”作The truth的同位语，所填词在同位语从句中不作句子成分，故用that。
2．importantly most importantly(最重要的是)置于句首，修饰后面的整个句子，相当于It is the most important that ...
3．was made 本句在讲述过去的事情，故用一般过去时；主语the discovery与make为被动关系，故用被动语态。
4．who/that 先行词为high school students，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用who/that引导。
5．access have access to“接近，可以利用”。
6．researchers 根据上下文语境可知此处应该填入名词复数researchers。此处指“这些由Professor Rohit Karnik带领的研究人员”。
7．containing water与contain是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
8．To to one's amazement“使某人吃惊的是”。
9．Encouraged encourage与主语the team之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语。
10．another 上文已说到他们做了一个实验，此处表示受到第一个实验结果的鼓舞，他们又做了一个实验。another“另一，再一”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·长春外国语学校高三期末)A survey basing on 1,000 students found that 80% of senior students sleep less than nine hours every night. One main reason lies at students' bad habits. Too much homework is given by school teachers is another main cause. Some students are absentminded while doing their homework, and some wasting their afterclass time. The third cause is that some students have to get up earlier on weekday to get to school that was far away from home. Experts think an amount of homework for the students should be cut down. Beside, teachers should encourage their students make good use of their spare time. Only in this way can the students improve our study efficiency.
答案：第一句：basing→based
第二句：at→in
第三句：去掉第一个is
第四句：wasting→waste
第五句：weekday→weekdays; was→is
第六句：an→the
第七句：Beside→Besides; make前加to
第八句：our→their
第三讲 介词与介词短语
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.
2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.
3．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
4．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I got a place next to the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
5．(2014·广东高考语法填空)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
6．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)Don't laugh at me. I may look funny.
一、介词
1．表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near
介词
用法
示例
at
一般指在较小的地方
I met him at the shop.
in
一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内
They arrived in Beijing yesterday.
Shandong Province lies in the east of China.
on
一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域
The picture is hanging on the wall.
Vietnam is on the south of China.
to
表示某范围外不接壤的两位置
Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.
beside
/by
“在……的旁边”
She was standing beside her mother.
There is a small house by the river.
near
“接近；靠近”
There is a supermarket near my home.
2．表示方位的between和among
介词
用法
示例
between
在两者或每两者之间
I sat down between Sue and Jane.
among
在三者或三者以上之间
The teacher was standing among the students.
3．表示方位的across, through, over和past
介词
用法
示例
across
从……的表面穿过
He walked across the square to meet us.
through
从……的内部穿过
The guide led us through the forest.
over
从……的上面跨过
The thief jumped over the fence and fled
away.
past
从……的旁边经过
She walked past the shop.
4．表示时间点的at, in和on
介词
用法
示例
at
表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日
at 9：00; at noon; at daybreak; at Christmas
in
表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚
in the 21st century; in September; in the morning
on
表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上
on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, May
5．表示时间段的for和since
介词
用法
示例
for
“for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语
He has lived in the small village for five years.
I studied in Peking University for 4 years.
since
“since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语
He has worked in this company since graduation.
Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o'clock.
6．表示交通方式的by, in和on
介词
用法
示例
by
“by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词
My brother usually goes to school by bike.
in/on
in/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰
My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.
7．表示“用……”的by, in和with
介词
用法
示例
by
He made a living by selling newspapers
指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词
when he was young.
in
多用于表示语言、材料的名词前
All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.
with
多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前
They are busy digging with spades.
8．表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides
介词
用法
示例
except
表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除
All my friends took part in the party except John.
except for
其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
besides
表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的
He has learned German, French besides English.
9．其他常考介词的用法
(1)against的用法
含义
示例
(表示态度)反对
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
(表示对比)以……为背景
The skier's red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
(表示方位)倚靠着……
The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.
(2)beyond的用法
含义
示例
(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处
The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.
(表示时间)晚于……
He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.
(表示程度)超出，非……所能及
To be acknowledged as the first to receive
this honor is beyond expression in words for me.
(3)over的用法
含义
示例
(表示方位)越过
The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.
(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过
He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.
(表示时间或过程)在……期间
I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks.
(4)to的用法
含义
示例
(表示方向、距离)到，向，去
It was on the way to the railway station.
(表示时间)直到……为止，到
He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.
(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言
I prefer oranges to apples.
(表示对象关系)属于，对，给
The hospital is attached to the university.
达到(某一点或某个限度)
Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
(5)under的用法
含义
示例
在……下面，在……之下
She placed the ladder under the window.
在……过程中
The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.
(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下
These toys are not suitable for children under five.
受……影响
She's been under a lot of pressure at work.
(6)with的用法
含义
示例
和……一起，和，同，跟
Would you like to go shopping with me？
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
With time going by, the little tree has grown up.
具有，带有
The dictionary is what I want, but I don't have enough money with me.
由于，因为
He trembled with fear.
(表示方式)用
He cut it with a knife.
二、介词短语
介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。
①While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return.(2014·浙江高考单选)
当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。
②On behalf of everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.(2013·辽宁高考单选)
我代表在场的所有人祝你归国旅途愉快。
[知识积累]……………………………………………………………………………………
介词的常用搭配一览
1．介词与名词的常用搭配
(1)at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平中
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
(2)其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
(3)on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
on duty/guard 在值班/站岗
(4)其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
(5)by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
(6)in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in width 在宽度上
in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地
in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
(7)其他以in开头的介词短语
in need of 需要 in no case 决不
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in response to作为回应 in return 作为回报
in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换
in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假如
in celebration of 为庆祝……
in control of 管理；控制；操纵
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念……
in support of 为支持……
in the charge of 在……的管理下
in the direction of 在……方向
in the face of 面对……
(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
(9)out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 不受控制 out of date 过期
out of debt 不欠债 out of order 出故障
out of shape 走样，不成形 out of sight 看不到
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
(10)under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中
under control 处于控制之中 under construction 在建造中
(11)with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt不用怀疑，确实地
beyond expression/words难以表达
2．介词与形容词的常用搭配
(1)be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about 对……担心
(2)be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊 be present at出席
be disappointed at对……失望
(3)be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in 忙于……
be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……
be interested in对……感兴趣
be involved in包括在……中，被卷入
(4)be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for以……著名
be fit for适合，胜任…… be hungry for渴望……
be ready for准备好…… be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be thankful for因……而感激
be anxious for急切盼望，渴望……
be prepared for为……做好准备
(5)be＋adj.＋from
be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于
be far from 远离 be free from 不受……影响
(6)be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近…… be contrary to与……相反
be devoted to致力于…… be equal to等于……
be familiar to 对……来说熟悉 be friendly to 对……友好
be good to对……有好处 be grateful to对……心存感激
be harmful to对……有危害 be kind to对……友好
be opposed to反对…… be similar to与……相似
be/get used to (变得)习惯于……
(7)be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢……
be full of充满…… be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏…… be tired of厌烦……
be ashamed of为……感到羞耻
(8)be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于…… be filled with充满
be combined with与……结合 be content with对……满意
be covered with被……覆盖 be familiar with对……熟悉
be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎
be satisfied with对……满意
be pleased with对……感到满意
by angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒
be concerned with与……有关；涉及，关心，关注
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
②(2016·云南省统一检测)The bridge on the river has a long history.
①on→in
②on→over
(1)介词与名词搭配不当
介词与名词搭配时用哪一个介词取决于其后的名词，这时要根据名词选择适当的介词。
(2014·陕西高考)My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird.
on→at
(2)介词与动词搭配不当
介词与动词搭配时介词的使用取决于动词，这时要根据动词选择适当的介词。
(2016·潍坊市一模)You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.
of→in
(3)介词与形容词搭配不当
介词与形容词搭配时介词的使用是由形容词决定的，这时要根据形容词选择适当的介词。
①(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.
②(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.
①去掉with
②去掉in
(4)介词的多余
①及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需加介词；
②last, next后跟名词表时间时前面无需加介词。
(2014·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
wait后加for
(5)介词的缺失
不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。
(2014·浙江高考)If we could show concern to others on need, the world would be a better place to live in.
on→in
(6)习惯搭配中介词的错用
在习惯搭配中介词的使用是相对固定的，不能随意改动。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·南昌二中模拟)The two brothers decided to leave at midnight, for they had many miles to cover.
2．(2016·山东潍坊三模) The watches arrived in stores in late April. They are sold at different prices, beginning at $349.
3．(2016·泰安二模)As an eightyearold boy, I spent most of that afternoon sitting in the shade while they sweated in the sunshine.
4．(2016·山东滕州5月模拟)Years afterward, the nobleman's son was stricken by a serious disease.What saved him？Penicillin.
5．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)The advertisement said that a suitable house in a quiet area was up for sale at a reasonable price, and the house was within a stone's throw of a railway station from which there were frequent trains to the big city.
6．(2016·南昌二模)Our office wasn't far from Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants.
7．(2016·济南二模)If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
8．(2016·郑州高三诊断)He learned up with scientists from the Free University and divided a farm into eight irrigated areas.
9．(2016·三门峡市考前适应性练习)Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered.She found some good quality pipes on sale.
10．(2016·石家庄二模)I thought I was totally prepared for the journey, but nothing could have prepared me for my family's complaints.
11．(2016·海口二模)With his incredible talent, Messi has surprised the world.
12．(2016·济南二模)The girl in a red dress is my sister, and the red dress looks beautiful on her.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·济南模拟短文改错)Luckily, things have changed. Rubbish is always put into dustbins. People are friendly at animals.at→to/toward(s)
2．(2016·山西四校联考短文改错)Gathering around here, we practise spoken English by talking about everything we are interested.interested后加in
3．(2016·南宁测试短文改错)I stared at everything as if I were looking at the first time.第二个at→for
4．(2016·南昌一模短文改错)I'm going to study in the senior middle school on
September; I can live either at school or at home.on→in
5．(2016·大连测试短文改错)While waiting the ambulance, I took off my coat to keep the old man warm.waiting后加for
6．(2016·潍坊一模短文改错)As we all know, everyone has a dream. I have dreamed of being a doctor since I entered into the primary school.去掉into
7．(2016·河南洛阳统考短文改错)She was so grateful about my help that she gave me a big hug when we were going to leave.about→for
8．(2016·河北名校联盟监测二短文改错)I believe it's the best way to get close nature and enjoy its beauty.close后加to
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·宁夏银川一中一模)Scientists have discovered that__1__ (stay) in the cold could help us lose weight.Researchers at the University of California found that exposure to the cold increases levels of a protein that helps form brown fat — the type of fat that produces heat and keeps us warm. Brown fat burns energy, __2__ helps us lose weight.White fat stores extra energy, which results__3__ weight gain.The researchers said that because air conditioning and heating give us constant, __4__ (comfort) temperatures, our body's need for brown fat has decreased.They found that: “Outdoor workers in northern Finland who __5__ (expose) to cold temperature have__6__ significant amount of brown fat when__7__ (compare) to sameaged indoor workers.”
The research was conducted on two different control groups of mice.__8__ group was injected with the protein that helps create brown fat.This group later gained 30% less weight after both groups were fed highfat diets.The researchers say this could be good news in the fight against obesity.People who are obese have__9__ (low) levels of brown fat than thinner people.Head researcher Hei Sook Sul said: “This protein could become an important target for research into the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesityrelated diseases.” She added, “If you can somehow increase levels of this protein, you could__10__ (possible) lose more weight even if eating the same amount of food.”
1．staying 句意：科学家们发现待在寒冷的环境中会有助于我们减肥。“__1__ (stay) in the cold ”作主语，且表示抽象概念，故用动名词作主语。
2．
which 句意：褐色脂肪燃烧热量，这可以帮助我们减肥。先行词为前面一句话，关系词在定语从句中作主语且表示“事”，故用which引导。
3．in result in“引起，导致”。
4．comfortable 设空处后为名词，故可判断设空处应用形容词作temperatures的定语。
5．are exposed 设空处为定语从句的谓语动词，它需与先行词outdoor workers(名词复数)保持一致；此外outdoor workers与expose(使暴露)为被动关系，故用被动语态；由主句的谓语动词have判断用一般现在时。综上所述答案为are exposed。
6．a a significant amount of 为固定搭配，意为“大量的”。
7．compared compared to 为固定搭配，意为“与……相比”。
8．One 根据上句的“two different control groups of mice”可判断此处用one。
9．lower 根据语境中的“than”可判断此处应为形容词的比较级。
10．possibly 设空处在句中作状语，故用副词形式。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·辽师大附中高三模拟)Though great progress has been made in science these years, but there are still many people living in poor conditions. They make their lives by collecting and selling used thing. Their children cannot go to school because they have not enough money to send their children to there. Why you think so many people still suffer from poverty now? The answer lies on the population explosion. A president of a developing country once said, “It is us who are to blame for the poverty because we used to ‘produce’ child without limit.” Although this few words sound simple enough, they have clear pointed out one of the causes of the population explosion.
答案：第一句：去掉but
第二句：lives→living; thing→things
第三句：去掉there前面的to
第四句：Why后加do
第五句：on→in
第六句：us→we; child→children
第七句：this→these; clear→clearly
第四讲 定语从句
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit which/that is driving your family crazy.
4．(2013·广东高考语法填空)Nick's guests, who had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.
5．(2015·江苏高考改编)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
6．(2015·四川高考改编)The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
7．(2015·陕西高考改编)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.
8．(2015·重庆高考改编)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
(1)who 或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。
①I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。
②I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.
我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。
(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。
The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。
2．that, which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that 不用which的情况：
①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.
他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：
①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。
The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.
这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。
②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词”结构时。
We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。
3．as引导的定语从句
(1)as 可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as ...”结构中。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。
—————————————————————————————————————
which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
He kept lying to me, which annoyed me greatly.
他总是对我说谎，这事使我很恼火。
————————————————————————————————————— (2)as 也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。
常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
“You can't judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.
正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1．where 引导的定语从句
where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on ...＋which”。
Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.(2015·北京高考单选)
＝Opposite is St.Paul's Church, in which you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗大教堂，你们在那里能听到一些动听的音乐。
—————————————————————————————————————
当先行词为situation, case, stage, point, activity, atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。
You reach a point where medicine can't help.
你到了药物无法治疗的地步。
—————————————————————————————————————
2．when 引导的定语从句
when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during ...＋which”结构。
I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.(2014·湖南高考单选)
我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。
3．why引导的定语从句
why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?
你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？
—————————————————————————————————————
非限制性定语从句中，常用for which 表示原因而不用why。
I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting.
我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。
—————————————————————————————————————
三、“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
1．介词和关系代词的确定
若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”)
②I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.(2012·天津高考单选)
我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。
③Recently I bought an ancient vase, whose price(＝the price of which) was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。
John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.(2013·重庆高考单选)
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句
有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
(2016·衡水市点睛金榜大联考)It's really lucky I came to a restaurant that I am known.
that→where
(1)关系代词与关系副词的错用
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。
(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o'clock at night.
that→which
(2)that与which的错用
在不定代词、最高级、序数词等后用that；在非限制性定语从句和介词后用which。
(2016·九江高三一模)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us.
whose→which
(3)which和whose的错用
在定语从句中，关系代词which在从句中常作主语或宾语，也可作定语，而whose只可作定语，“whose＋n.”相当于“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”。
(2016·嘉峪关市一中三模)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
在people后加who或think→thinking
(4)关系词的缺失
主要考查在there be结构中，容易受汉语影响而漏掉用作主语的关系词who/that/which等。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟一)The richest of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $41 billion, who made his money by starting the company Microsoft.
2．(2016·海口二模)So, they looked around for a soccer club that/which would be able to do this for them.
3．(2016·山东临沂二模)Ice bucket challenge is like the epidemic (流行病), which
becomes popular around the world very quickly.
4．(2016·三门峡市考前适应性练习)Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display.
5．(2016·邢台高三摸底考试)Officer: I'm afraid I can't do that, Madam. In school zones, I'm required to give tickets to all drivers who/that break the rules. It's the law in this county.
6．(2016·南阳一中二模)Freeflyers, as the name suggests, enjoy the more spontaneous (即兴的) thrill of doing their own things.
7．(2016·青岛高三第二次统一质检)It's generally believed that this is the best play that was written by Jack.
8．(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)Her boyfriend left in tears and a few days later sent a note to her, which said, “Please take good care of your eyes, my dear, because before they are yours, they were mine！”
9．(2016·滕州4月模拟)Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
10．(2016·南阳一中二模)My uncle has two daughters, both of whom are good students.
11．(2016·滕州5月模拟)She dreamed of the day when the manager of the supermarket would say to her with a smile, “Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in your basket is free.”
12．(2016·江西鹰潭二模)The police must give the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·大庆质量检测二短文改错)I finally knew the reason what she didn't talk to me and comforted her.what→why
2．(2016·兰州模拟短文改错)However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that of those which prefer reading articles about learning methods.which→who
3．(2016·唐山一模短文改错)I made friends with the daughter of my homestay family, which was a college student.which→who
4．(2016·长春质量监测二短文改错)I am a 25yearold young man graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University.man后加who/that或graduated→graduating
5．(2016·青岛统一检测短文改错)You can also make more Chinese friends, they will
tell you a lot about China and help you learn Chinese.they→who或they前加and
6．(2016·南昌二模短文改错)For me the one scoring the most is the winner. But Tom said, “The one which tries his best is the real winner.”which→who
7．(2016·江西赣州模拟短文改错)He saw pictures of vehicles could climb up the sides of buildings. He made up his mind to design a better vehicle.could前加that/which
8．(2016·石家庄二中模拟短文改错)They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.them→whom或most前加and
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河北省七校高三联合考试)When you decide you're going to live alone, you get upset. This is __1__(nature). But there's no need to get __2__(worry). Below are some ideas __3__ can help you out.
Saving money is __4__ you need to start several months before you move out. You need to save enough money __5__(help) you survive for at least a month in the new place. The __6__ (easy) of all ways is to spend less!
Search for a place to live in before __7__(move) out. Make sure that the place you choose is in a good location. Besides, you can afford __8__. If you're going to stay in an expensive city, find a roommate so that you can share the expenses.
And if you have to live __9__ your own for a long time, you'll have to look for a parttime job. If you're __10__ student, you can work in restaurants, theaters, etc. And don't spend a lot of money in a wasteful way! Try and save every penny of what you earn.
1．natural 句意：当你决定单独生活时，你变得沮丧，这是自然的。分析句子成分可知，空处作表语，故此处需要用nature的形容词形式。
2．worried get worried“担心，担忧”。
3．that 句意：下面是一些帮助你摆脱困境的方法。因为先行词前有不定代词some修饰，所以此处用that引导限制性定语从句。
4．what 句意：在你搬出去的几个月之前，你就需要开始存钱。what引导表语从句，并在从句中作宾语。
5．to help 句意：你需要存足够的钱，帮助你在新的地方生存至少一个月。此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
6．easiest 句意：所有的方法中最容易的就是少花钱。由of all ways可知用最高级。
7．moving 介词before后跟动词ing形式。
8．it 此处用it指代前面的“the place”。
9．on on one's own“单独，独自”。
10．a 句意：如果你是一名学生，你能在餐馆、剧院等地方工作。此处用不定冠词a表示泛指一名学生。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·银川一中二模)On a snowy winter night, a bus with 45 passenger had an accident because the wet road. And all of them were trapping in the bus, and what is worse, the bus ran out of gas and it was very cold in it. They could do nothing but to wait for help. A man who lived nearby saw that had happened. He and some villagers succeeded in open the door and helped all of them out of the bus. He took them to his home but offered food and water and even some warm clothes to the children. They spent two days in their home and finally help came. All of them were thankfully for his help.
答案：第一句：passenger→passengers; because后加of
第二句：trapping→trapped; is→was
第三句：去掉to
第四句：that→what
第五句：open→opening
第六句：but→and
第七句：their→his
第八句：thankfully→thankful
第五讲 名词性从句
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
2．(2014·广东高考语法填空)I didn't understand why/how this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
3．(2015·北京高考改编)How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
4．(2014·浙江高考改编)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.
5．(2014·四川高考改编)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's where I was born.”
6．(2014·重庆高考改编)—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea why he did it; that's one of his favorite universities.
7．(2014·陕西高考改编)When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
8．(2013·浙江高考改编)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
名词性从句指的是在主句中起的作用相当于名词的从句，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、主语从句
1．引导主语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether/if；连接代词what, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever等。
①That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出她们真是亲姐妹。
②What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
影片中最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。
2．主语从句一般放在句首，但有时也可用it作形式主语，而将主语从句移到句子的末尾。常见的句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容词(necessary/likely/important/uncertain等)＋that从句
(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder/no surprise等)＋that从句
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said/reported/decided/believed等)＋that从句
(4)It＋不及物动词(seem, appear, happen等)＋that从句
①It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。
②It's no surprise that our team has won the game.
我们队获胜一点都不令人吃惊。
③It is decided that the meeting will be put off till next Monday.
会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。
二、宾语从句
1．引导宾语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether, if；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等；从句用陈述语序。
①We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
我们许诺，任何参加这个聚会的人都有跟那个电影明星合影的机会。
②I truly believe that beauty comes from within.(2015·北京高考单选)
我确信美来自内在。
③We must find out when Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.(2015·重庆高考单选)
我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。
2．it作形式宾语的宾语从句
(1)一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有：find, feel, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。
(2)动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候，我会确保把他照顾好。
三、表语从句
1．引导表语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等；从句用陈述语序。
①Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达的。
②I'd like to start my own business — that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词，seem, look, taste, sound, feel, appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
浓雾覆盖着整座城市。好像把一个巨大的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。
3．because, why引导的表语从句
because, why也可引导表语从句，但because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或
cause (该结构常用that引导)。常用于以下句型：
①From space, the earth looks blue. This is because about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water.
从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水覆盖。
②The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.
他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。
四、同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。
1．常见的后跟同位语从句的名词有：
advice 建议 conclusion 结论 demand要求
doubt 怀疑 fact 事实 hope 希望
idea 主意 information 信息 message 消息
news 消息 order 命令 possibility 可能性
promise 诺言 question 问题 request 请求
suggestion 建议 thought 想法 plan计划
①I made a promise to myself that this year, my first year in high school, would be different.
我对自己承诺：今年，我高中的第一年，会有所不同。
②—Is there any possibility that you could pick me up at the airport?
—No problem.
——你有可能到机场接我吗？
——没问题。
2．引导同位语从句的连接词有：that, whether, how, where, when, why等。
①Evidence has been found through years of study that children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
通过多年的研究发现：有证据表明孩子的早期睡眠问题很有可能会随着他们的成长继续下去。
②She asked a question why there was a delay.
她问了发生延误的原因。
③I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回家。
—————————————————————————————————————
在同位语从句中，that, whether不作句子成分。that无实义，whether意为“是否”，if一般不引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。
—————————————————————————————————————
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
where→that或去掉where
(1)从属连词与连接副词之间的错用
从属连词有that/whether/if等，连接副词有when, where等。从属连词不作成分，而连接副词作状语。
(2013·辽宁高考)That is which other teachers say.
which→what
(2)连接代词(what, which和who等)之间的错用
引导名词性从句且在从句中作主语或宾语时应用what(什么)；which(哪一个)；who(谁)等，注意它们之间意义的差别。
(2016·银川二中一模) For one thing, that you are studying is badly needed nowadays in our country.
that→what
(3)that与what之间的错用
what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that本身没有意义，不作任何成分，只起连接作用。
whether→that
(2016·山东师大附中模拟)There is no doubt whether it is of great help to their study and future life.
(4)从属连词that与whether/if之间的错用
that不作成分，没有实际意义；whether/if也不作成分但有实际意义，有“是否”之意。
(2016·遵义航天高级中学模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.
在belief后加that
(5)从属连词that的缺失
that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略，引导宾语从句时可以省略。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·南昌十所重点中学交流试卷)The family was rather poor but the honest man decided to give the bag to its owner. He gave it back to Sam and asked him to check whether/if the bag had 50 gold coins.
2．(2016·江西上饶三模)What you can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can.
3．(2016·济南高三针对性训练)They expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again.
4．(2016·潍坊高考模拟)He has heart disease. That is because he has been smoking too much.
5．(2016·大庆质量检测二)People who visited me used to ask me how I could sleep. “Doesn't the sound of the traffic bother you? How can you get used to so much noise？”
6．(2016·山师大附中模拟)There was a horrible summer thunderstorm this evening and the power went out, and your candles were just what we needed.
7．(2016·大连模拟)The notice came around two o'clock in the afternoon that the meeting would be put off.
8．(2016·龙口模拟)He worked very hard. It's no wonder that he got the first prize.
9．(2016·临沂模拟)Whether we should help up a fallen old person or not remains a heated topic in China.
10．(2016·贵州高三考前适应性考试)We still have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
11．(2016·太原五中一模)Who will come to help with my English hasn't been decided.
12．(2016·湖南株洲二中月考改编)With an optimistic attitude and a strong will, we can overcome whatever difficulties we might meet with and achieve our goals.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·贵州七校联考短文改错)Secondly, watching TV is a good way to kill our spare time. Finally, we can predict that may happen in the future and be prepared.that→what
2．(2016·日照检测短文改错)As time went on, I realized what ridiculous I had been at that time.what→how
3．(2016·东北三省四市第一次联考短文改错)Now I am writing to tell you that my city has done to reduce traffic jams in the last few years.that→all/what
4．(2016·银川质量检测短文改错)I had thought if perhaps the woman would blame the man. Beyond my expectations, the woman answered with a smile.if→that或去掉if
5．(2016·郑州第三次质量预测短文改错)Fortunately, I had a mobile phone with me, so I called the police and told them that had been found.that→what
6．(2016·河南三市第二次联考短文改错)That college students are mainly concerned about is employment and their dream to have wellpaid jobs where they can live their lives to the fullest.That→What
7．(2016·豫东、豫北名校联考)There is no doubt if English has become a universal language nowadays.if→that
8．(2016·云南师大附中月考)That you should learn is how to write down the most important words, not the whole sentence. Remember that you need information, not sentences.That→What
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·东北三省三校一模)The “selfie” is used to describe the selftaken photo, often from a smartphone. Someone takes about 10 selfies each time he does, and he only ends up __1__ (post) one or two of those. He picks the one that he feels make him look the __2__(good). In that picture, he gains confidence. For that moment,
everything bad or terrible that has happened to him__3__ (remove), because that smile is what gives him the__4__ (determine) to love himself.
I read__5__ poem recently and the young man said, “If I ask you__6__ you love, the answers will most likely roll off your tongue.You love to read. You love to write. You love your mom, your daughter, or your best friend. How long do you think you can go on and on before you say ‘I love__7__(I)’？”
That statement hit me like a ton of bricks.I've struggled with confidence all my life.I still do.And in__8__ way am I saying that taking a selfie is a gateway__9__ confidence.__10__， the selfie does deserve some credit for allowing individuals to express themselves.
语篇解读：很多人会把自己满意的自拍照发到网上去，他们认为这样可以使自己增强爱自己的决心。
1．posting end up doing sth.为固定用法，意为“以……而结束，最终做了某事”。
2．best 由语境可知此处表示从众多自拍照中选一张自己认为最好的，由此判断此处应用good 的最高级。
3．is removed 由语境可知应用一般现在时，又因remove与everything为被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
4．determination give sb.sth.“给某人某物”。又根据设空处前的the 也可判断设空处应用名词。determination为不可数名词，后面常用不定式作定语。
5．a 设空处的poem为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，故与不定冠词连用。
6．what 所填词在宾语从句中作宾语，故应用what。
7．myself 由空前的I及语境可知设空处用反身代词。
8．no 根据本句中“am I saying”的倒装语序，可推知设空处应为否定词。表示否定意义的介词短语放在句首时，后面的主谓部分常用部分倒装形式。in no way “决不”。
9．to a gateway to ...为固定搭配，意为“通向……之路”。
10．However 前后句之间是转折关系，并由后面的逗号可知应填However。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·江西师大附中三模)All of us students want to grow up healthily and happily. Here are some tips to you to achieve this goal.
First of all, we should have the positive attitude to life. As we all know, there is not only sunshine and also hard times in our life. So when face with difficulties, we should fight against it bravely. What's more, we must work hard. The reason is because knowledge is power. Only by working hard we get the power to make contributions to our motherland. Final, it is important to take exercises regularly
and have balanced diets.
We'd better do all the these things. The healthier we are, the happier we will be.
答案：第二句：第一个to→for
第三句：the→a
第四句：and→but
第五句：face→faced; it→them
第七句：because→that
第八句：we前加can
第九句：Final→Finally; exercises→exercise
第十句：去掉the或these
第六讲 并列句和状语从句
单句语法填空
1．(2015·广东高考语法填空)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.
2．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)But the river wasn't changed in a few days or even a few months.
3．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)Unbelievable! Oh ... if you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.
4．(2015·北京高考改编)He is a shy man, but he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
5．(2015·重庆高考改编)If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one.
6．(2015·北京高考改编)Once/If/When the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.
7．(2015·江苏高考改编)It is so cold that you can't go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.
8．(2014·天津高考改编)Give me a chance, and I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
一、并列句
(一)并列句的4种类型
1．表并列、递进或顺承关系：and, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...
The earth is one of the sun's planets, and the moon is our satellite.
地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。
2．表转折、对比关系：but, yet, while
①The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.
这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。
②The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.
北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。
3．表选择关系：or, otherwise, or else, either ... or ..., not ... but ...
Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。
4．表因果关系：so, for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首)
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
由于他视力开始下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。
(二)并列句的2大句式
1．when “就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式
•sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when ...某人正要做某事，突然……
•sb. be doing sth. when ...某人正在做某事，突然……
•sb. had done sth. when ...某人刚做完某事，突然……
①One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.
当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。
②She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
昨天她刚完成家庭作业，妈妈就让她练习钢琴。
2．and与or/otherwise用于并列句
•祈使句＋and＋陈述句(and表示顺承关系)
•祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)
①Find ways to praise your children often, and you'll find they will open their hearts to you.
设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。
②Hurry up, or/otherwise you will be late for class.
快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。
二、状语从句
(一)时间状语从句
1．when, while和as的用法
连词
含义及用法
例句
when
“当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生
When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证书。
while
“当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生
Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。
as
“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生
As he grew older, he became less active.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。
—————————————————————————————————————
如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.
我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。
—————————————————————————————————————
2．before与since的用法
(1)before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还没来得及……就……”。常用于以下句型：
•It will be＋一段时间＋before ... 多久之后才……
•It won't be long before ... 不久之后就……
•It was＋一段时间＋before ... 过了多久才……
John thinks it won't be long before he is ready for his new job.
约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。
(2)since的用法
①since表示“自从……”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。
I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.
自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。
They have been living very happily since they got married.
自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。
②since引导的从句的谓语若是持续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是终止性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。
He has written to me frequently since he was ill.
自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。
He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.
他自出国以来，经常给我写信。
③since表示“自从……以来”，常用于“It is/has been＋时间段＋since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)……已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。
As is reported, it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。
3．till, until和not ...until ...的用法
(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。
Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?
这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？
(2)not ... until ... 表示“直到……才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。
As far as I know, his mother won't go to bed until he returns home every evening.
据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。
4．表示“一……就……，刚……就……”的常用表达
(1)表示“一……就……”的表达
as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant
The moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was coming.
我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。
(2)表示“刚……就……”的表达
no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely
后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。
He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.
＝ No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.
他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。
(二)条件状语从句
1．条件状语从句的常见引导词
if, unless (＝if ... not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (条件是), if only (＝if), provided that (如果), in case (万一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假设，如果), assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。
①We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it's very cold.
除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。
②My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy.
我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。
2．条件状语从句的时态
在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。
If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.
如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。
(三)让步状语从句
1．although, though, while引导的让步状语从句。
Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important, it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
尽管有规律的锻炼很重要，但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。
2．as, though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。
Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。
3．“疑问词＋ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。
However hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.
不管你多么努力，如果不减少饭量，减肥很难。
4．whether ... or ...引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论……还是……”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。
We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.
不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。
(四)地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where, wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。
I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.
因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。
—————————————————————————————————————
where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：
地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。
The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)
→The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定语从句)
那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。
————————————————————————————————————— (五)原因状语从句
原因状语从句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等词引导。
1．because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。
The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。
2．as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as, since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。
Now that you have got a job, you should learn to be independent of your parents.
既然你找到了一份工作，你应该学会独立不依靠父母。
(六)方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。
①The house was greatly damaged by the truck.We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。
②The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.
建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。
③The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.
这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。
(七)结果状语从句
1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so ...that ..., such ...that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ...that ..., such ...that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：
①He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.
＝He is so learned a person that we admire him very much.
他如此有学问，以至于我们非常赞赏他。
②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.
天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。
③He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.
他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。
2．当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such ...as to ...。
He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.
＝ He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.
他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。
(八)目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。
1．in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句
两个连词都意为“以便……；为了……”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。
When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.
他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。
2．for fear that, in case (that)和lest引导的目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句时，for fear that表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。
①The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.
那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。
②Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.
带上雨衣以防下雨。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
②(2015·四川高考)And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact, I don't like to go anymore, so I'm afraid I'll lose their friendship.
①or→and
②so→but
(1)并列连词的错用
常见的并列连词有：and(表示顺承)，but(表示转折)，or(表示选择)，so(表示因果)。
(2013·全国卷Ⅰ)He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
第二个he前加and
(2)并列连词的缺失
在并列句中，必须要有并列连词连接，特别是表示递进和并列关系的and不能缺少。
①(2015·浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.
②(2013·全国卷Ⅰ)In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.
①If→
Though/Although
②during→when
③unless→until
④when→
(3)状语从句连接词的错用
①应搞清是何种状语从句以及它们的连接词；
②不要把介词误用作连接词，例如during和with为介词，不能引导状语从句；
③应注意容易混淆的连接词，如when,
③(2016·洛阳市统考)She kept on turning back to see me unless we couldn't see each other any longer.
④(2016·长春市质检)It is three years when I became a high school student.
since
while和as；before和since；unless和until等；
④应注意常见的固定句式，如“It's＋一段时间＋since ...”等。
(2013·陕西高考)As soon as we arrived, so we dropped the lines into the water.
去掉so
(4)并列连词和状语从句连接词的同时使用
前后两个分句不能同时由并列连词和从属连词连接。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·南昌调研)On August 24, 1853, a customer returned his fried potatoes to the kitchen, because they weren't crunchy (脆的) enough.
2．(2016·临沂二模)They can either choose to accept the challenge or donate 100 dollars, or do the both.
3．(2016·海口二模)There was a way to help him grow more, but his parents did not have enough money to pay for his medical needs.
4．(2016·济宁模拟)It is nearly fifteen years since I last saw her — she is the owner of a local restaurant.
5．(2016·石家庄二模)That morning I made sure I had enough to drink and went to the toilet about three times before we left.
6．(2016·洛阳高三一模)Much as/though I like it, I won't buy it, for it's too expensive.
7．(2016·曲阜市三校模拟)Be careful with your machine, or/otherwise you'll be hurt.
8．(2016·南阳一中二模)You are falling so fast that just turning your head can send you off in a different direction.
9．(2016·潍坊三模)It remains to be seen whether people really want to carry both a smart phone and a smart watch.
10．(2016·东北三校模拟)I wish my house would be built where we can enjoy
beautiful scenery with mountains and rivers.
11．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)Gates was only 21 years old when he first helped to set up the company in 1976.
12．(2016·潍坊三模)Mr. Zhang felt very tired, so he needed a good rest.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·石家庄一模短文改错)Now, this unforgetable lesson still encourages me to be an active learner where I go.where→wherever
2．(2016·河南八市检测短文改错)Although we do know regretting the past is of no benefit, but we still can't help doing it.去掉but
3．(2016·浙江六校联考短文改错)One Sunday, I was reading my book while it suddenly occurred to me that it was mother's birthday the next day.while→when
4．(2016·洛阳统考短文改错)Before I left my hometown to come to study in England, I was partly terrified, and mostly I was excited.and→but
5．(2016·日照联考短文改错)I used to feel I was the sun in my family. But while my cousin was born, everyone paid more attention to her.while→when
6．(2016·大庆质量检测二短文改错)Tina and I had been good friends for years. We often did things together, so one day Tina didn't talk to me and just sat by herself.so→but
7．(2016·邢台模拟短文改错)Although she was too busy to go with me, she told me to sell the extra ticket if possible.Although→As/Because
8．(2016·河北省七校联考短文改错)Work hard, you will make much progress and realize your dreams.you前加and
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·山东省实验中学四次诊断)Last Wednesday, about 7,400 American bankers went back to school again. This time they did not go to learn — they went to teach. __1__ 1997, the American Bankers Association has sponsored Teach Children to Save Day.Every April 26, bankers across the USA teach over 1.5 million primary and secondary school students how to handle__2__ money.
In the USA, children, especially teenagers, are often big spenders. In 2013, for example, American teenagers spent $175 billion.This is__3__ average of $104 per week per teenager. Few teenagers have any savings.They typically spend money as fast as they can. Nearly all will continue their __4__ (spend) habits when they grow up.
It's necessary that children learn proper money management__5__they are still
young.The bankers show students how to budget and make smart__6__ (decide) about money.They explain how to balance their expenses against their income. They help the students understand their family's shopping and household expenses as well.Of course, students__7__ (teach) how to invest and save money too.
As Benjamin Franklin said, “A penny saved is a penny earned.” Moreover, money__8__(save) at interest can increase greatly in value over time.Children, __9__ adults, need to understand the value of saving money.This is __10__ Teach Children to Save Day is all about.
1．Since 根据后面句子谓语动词的时态(现在完成时)，可推知本空答案为Since。
2．their 此处指代前面的students 且设空处后为名词，故用they的形容词性物主代词their。
3．an an average of为固定短语，意为“平均……”。
4．spending spending habits “消费习惯”。
5．when/while 根据语境可知设空处引导时间状语从句，故填从属连词when或while。
6．decisions make a decision “作决定”。smart前没有不定冠词a，由此判断此处应用decision的复数形式。
7．are taught 根据上下文可知设空处用一般现在时；students与teach之间为被动关系，故用被动语态，即are taught。
8．saved 被修饰词money与save为逻辑上的被动关系且表示完成，故用过去分词作定语。
9．like 句意：像成年人一样，孩子们需要懂得存钱的价值。like 介词，意为“像……一样”。
10．what “__10__ Teach Children to Save Day is all about”为表语从句，该从句中缺少介词 about的宾语，且表示“事物”，故用what引导。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·太原五中高三阶段检测)Your problem is common one among middle school students. Maybe the following advices can help you. First in all, believe in yourself. Your greatest problem is that you lack selfconfidence. The first thing you must do it is to smile at your classmates. One smile speaks loud about your wish to make friends than any words. Your smile will show that you are friendly to him. Next, trying talking with a student who is as shy as you or who share the same interest as you. You can discuss your studies with a classmate and you can also talk about
your hobbies. Unless anyone is in trouble, you should be ready to help him or her. Once you have confidence, you can make as many friends as possibly.
答案：第一句：在common前加a
第二句：advices→advice
第三句：第一个in→of
第五句：去掉it
第六句：loud→louder
第七句：him→them
第八句：trying→try; share→shares
第十句：Unless→If
第十一句：possibly→possible
第七讲 特殊句式
单句语法填空
1．(2015·湖南高考改编)It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
2．(2015·重庆高考改编)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
3．(2015·天津高考改编)Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home.
4．(2015·北京高考改编)If accepted (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
5．(2015·湖南高考改编)Always keep (keep) in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
6．(2014·陕西高考改编)No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
7．(2012·江苏高考改编)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, is there?
8．(2012·重庆高考改编)The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor will he even give it a thought.
一、强调句
1．基本句型：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。
①It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问题才可能被解决。(强调方式状语)
②It was the culture, rather than the language, that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.(2014·福建高考单选)
是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。(强调主语)
2．一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他？
Was it by cutting down the staff that she saved the firm?
她是通过裁员拯救了公司吗？
3．特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他？
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?
他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？
4．含有not ... until ...的强调句型：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that ...＋其他。
It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.(2013·天津高考单选)
直到信的末尾她才提到她自己的计划。
—————————————————————————————————————
以上强调句型是对除谓语以外的成分的强调；若强调谓语，要在谓语动词前加do/does/did，这种强调只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句。
The scientist did devote all his life to his research work.
这位科学家真正地把他的一生献给了研究工作。
—————————————————————————————————————二、倒装句
(一)部分倒装
部分倒装是指把谓语的一部分(助动词、系动词或情态动词)置于主语之前。这类句型主要有以下几种形式：
1．当否定词或带有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，常用部分倒装。这类词或短语有：little, few, never, seldom, rarely, by no means, not only, not until, at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, in no way, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等。
①Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for
our families is important.(2013·福建高考单选)
直到他经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。
②Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些有需要的人提供医疗保健服务。
2．当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.(2014·湖南高考单选)
只有当你找到内心的平静时，你才能与他人保持良好的关系。
3．so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装结构。
(1)“so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语”表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物，意为“……也是如此”。
—I've got an enormous amount of work to do.
—So have I.
——我有大量的工作要做。
——我也如此。
(2)“neither/nor＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语”表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，意为“……也不这样”。
—Liu Jia can't answer the question.
—Neither/Nor can Peter.
——刘佳回答不上来这个问题。
——彼得也回答不上来。
4．在so/such ... that ...结构中，当“so＋形容词/副词”或“such＋名词”位于句首时，主句使用部分倒装。
So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.
他患病太突然，全家人全然不知所措。
5．在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。
Hard as they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind.
尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。
(二)完全倒装
完全倒装是指将谓语动词完全提到主语之前。这类句型主要有以下几种形式：
1．表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away,
out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子需用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。
The moment the bell rang, out rushed the children.
铃一响，孩子们就冲了出去。
2．当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。
Next door to ours live a foreign couple, who seem to have settled into life in China.
我们隔壁住着一对外国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。
3．有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。
Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多别的宾客。
三、状语从句的省略
在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，可以用省略结构。省略必须具备两个条件：
此时可以省略从句的主语和be动词。
①Film has a much shorter history, especially, when (it is) compared to such art forms as music and painting.
电影的历史短得多，尤其是与音乐、绘画这些艺术形式相比。
②Unless (it is) necessary, you'd better not turn to him.
除非有必要，你最好不要向他请求帮助。
四、感叹句
感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。
1．what引导的感叹句
What＋a/an＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
What＋adj.＋ 可数名词复数/不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
①What a strange plant! I've never seen it before.
这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。
②What lovely children they are!
他们是多么可爱的孩子啊！
2．how引导的感叹句
How＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！
How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！
How＋主语＋谓语！
①How interesting a story it is!
＝What an interesting story it is!
这是多么有趣的一个故事啊！
②How time flies!
时间过得真快啊！
五、反意疑问句
1．陈述部分含有宾语从句的反意疑问句
一般情况下，其疑问部分应和主句保持一致。但如果主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess或be sure等，且主句主语为第一人称时，其疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致。
①I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did, didn't I?
我告诉他们并非每个人都能像你一样跑得那么快，是不是？
②I don't think the football team is likely to win, is it?
我认为那支足球队不会获胜，是吗？
2．祈使句的反意疑问句
祈使句后的反意疑问句不表示反问，而表示一种语气。其结构为：
肯定祈使句，＋will/won't you？
否定祈使句，＋will you？
Let us ...，＋will you？
Let's ...，＋shall we？
①Close the window, will/won't you?
关上窗户，好吗？
②Let's go to the bookstore, shall we?
我们去书店，好吗？
单句语法填空
1．(2016·南昌调研)It was not the word you said that angered Mr.Zhang, but how you said it.
2．(2012·天津高考改编)Only after Mary read her composition the second time did she notice the spelling mistake.
3．(2016·杭州一中二模)—How is the man injured in the accident?
—The doctor said if treated (treat) in a proper way, he was likely to be saved.
4．(2016·衢州一中期中)—Why was it that you were so angry?
—Because we failed to take part in the basketball match.
5．(2016·山东师大附中一模)It was not until she lost her job that she realized how important it is that one should study all the time.
6．(2016·江苏无锡高中协作体联考)I may take a long lunch break tomorrow. If so,_I can go to the hairdresser's then.
7．(2016·重庆巴蜀中学二模)Absurd as/though it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.
8．(2016·陕西渭南一模)On the top of the hill stands (stand) a temple where the old man once lived.
9．(2016·辽宁铁岭六校联考)What fun it is to take a rest after a long run!
10．(2016·广西梧州高三一模)Freddy gave him a job and housing and lent him pocket money while training (train) him.
11．(2016·广西高级中学阶段检测)It's true, but I heard some people did (do) find their better half through online dating.
12．(2016·甘肃兰州一中月考)He said, “What a beautiful day! How I wish I could go back to sleep! But now I have to go out and find some food.”
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河南郑州一次质量预测)In the summer of 1848, in Guatemala, a man called Ambrosio Tut, who was a gumcollector (树胶采集者), went into the jungle, as he did almost every day, __1__ (look) for gum in the jungle. To do this, he had to climb the trees. __2__ his particular day, he got to the top of one tree and something caught his eye. He looked out across the trees and saw the tops of some old buildings.
Tut didn't really know what he had seen but he knew it was something __3__ (specially). He ran to tell the local governor, and together they __4__ (walk) into the jungle. There they found Tikal (蒂卡尔), the city that the Mayans (玛雅人) had built hundreds of years before. The two men saw temples and pyramids, squares and houses, and places __5__ kings had lived when the Mayan people ruled the region.
For a long time before that day, local people had known that somewhere in the jungle there was an old Mayan city, __6__ no one had seen it for centuries. __7__ 200 and 900 AD, the city of Tikal had been the center of Mayan civilization in the region, but then the Mayans left __8__ and nobody knows why! After 1,000 AD, the jungle began to cover it and people forgot that it was there.
Seven years before Tut looked out for the trees, two British explorers had gone to Guatemala and had written a report about Mayan treasures in the jungle, but they didn't mention Tikal. Even __9__ (early) than this, local Indians had told European travelers about a great city __10__ (hide) in the trees, but no one would listen to them. Now the lost city had been found again, and archaeologists went there immediately to see it.
语篇解读：1848年夏天，在危地马拉有个名叫Ambrosio Tut的采胶人在丛林中偶然发现了古代玛雅人遗址。
1．looking 主语Tut与look为逻辑上的主动关系，且表示伴随，故用looking。
2．On 表示“在具体的某一天”应用介词on。
3．special 此处应用形容词special修饰不定代词something。
4．walked 根据上下文的时态可推知本空要用一般过去时。
5．where 先行词为places，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Kings had lived in the places.由此可知关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。
6．but 前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故用并列连词but。
7．Between between ...and ...“在……和……之间”。
8．it/there 由语境可知此处应用it或there代替上句的the city of Tikal。
9．earlier 根据后面的than可知设空处用副词比较级。
10．hidden a great city与hide之间为逻辑上的被动关系，且表示状态，故用过去分词作定语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·西工大附中一模)As is known to all that millions of graduates crowded into the job market each year. But because the financial crisis, the situation of the employment has become very serious. Consider this, some people suggest graduates should have a lower career expectation, such as working in the western area of China. I in favor of this idea. Firstly, compared with the big cities, the competition is not as fierce there, but graduates can easy get a job. Secondly, the lower position may offer graduate more space. All in all, going to the west may be bring more benefits. Devote yourself to the west, for it is both good for our personal development and for our country at present.
答案：第一句：As→It; crowded→crowd
第二句：because 后加of
第三句：Consider→Considering
第四句：I后加am
第五句：but→so; easy→easily
第六句：graduate→graduates
第七句：去掉be
第八句：第一个our→your
集释(二) “词形变化类”语法项目
第八讲 名词和主谓一致
(一) 名 词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)．.. what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
2．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting)．
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
4．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)Unbelievable！Oh ..., if you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath (breathe)．
5．(2015·湖北高考改编)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his balance (balanced) and had a bad fall.
一、名词的单复数
1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则
(1)以o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加s，但下列名词要加es，它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。
但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros/zeroes零，mosquitos/mosquitoes蚊子，volcanos/volcanoes火山。
(2)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般f或fe去掉加ves，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves,
halves。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s，它们是：屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱，即roofs, chiefs, beliefs, safes。
但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，它们是：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves手帕，scarfs/scarves围巾。
(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇。
2．常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese 中国人；Japanese 日本人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果；crossroads 十字路口；horsepower 马力；jin斤等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits。
二、抽象名词具体化
1．具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
attraction
吸引
有吸引力的人或事物
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事或人
Everyone agreed the picnic was a great success.
每个人都认为那次野餐很成功。
2．抽象名词与a (an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——天津发生了一起严重的爆炸事件。
——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。
三、名词所有格
1．名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分's 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
①Many students' eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.
很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。
②From the top of the hill, you can get a bird's view of the city.
从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。
2．由and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加's，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加's：
Tom's and Jim's rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim's room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
3．双重所有格
指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of＋名词所有格”。
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a friend of my wife's我妻子的一个朋友
[知识积累]……………………………………………………………………………………
名词常见后缀集锦
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
ion/tion/
sion/ation
correct→correction 改正
attract→attraction 吸引
conclude→conclusion 结论；结束
decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学
invite→invitation 邀请
explain→explanation 解释
expect→expectation 期望
er/or
teach→teacher 老师
announce→announcer 播音员
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员
ment
punish→punishment 惩罚
achieve→achievement 功绩；成就
argue→argument 辩论；论据
equip→equipment 装备；设备
ance/ence
appear→appearance 出现；外貌
perform→performance 表演；节目
exist→existence 存在；生存
prefer→preference 偏爱
ing
hear→hearing 听力；听觉
begin→beginning 开始
ure/ture
fail→failure 失败；没做到
press→pressure 压力
mix→mixture 混合；混合物
depart→departure 离开；出发
y
recover→recovery 恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
其他
choose→choice 选择
vary→variety 多样化；种类
tend→tendency 趋向；趋势
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
age
short→shortage 不足；短缺
cy
efficient→efficiency 效率；功效
fluent→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性
private→privacy 隐私；私密
dom
free→freedom 自由；自主
wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
ence
different→difference 差异
silent→silence 沉默
ness
weak→weakness 虚弱；弱点
kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
th
strong→strength 力气；强项
warm→warmth 温暖；热情
y
ty
ity
honest→honesty 诚实
difficult→difficulty 困难
cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴
safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 无能；伤残
responsible→responsibility 责任
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.
②(2015·陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself.
①friend→friends
②step→steps
(1)可数名词单复数的错用
①可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of ...等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式；
②在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。
①(2014·辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.
②(2016·长春市质检)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far, I really appreciate your support.
①time→times
②progresses→
progress
(2)混淆名词的可数与不可数
①有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词；
②误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。
(2016·济宁市一模)I've learned English for so long that I can communicate with native speakers of English without difficult.
difficult→
difficulty
(3)词性错用
误把动词、形容词等当作名词。
(二) 主谓一致
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.
2．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.
It was (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.
3．(2015·湖南高考改编)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.
4．(2014·湖南高考改编)All we need is_(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
5．(2013·江苏高考改编)Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.
英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三大原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近一致原则。这三个原则发生冲突时，优先考虑意义一致原则。
一、意义一致原则
1．由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)，谓语动词用单数。
①The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。
②To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是个好习惯。
2．“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。
3．非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
To prevent the air from being polluted is what we're now researching.
阻止空气受污染是我们现在正在研究的课题。
4．含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况。
(1)many a/more than one＋单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
More than one student has been admitted to the club.
不止一名学生被录取到这家俱乐部。
(2)the rest, the remaining/part ...＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。
The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.
工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。
(3)分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。
①About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants.
大约50%的土地适合种植物。
②About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up.
这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。
5．单复数同形的名词作主语的情况。
单复数同形的名词，如means, works, sheep, deer, crossroads, series等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。
①Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
解决这个问题的每一种方法都试过，但没有一种有效。
②There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。
6．从句作主语的情况。
从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。
①That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.
杰克出国了，这使我们都很惊讶。
②What he says and acts do not agree.
他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事，是复数概念)
二、语法一致原则
1．主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。
①Mr Black is a wellknown expert on AIDS.
布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病专家。
②My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
我的朋友们无意和我去购物。
2．a quantity of接名词时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语动词都用复数形式。
With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.
＝With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
3．由“kind(form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。
This new type of buses is now on show.
这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。
4．主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附属成分时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher together with the students is discussing Reading Skills that was newly published in America.
这个老师正在和学生们一起讨论在美国新出版的《阅读技能》这本书。
三、就近一致原则
1．由or, nor, either ...or, neither ...nor, not only ...but (also)连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。
①Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.
他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定)
②Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
不是杰克而是他父母应为这次家庭事故受到责备。(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)
2．there be句型中，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are several grammar mistakes and a wrong sentence in your composition.
你的作文中出现了几个语法错误和一个错误的句子。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school look like a big garden.
②(2013·辽宁高考)Hard work have made him very ill.
①look→looks
②have→has
(1)名词作主语时谓语动词单复数的误用
可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词应该用单数。
①(2014·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
②(2012·陕西高考)What I liked best were the free highspeed Internet connection in the room.
①have→has
②were→was
(2)非谓语动词或从句作主语时主谓一致错误
动名词、不定式或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。注意：名词性从句作主语表示复数概念时，谓语动词应用复数。
①(2016·兰州一中自我完善卷)I as well as my parents are going to New York City this month.
②(2016·郑州二模)Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing.
①are→am
②are→am
(3)“就近”与“就远”原则的错用
①“就近”原则常见的有：either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...，not ... but ...等；
②“就远”原则常见的有：as well as, but, except, (together) with等。
①(2013·陕西高考)Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.
②(2016·太原市模拟)Among all my friends are a special one I'm most thankful to.
①were→was
②are→is
(4)倒装句的主谓一致错误
在倒装句中要找出句子的主语，从而判断谓语动词的单复数。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)In the rush hour, there were so many cars and buses
(bus) on the road, so I was stuck.
2．(2016·江西新余二模)More than 300 coaches (coach) have been invited to the meeting.
3．(2016·四川部分名校联测)Unfortunately, a great many deer (deer) have been killed in the past decade.
4．(2016·大连一模)They took some photos (photo) when they visited China.
5．(2016·西工大附中一模)Mr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is (be) going to visit Beijing next year.
6．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)A needle and thread was_given (give) to her, but she could not sew the button on.
7．(2016·聊城二模)Between the two rows of trees stands (stand) the teaching building.
8．(2016·江西九校二模)This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is (be) made up of vast oceans.
9．(2016·青岛自主诊断)The total number of the population in China is (be) about 1,320 million.
10．(2016·太原五中阶段检测)Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who wears (wear) evening dress.
11．(2016·山西四校模拟)Not only I but also Jane and Mary are (be) tired of having one examination after another.
12．(2016·海口二模)There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.year→years
2．(2013·辽宁高考短文改错)I saw him lying in bed, looking at some of the picture we had taken together.picture→pictures
3．(2013·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.cup→cups
4．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)Whether the temple should be pulled down have caused a heated discussion.have→has
5．(2016·河南省开封市冲刺模拟)Hearing this, the whole class burst into laughter and my deskmate face turned red.deskmate→deskmate's
6．(2016·江西新余市二模)It is our duty to work hard to achieve this
goals.goals→goal
7．(2016·大连一模)Tom as well as two of his friends were invited to the party yesterday.were→was
8．(2016·吉林省实验中学第三次模拟)Nobody but three students were in the laboratory at that time.were→was
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·云南第一次统测)What is the most popular communication tool today? __1__ your answer is QQ or MSN, I must say you're a bit oldfashioned. Today, a new form of communication “WeChat”， which __2__ (own) a Chinese name Weixin, is becoming the most influential text and voicing tool all over the world.
What advantages does WeChat have? First, WeChat is __3__ relatively cheap way of communication; that is to say, it uses network traffic instead of telephone fare. Next, we can know __4__ is going on at any time. And we can have __5__ (easy) access to information available than other messaging tools.
What roles does it play __6__ our daily life? According to the latest report, the registered users on WeChat platform have topped 200 million and WeChat has expanded its business to overseas market. Can you imagine that a mobile phone “app” is so __7__ (appeal) that it reaches 200 million users within 8 months? WeChat __8__ (it) has become the most popular mobile chat application in the world. A large number of people have become “WeChataholic”， which means they keep staring at the mobile phone all the time and can't live without __9__.
However, while enjoying its great convenience, people should not ignore the danger of __10__ (cheat), for information on Wechat is publicly known.
1．If 由语境可知此处表示条件，故填If。
2．owns 由全文的时态和语境可知此处应用一般现在时，且定语从句的关系代词指代WeChat (第三人称单数)，故答案为owns。
3．a 此处表示微信是一种相当便宜的通讯方式。way为可数名词单数，在本句中表泛指，所以用不定冠词a。
4．what 句意：其次，我们随时可以知道发生了什么。
5．easier 根据本句中的“than”可知设空处需用形容词的比较级。
6．in play a ... role in ...为固定短语，意为“在……中起……作用”。句意：它在我们的日常生活中起着什么作用呢？
7．appealing appealing为形容词，意为“有吸引力的”。
8．itself 空处作同位语，由语境和提示词it 可知此处应填反身代词itself。
9．it 此处用it指代前面的the mobile phone。
10．being cheated 介词后应用动名词作宾语。people与cheat为逻辑上的被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式，即being cheated。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·河南省八市重点高中教学质量监测) In our life, we often regret what we did and which we couldn't do. Actually, it doesn't benefit us at all. As for most of us, we missed many chance to earn more money, to get a high position and to realize our dreams. We often regret that we don't seize those opportunities, thus feel upset. Although we do know regretting the past is no benefit, but we still can't help doing it.
To avoid the problem below, we need to pay more attention to what you are doing now, making us busier and having no time to recall the past. Moreover, we'd better set reasonably goals one by one. Only by doing so can we struggle for our future better.
答案：第一句：which→what
第三句：chance→chances; high→higher
第四句：don't→didn't; feel→feeling
第五句：no前加of; 去掉but
第六句：below→above; you→we
第七句：reasonably→reasonable
第九讲 形容词和副词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat slowly (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.
3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)As natural (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians
figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
4．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned. Luckily (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
5．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is cleaner (clean) than ever.
6．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)．
7．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)The harder (hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!
8．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain)．
一、形容词、副词的原级比较
1．“as＋形容词/副词原级＋as”与“not＋as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。
①Actually, Jack is as old as Jim.
事实上，杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。
②He doesn't run so/as fast as his younger brother.
他没有他弟弟跑得快。
2．当as ... as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
①Today is as busy a day as yesterday.
今天跟昨天一样忙。
②Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.
亨利的书没有我的书多。
3．“as＋形容词原级＋as＋具体数字”表示“高/深/多……达……”。
①The temperature here is as high as 39℃.
这里的气温高达39摄氏度。
②The building is as tall as 100 meters.
这座楼高达100米。
二、形容词、副词的比较级
1．形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
(1)规则变化
构成
例词
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节的词一般情况下直接加er和est
small
smaller
smallest
great
greater
greatest
hard
harder
hardest
以e结尾的单音节词和少数以ble结尾的双音节词加r和st
nice
nicer
nicest
cute
cuter
cutest
able
abler
ablest
以一个辅音字母结尾，且前面只有一个元音的词，双写辅音字母后再加er和est
fat
fatter
fattest
thin
thinner
thinnest
hot
hotter
hottest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加er和est
easy
easier
easiest
happy
happier
happiest
early
earlier
earliest
少数以er，ow结尾的双音节词，加er和est
clever
cleverer
cleverest
narrow
narrower
narrowest
其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词一般在前面加more和most
careful
more careful
most careful
popular
more popular
most popular
efficiently
more efficiently
most efficiently
—————————————————————————————————————
①有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow，er结尾的词。
②有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的)等。
————————————————————————————————————— (2)不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good, well
better
best
bad, ill
worse
worst
many, much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
2.形容词、副词比较级的用法
(1)比较级＋than ...“比……更”；less ...than“不如……”。
Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.
在网上搜寻信息要比在图书馆里方便。
(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather, much, still, even, far, any (用于否定句或疑问句), a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit等。
—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.
—Why? It's far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.
——我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。
——为什么？它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。
(3)the＋比较级，the＋比较级“越……，越……”。
The earlier the treatment is given, the better the patient's chances.
病人越早接受治疗，康复的可能性就越大。
(4)the＋比较级＋of (the)＋名词/代词“(两者中)较……的”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机，我喜欢较小的一个，它容易携带。
三、形容词、副词的最高级
1．三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。表示范围的标志词有in, of, among等。
Raymond's parents wanted him to have the best possible education.(2014·大纲卷单选)
雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
2．最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，by far, nearly, almost等。
This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen.(2013·辽宁高考单选)
这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。
3．最高级含义的其他表达法。
(1)“否定词语＋比较级”或“否定词语＋such/so ... as”结构表示最高级含义。
—Do you think that the Chinese National Games were a success?
—Yes, absolutely! It couldn't be better.
——你认为这届中国全运会成功吗？
——是的，绝对成功！没有比它更好的了。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级含义。
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.
＝Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class.
＝Julia is the tallest girl in her class.
朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。
4．the last表示“最不可能的”“最不适合的”“最不希望的”等。
The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard.
他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。
四、形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)作状语表示伴随或结果，通常用来说明主语的情况，表示主语的状态、性质、特征等，但并不表示动作的方式。
①He stared at the footprint, full of fear.
他盯着脚印看，内心充满了恐惧。
②Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.
我们束手无策，只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。
五、副词作评论性状语
连接副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词，通常位于句首。有时也用于句中或句尾。
Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
谢天谢地，我终于打完比赛了，所有的辛苦都是值得的。
[知识积累]
形容词和副词的词性转换
1．常见的形容词后缀
形容词
后缀
意义
例词
able/
ible
可……的；
能……的；
应……的；
acceptable 可接受的
available 可利用的
valuable 有价值的
有……性质的
reasonable 合理的
accessible 可接近的
al
与……有关的
typical 典型的
digital 数码的
cultural 文化的
environmental 环境的
ant/
ent
是……的，
处于……状态
frequent 频繁的
convenient 方便的
efficient 效率高的
significant 有重大意义的
ar
带有……属性的
regular 规则的；有规律的
circular 环形的；圆的；循环的
ary
与……有关的
ordinary 普通的，平常的
voluntary 自愿的；志愿的
d/ed
有……的；
有……特征的
limited 有限的
colored 有色的
surrounded 被……围绕的
ful
充满……的；有……性质(或倾向的)
successful 成功的
meaningful 有意义的
powerful 强大的
thankful 感激的
less
无……的；没有……的
endless 无尽的
aimless 无目标的
powerless 无能为力的
tive
有……倾向的
attractive 迷人的
effective 有效的
instructive 有教育意义的
y
多……的
foggy 多雾的
greedy 贪婪的
wealthy 富有的
healthy 健康的
2．形容词转换为副词
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
在词尾加ly
immediate—immediately
wonderful—wonderfully
一些以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词
把y改为i，再加ly
easy—easily
angry—angrily
noisy—noisily
以ble或le结尾的形容词
去e加y
possible—possibly
comfortable—comfortably
以ue结尾的形容词
去e加ly
true—truly
以l结尾的形容词
在词尾加ly
usual—usually
careful—carefully
以ll结尾的形容词
在词尾加y
full—fully
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·浙江高考)On the lefthand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.
②(2015·陕西高考)I thought the biscuits were really well.
①easy→easily
②well→good
(1)形容词与副词的错用
①修饰动词应用副词而不用形容词；修饰名词应用形容词而不用副词；
②系动词后作表语应用形容词而不用副词。
①(2013·四川高考) I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.
②(2016·南宁市适应性测试)Sometime you may not be able to decide the situation you are in, but you can change your attitude.
①hardly→hard
②Sometime→
Sometimes
(2)形近引起的错用
有些词词形看似差不多但实际词意相差甚远，例如：
①hard用作副词时表示“努力地”，而hardly表示“几乎不”；
②sometimes表示“有时”，而sometime表示“某个时候”；
③high表示具体的高，而highly表示抽象的高。
①(2015·陕西高考)My mum makes the better biscuits
①better→best
②much→more
(3)比较等级的错用
in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.
②(2016·哈尔滨三中一模)I knew she would get much use of it than me.
③(2016·银川一中一模)Moreover, it shows that people are becoming richer and the country is much more stronger.
③去掉more
①比较级与最高级的错用。表示二者比较用比较级；表示三者或三者以上比较用最高级；
②原级与比较级的错用。若句中有than或暗含比较意味用比较级，若没有比较意味或表示同等程度的比较则用原级；
③比较级的重复。若形容词或副词后面加了er，前面就不能再用more。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·河南省高考适应性模拟)I found it hard to hear her commentary (评论) as she seemed to be talking to only the three or four people closer (close) to her.
2．(2016·郑州高三诊断)But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much better (good)．
3．(2016·河北保定二模)As we know, the greater difficulty we meet on our way to success, the more_likely (likely) we will be able to achieve our goals.
4．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟一)However, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even younger (young) ages.
5．(2016·聊城二模)The more I thought about it, the worse (bad) my mood became.
6．(2016·聊城三模)One of the worst (bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher, Ms Chen.
7．(2016·潍坊一模)When you go out, far away from your daily (day) life, you will have a lot of exciting memories.
8．(2016·日照二模)I started to follow it again with a lighter (light) spirit than I had before.
9．(2016·沈阳一模)I advise you to take a small step out of your comfort zone and try to make someone's day a little brighter (bright)．
10．(2016·沈阳质检)The other day my friends and I were eating in the cafeteria and I saw her walking around. When she came closer (close) to us I could see that
she was crying.
11．(2016·烟台模拟)You are driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more_slowly (slowly)?
12．(2016·东北三校联考)The new group of students is betterbehaved than the other group who stayed here earlier (early)．
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2014·四川高考短文改错)Don't panic or get out of line，and try to remain quiet and calmly.calmly→calm
2．(2014·大纲卷短文改错)So really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.really→real
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost！wonderfully→wonderful
4．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)The teachers here are kind and helpfully.helpfully→helpful
5．(2014·辽宁高考短文改错)That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.closely→close
6．(2013·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Interesting, it had a connection with/to the British porcelain (瓷器) industry. Interesting→Interestingly
7．(2013·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)I remember my grandfather very much.much→well/clearly
8．(2011·陕西高考短文改错) I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building. disappointing→disappointed
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·郑州高三二模)One evening, an elderly lady __1__ (drive) past a small town when one of her tires suddenly blew out. Even though all she had was only a flat tire, it was __2__ bad situation for a woman of her age. She was very __3__ (annoy), especially with the weather __4__ (get) colder and colder. At that moment, a man stopped his car in front of hers and asked __5__ she needed help. The old lady became even more nervous because the man looked poor and __6__(hunger). However, since no one else had stopped to help her during the past hours, she stood back and let him help her. After the man finished changing the tire, the lady was willing __7__ (pay) him an amount of money. To her surprise, the man replied that he just wanted to help her, just __8__ others had helped him in the past. He didn't want the lady to pay
him back anything.Instead, he just wanted her to help others __9__ need as well. Later that evening, the lady helped a heavily pregnant woman.__10__ never occurred to her that the woman was the poor man's wife.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。一个寒冷的夜晚，一个年轻人帮助了一位老太太，巧合的是，老太太又在同一个晚上帮助了年轻人的妻子。
1.was driving 本句用了be doing ...when结构，表示“某事正在进行的过程中突然发生了另一件事”，故填was driving。
2．a situation是可数名词，且在此表泛指，故填a。
3．annoyed 设空处作表语，表示人的感受，故填annoyed。
4．getting weather 与get之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且get所表示的动作正在进行，故填getting。
5．if/whether 由语境可知，男子问老妇人是否需要帮助，故填if/whether。
6．hungry 设空处与poor并列作表语，故填hungry。
7．to pay be willing to do sth.意为“愿意做某事”。
8．as/like/because just as/like引导方式状语从句，意为“就像……一样地”；前后两句也可理解为因果关系，故可填because。
9．in in need 意为“在困境中”。
10．It 本句使用了It occurred to sb.that句型，意为“某人想到……”。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·山东省实验中学二模)Dear friends, I have some advices about computers to share with you. Now the computer had become a good friend of us students. It has made our life more colorful. We can get information fast under its help. Through the Internet we can talk with people thousands of miles far away.
However, there have some disadvantages. It gives us some trouble. I'm afraid that we spend a bit too much time play games in front of the screen. Our studies and health are getting worse. Our parents are beginning to worry us. In addition, we surely have less time leaving to get together with others. In this case, the computer is taking away our human nature.
My suggestion is that we would use the computer to improve our life and work on the one hand, and enjoy the sunshine or fresh air with our friends on the other.
答案：第一句：advices→advice
第二句：had→has
第四句：under→with
第五句：去掉far
第六句：have→are
第八句：play→playing
第十句：worry后加about
第十一句：leaving→left
第十三句：would→should; or→and
第十讲 动词的时态和语态
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It was raining lightly when I arrived (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was_left (leave)．
3．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)A boy on a bike caught (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
4．(2014·辽宁高考语法填空)Be patient! Tai Chi is_called (call) “shadow boxing” in English. It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well as strong.
5．(2014·广东高考语法填空)We were_told (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, but for the week after.
6．(2015·北京高考改编)In the last few years, China has_made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
7．(2015·北京高考改编)—Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right. I will_call (call) him later.
8．(2015·安徽高考改编)It is reported that a space station will_be_built (build) on the moon in years to come.
一、时态
(一)一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加s或es构成。其变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
直接加s
work—works learn—learns
come—comes play—plays
want—wants need—needs
结尾为s，x，sh，ch或o
在词尾加es
pass—passes discuss—discusses
teach—teaches wash—washes
fix—fixes go—goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”
变y为i再加es
carry—carries cry—cries
study—studies worry—worries
2.一般现在时的用法
1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
Secondary school in the USA usually covers seven years, grades six to twelve.
美国的中学通常是七年制，即从六年级到十二年级。
2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
①She knows French and German besides English.
除了英语，她还会法语和德语。
②Planning so far ahead makes no sense — so many things will have changed by next year.
这么早作计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。
3)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象，或用在格言中。
①It's known that the earth goes round the sun.
众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。
②“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说，“人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都留有足迹。”
4)一般现在时代替一般将来时。
(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。
①I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
他一来，我就告诉他这件事。
②They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事，常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上，且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词，这类词语主要有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。
①The train leaves at 4：30 p．m.
火车在下午4：30出发。
②The plane takes off at 5 o'clock.
飞机在5点钟起飞。
(二)一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加ed构成，其变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
在动词后加ed
look—looked watch—watched
stay—stayed expect—expected
以e结尾的动词
后加d
hope—hoped like—liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词
变y为i再加ed
study—studied try—tried
copy—copied carry—carried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时
双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed
stop—stopped clap—clapped
plan—planned prefer—preferred
admit—admitted
permit—permitted
(2)不规则动词的过去式
不规则动词的变化详见“附录四：162个动词的
不规则变化表”
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。
—Is Peter coming?
—No, he changed his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015·重庆高考单选)
——彼得要来吗？
——不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。
(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。
—Long time no see! Haven't you graduated from college?
—Yes.I studied English for four years in Nanjing.
——好久不见！你大学毕业了吗？
——毕业了，我在南京学了四年英语。
(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。
I always got up late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。
①I didn't know you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
②Sorry, I forgot to bring your book.
很抱歉，我忘记带你的书来了。
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(三)一般将来时
1．will/shall＋动词原形
(1)表示不含主观因素，单纯的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。
①By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.
等到你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。
②My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.
我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。
—What time is it?
—I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.(2014·北京高考单选)
——几点了？
——我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。
2．be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
①I feel I am going to make progress with her help.
我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
看那些乌云。天要下雨了。
3．be to＋动词原形
“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
10点前你们得交上论文。
(四)现在进行时
1．现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/are＋v.ing。v.ing形式的变化规则如下：
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
在词尾直接加ing
work—working
look—looking
study—studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词
去e再加ing
have—having face—facing
take—taking write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写该辅音字母再加ing
cut—cutting put—putting
swim—swimming
begin—beginning
以ie结尾的动词
变ie为y再加ing
lie—lying tie—tying
die—dying
2.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。
The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.
秘书生病时，教授自己打他的信。
(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。
My aunt is leaving for Shanghai at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning.
明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
Tom is always coming late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.
汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
(五)过去进行时
1．过去进行时的构成为was/were＋doing。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时，他正在做作业。
2．表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有leave, start, arrive, go, come等。
I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.
我打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是不得已打电话取消了。
(六)将来进行时
表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为：will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间)，from 1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow (后天从1：30到4：30)等。
①If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you will be eating fresh watermelon in the fall.
如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。
②I'll be talking with the professor at this time tomorrow.
明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。
(七)现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且结果仍对现在有影响。
—I'm sorry, but I don't quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry, I haven't made myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
——对不起，我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗？
——对不起，我没有表达清楚，我们打算10月20号回来。
2．表示一个动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
3．在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
Will you come to my office when you have finished your work?
你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？
4．在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。
5．在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week, isn't it?
这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
(八)过去完成时
过去完成时的构成为：had＋done，其基本用法如下：
1．表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by, up till)，这种时态从来不孤立使用。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.
我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。
2．动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped to come to help you. Something happened to me. That's why I didn't come.
我本希望能来帮助你，但我出了点事，所以没有来。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when ..., no sooner ...than ...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。
4．by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time the messenger reached him, the damage had been done.
送信人赶到他那儿时，损失已经造成了。
5．表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。
(九)将来完成时
表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作，并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by＋将来的某个时间”或when/before引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为：will/shall have done。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。
(十)现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，其基本用法如下：
1．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作，并仍在进行。
—Tony, why are your eyes red?
—I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.(2014·江西高考单选)
——托尼，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？
——在过去的5分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。
2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。
3．现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
(十一)过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，这一动作可能刚结束，也可能仍在进行。
He had been living here before he went to New York.
他去纽约之前一直住在这里。
(十二)过去将来时
1．过去将来时的基本构成和用法
过去将来时由“would＋动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。
She said that she wouldn't do that again.
她说她再不会这样做了。
2．表示过去将来时的其他表达法
(1) was/were going to ＋ 动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。
I thought it was going to rain.
我认为要下雨了。
(2)was/were to ＋ 动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。
She said she was to get married next month.
她说她计划在下个月结婚。
(3)was/were about to ＋ 动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。
I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。
(4)was/were ＋现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.
杰克说他打算明天动身。
二、被动语态
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下：
形态
时间
一般
进行
完成
现在
am/is/are
cleaned
am/is/are being cleaned
have/has been
cleaned
过去
was/were
cleaned
was/were
being cleaned
had been cleaned
将来
shall/will
be cleaned
shall/will have
been cleaned
过去将来
should/would
be cleaned
①Enough has been done for you, but you've made little progress.
为你做了很多，然而你进步却很小。
②The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.
如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。
(二)被动语态的基本用法
1．强调或突出动作的承受者。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，行销全世界。
2．不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。
—Have you heard about that fire in the market?
—Yes, fortunately no one was hurt.
——你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗？
——听说了，幸运的是，没有人受伤。
3．用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.
这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·浙江高考)In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.
②(2016·石家庄市一模)When English is an only language in class, students will have more opportunity to practise listening and speaking. However, there were problems with this method.
①is→was
②were→are
(1)上下文中时态不一致
若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。
①若上下文是一般过去时，则同样用一般过去时；
②若上下文是一般现在时，则同样用一般现在时。
①(2014·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from
①去掉looked或其前的were
(2)语态错用
常见错误类型有：
the sky — they were looked like rain!
②(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.
②drank→
drunk
①系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，误把系动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词而使用被动语态；
②被动语态构成错误，其构成形式应为“be＋过去分词”。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·江西上饶三模)If it turns (turn) cold again, they'll dive back down. But they come out again if it is warm.
2．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)He was_looking (look) for a house when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper one day.
3．(2016·江西九江三模)To the customers' satisfaction, teas of the same high quality are_served (serve) in each shop every day.
4．(2016·长春质量检测二)After everything was_done (do) and just after he left the barber's, he saw a man in the street with long dirty hair.
5．(2016·山师大附中模拟)May I have your attention, please? Now I'd like to make a speech here. As we know, waste has_become (become) a common scene on campus recently.
6．(2016·三门峡市二模)When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had_caused (cause) her. But she refused.
7．(2016·临沂二模)Ice bucket challenge is a great success until now, a big donation has_been_received (receive)．
8．(2016·聊城模拟)By next Thursday, they will_have_completed (complete) the construction of the new school.
9．(2016·河南省考前质量检测二)Man changes his living habits in order to adjust to climate, but climate changes (change) as well, though more slowly.
10．(2016·青岛自主诊断)No physical cause could be_found (find). Finally the doctor said to the man, “Unless you tell me what's on your conscience, I can't help you.”
11．(2016·河南顶级名校5月模拟)Mrs. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt (feel) that her house was moving.
12．(2016·聊城三模)Hurry up! We need to get to the top of the mountain before the sun sinks (sink) in the west.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·临沂二模)One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper.I ring up the company, and I was given the job immediately.ring→rang
2．(2016·青岛自主诊断)Mother promised she will buy me a bike.will→would
3．(2016·东北三校高三第一次联考)The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China Daily before the deadline.must后加be
4．(2016·江西鹰潭二模)Last summer I went to London for a holiday.I spend just a week there.spend→spent
5．(2016·山师大附中模拟)The new secretary will supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives.will→is
6．(2016·东北三校联考)In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities.had→has
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·江西三校4月联考)Red envelopes __1__ (relate) to the Chinese Lunar New Year for long. I myself have had plenty of __2__ (experience) both receiving and giving out red envelopes in the past, and generally speaking, it's been fun. I mean, who doesn't love free money?
I'm truly surprised by the extent of people's obsession with virtual red envelopes this year. In fact, everyone I know spent at least a day or two __3__ (crazy) shaking their smart phones, mostly trying to get as much lucky money as possible. Thanks to messaging app giant WeChat's new feature that allows users __4__ (send) money electronically, grabbing virtual red envelopes has never seemed so easy.
Just in case you are one of the very few people still not on the bandwagon, here's __5__ it works. Givers link their WeChat to their bank accounts, and then they can send specified amounts of money to their WeChat contacts through a personal message. They can also put the cash up __6__ grabs in chat groups full of friends, and anyone who acts fast enough will get __7__ share. Later, receivers can transfer the funds from their WeChat back into their own bank accounts.
In theory, this sounds like a fun game. I'm always for some harmless fun in life,
so my __8__ (nature) response would be: Why not? Moreover, I've always believed that it's human nature to want free stuff, regardless of whether you actually need it or not. This may not be a good quality, but it's not against the law, so I won't get all judgmental here. __9__ (consider) these reasons, I really can't fault anyone for their enthusiasm in grabbing virtual red envelopes. I would have done it too, __10__ I not thought linking WeChat to my bank accounts was too much trouble.
1．have been related be related to为固定短语，意为“与……有关联”。根据时间状语for long可知，应用现在完成时。
2．experiences experience作“经历”讲，为可数名词。此处表示复数概念，故用复数形式。
3．crazily 设空处需用副词作shaking 的状语，故答案为crazily。
4．to send allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，故此处用不定式to send。
5．how 根据下文有关微信抢红包程序的介绍可推知本空答案为how。
6．for 句意：他们也可以将现金放在微信朋友圈中，让网友去抢。根据句意可知设空处表示目的，故答案为for(为了)。
7．a 句意：动作快的人将会抢到一份。share在此处为名词，意为“一份”，在本句中表示泛指，故与不定冠词连用。
8．natural 空处作定语，修饰名词response，故应用形容词natural。
9．Considering Considering ... 为独立成分，意为“考虑到 ……”。
10．had 根据本句中主句谓语动词would have done可知，从句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“had＋过去分词”。had I not thought linking ... ＝ if I had not thought linking ...
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·衡水中学三调考试)
Dear Mr. Green，
I'm very exciting to learn that you will start a magazine together. That sounds great and I definitely agree you on that.
Some of the columns that you mention in the letter are really my cup of tea. “Cultural Express” give us a better understanding of the world. Since people from different part of the world have different values, it's necessary to learn from each another. Apart from that, “Blurt Out” is pretty good for Chinese students to learn English idioms and improving oral English. “Entertainment” is also cool! The popular singers, actors or celebrities are so attractively that you absolutely can't
miss this part. Teenagers are to fond of popular things, too.
Well, I can't list more. I really can't wait to read this magazine.
Yours，
Li Ming
答案：第一句：exciting→excited
第二句：agree后加with
第三句：mention→mentioned
第四句：give→gives
第五句：part→parts; another→other
第六句：improving→improve
第八句：or→and; attractively→attractive
第九句：去掉to
第十一讲 非谓语动词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
2．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without using (use) electric equipment.
4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to_cool (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.
5．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees to_sell (sell) the wood.
6．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about being (be) late for school.
7．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the
driver, but he refused to_stop (stop) until we reached the next stop.
8．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Still, the boy kept riding (ride)．He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
一、非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
①I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.
本学期结束前，我有大量的阅读任务要完成。
②Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
③No harm seems to have been done.
似乎并没有造成伤害。
④Do you mind being interrupted while studying?
你介意学习时被打扰吗？
⑤(2014·江西高考单选改编)Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
我们几乎花光了所有的钱，所以无法支付住宾馆的费用。
⑥Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.
如果给予我们足够的时间，我们一定能做好。
二、非谓语动词的用法
(一)非谓语动词作状语的用法
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语
不定式作目的状语意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
①To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard.
为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。
②The bus stopped in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
(2)作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语
①常用于“主语(人)＋系动词＋形容词(过去分词)＋to do”结构中。
形容词或过去分词作表语时，后可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
②常用于“主语(物)＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。
这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap，expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。
2．分词作状语
分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是主动关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间是被动关系，且含有完成的意义。
(1)作时间状语相当于when, while, before, since, as引导的时间状语从句。
Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
＝When the sentence was translated into English, it was found to have an entirely different order.
被译成英语后，我们发现这个句子有了一个完全不同的语序。
(2)作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句。
①Not understanding this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
＝Because he didn't understand this problem, he asked the teacher about it.
因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。
②Defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeated by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.
由于被同桌打败了，他感到气馁。
(3)作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
＝If I'm given another hour, I can also work out the problem.
如果再给我一个小时，我也能解决这个问题。
(4)作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。
More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴随状语表示一个同时发生的次要的(或者伴随的)动作，常用逗号与句子主体部分隔开，相当于并列句。
One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phoned me, and he asked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。
(6)作让步状语相当于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
＝Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.
虽然被警告危险，他仍旧在薄冰上滑冰。
3．独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
(1)逻辑主语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词
①So many children to support, they both have to work full time.
有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。
②The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.
吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。
④There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
⑤It being Sunday, I didn't need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.
因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。
(2)with/without＋复合宾语
“with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语。
①I couldn't do my homework with all that noise going on.
由于噪音不断我做不了作业。
②It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.
真可惜，这位伟大的作家去世时，作品尚未完成。
③The girl feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可以参观，小女孩很兴奋。
(二)非谓语动词作定语的用法
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主动关系。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
2．分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
①The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.(2015·北京高考单选)
公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。(主动)
②We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。(被动、正在进行)
③The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。(被动、完成)
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
3．动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖 a reading room阅览室
a sleeping car卧铺车
(三)非谓语动词作宾语的用法
1．只能用不定式作宾语的动词
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.
我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。
2．只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
consider， suggest/advise， look forward to， excuse/pardon； admit， delay/put off， fancy (想象，设想)； avoid， miss， keep/keep on， practice； deny， finish， enjoy/appreciate； forbid， imagine， risk； can't help (禁不住)， mind， allow/permit， escape。
此外，下列动词短语也要用动名词作宾语：
be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank ...for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forward to。
①We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.
我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。
②My mother couldn't help smiling when she heard the good news.
听到那好消息，我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。
3．既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语
下列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：
后接不定式
后接动名词
regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth.后悔做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth.记得要做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事
mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
try to do sth.努力/企图做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
can't help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事
can't help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
①I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
②Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。
(四)非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法
1．不定式作宾语补足语
有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋sb.＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：
advise建议 allow允许 ask询问；要求
beg乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励
expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫
intend意欲 invite邀请 order订购
persuade说服 prefer喜爱 require需要
teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉
want想要 warn警告 wish想要
wait for等待 depend on依靠 call on号召；要求
①The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
②He depends on you to help him with his English.
他指望你帮助他学英语。
2．分词作宾语补足语
(1)现在分词作宾语补足语时，表主动、进行。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动、完成。
He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。
3．非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补
(1)感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式(以see为例)：
①see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事
I saw him leave a few minutes ago.
我看见他几分钟前离开了。
②see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
The suspect was seen entering the building.
有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。
③see sb./sth. done看见某人/某物被……
Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.(2015·陕西高考单选)
在非洲提供了两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
(2)常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get，表示“使，让”的含义。
①have/make/let sb. do sth.以及get sb. to do sth.表示“让/使某人做某事”，宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主谓关系。
The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.
＝The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.
放学后老师让一些学生待在教室里。
—————————————————————————————————————
make用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。
He was made to work day and night.
他被迫日夜工作。
—————————————————————————————————————②have/get＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.让某人/某物一直做某事
He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.
他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。
—————————————————————————————————————
have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中，常与can't, won't等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.
我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。
—————————————————————————————————————③have/get/make＋宾语＋done让……被……/遭遇某事(强调被动性动作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。
(五)非谓语动词作主语和表语的用法
1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
①To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.
上山很艰难，下山却很好玩。
②It is not easy to find your way around the town.
在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。
(2)不定式作表语常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具有未来的含义。
①His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
②My job is to clean the rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打扫房间。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing ...；It's no use/good doing ...；It is useless ... doing ...；There is no ...等中。
①Knowing basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
掌握基本的急救技能将会有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速作出反应。
②It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
③There is no joking about such serious matters.
这样严肃的事开不得玩笑。
(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·浙江高考)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.
②(2016·日照一模)We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.
①sit→sitting
②sing→singing
(1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用
句中已经有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓语动词。
①(2013·陕西高考)Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.
②(2013·浙江高考)I am awfully tiring, but I know I'll never fall asleep.
①Felt→Feeling
②tiring→tired
(2)过去分词与现在分词的错用
①现在分词表示主动、进行；过去分词表示被动、完成；
②现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人……的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到……的”，常修饰人。
(2013·四川高考)Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.
去掉 let_her后的to
(3)不定式符号to的多余
在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
(2015·四川高考)It's been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.
在want后加to
(4)不定式符号to的缺失
有些动词，如want, decide, plan等后应接带to的动词不定式作宾语。
①(2014·辽宁高考)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she's outside.
②(2016·太原市高三第二学段测评)I am looking forward to see you.
①understanding
→understand
②see→seeing
(5)对to是介词还是不定式符号的误判
不定式符号to后接动词原形，另外应特别注意含有介词to的短语，如look forward to, get used to, the key to等，它们后跟动词时需用动词的ing形式。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·河北衡水中学二模)If you hand in your homework late, attach a note explaining (explain) the reason for the delay.
2．(2016·海口二模)Messi started playing soccer at the age of 5 for a small soccer team owned (own) by his father. Even as a young boy, he did very well.
3．(2016·曲阜市三校模拟)To_save (save) energy, we turn off the lights for Earth Hour on the last Saturday in March.
4．(2016·枣庄模拟)Mr. Wood's anger disappeared then and there. He said, “I'd better go and get changed (change)．” Minutes later, he returned, properly dressed, only to find that the party was nearly over.
5．(2016·海口二模)The clubs in Argentina couldn't help him, but the famous Barcelona club in Spain offered to_accept (accept) Messi on the junior team and pay for the bills.
6．(2016·烟台模拟)He hurried to the train station, only to_find (find) the train had left.
7．(2016·济南模拟)A major accident in southern Sweden happened today. It's reported that this afternoon a ship crashed into a bridge. Unluckily, seven cars and six trucks are said to_have_fallen (fall) into the water.
8．(2016·南昌二中模拟)When he left, he said to me, “I'm sorry to_have_troubled (trouble) you so much.”
9．(2016·日照模拟)The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
10．(2016·大连一模)At the party, the pretty girl wore a very attractive skirt to make herself noticed (notice)．
11．(2016·银川二中模拟)Being_surrounded (surround) by beautiful green mountains and located at the foot of Mount Lu makes it a famous tourist attraction.
12．(2016·山东省实验中学二模)Shirley Chisholm is known as the first black woman elected to the United States Congress and the first black woman to_run (run) for president of the United States.
13．(2016·太原五中阶段检测)Scientists have discovered that staying (stay) in the cold could help us lose weight.
14．(2016·青岛市高三自主诊断)It's never foolish to_acknowledge (acknowledge) you are in the wrong. Being humans, we all need the art of apology.
15．(2016·郑州二模)Firstly, you should consider dividing (divide) them into
different groups — who are the people you don't know well but see pretty much daily.
16．(2016·长春市第二次调研)While she was in Kenya, she would hear strange noises made (make) by Mlaika after sunset.
17．(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)He appreciated being_given (give) a chance to make a presentation in the annual seminar on Comparative Literature.
18．(2016·平顶山模拟)You can imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed (fix) upon me.
19．(2016·大连高三一模)With a lot of work to_do (do), she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
20．(2016·烟台一模)I got to the office earlier that day, having_caught (catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2012·四川高考短文改错)Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person.teach→teaching
2．(2011·四川高考短文改错)The man did as told and slept really well, wake up before the alarm had even gone off.wake→waking
3．(2011·辽宁高考短文改错)The commanding officer, Wayne Tyler, who is directly responsible for the study of all such reports, decided to making his findings known.
making→make
4．(2011·辽宁高考短文改错)Follow this explanation, there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings, though the rate remained above the previous level.Follow→Following
5.(2011·陕西高考短文改错)Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favourite actors. make→making
6．(2011·大纲卷Ⅱ短文改错)My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.staying→stay
7．(2011·全国卷短文改错) I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.buy→buying
8．(2011·重庆高考短文改错)With the help of Katia, a roommate of mine, I've soon got used to live without my parents around.live_→living
9．(2016·东北三校联考)About half an hour later, the driver returned the camera.Both of us were grateful to the driver, and Tim, in particular, insisted on have a photo taken with him.have→having
10．(2016·海口调研测试一)Classes teaching in English provide students with a better environment.teaching→taught
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河南三市第二次联考)As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past few __1__ (century), a new electrical generating and transmission system for the 21st century will leave a __2__ (last) mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but __3__ the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will __4__ (lay) down to move electricity around.
Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in __5__ West. This is not an argument against __6__ (build) them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of __7__， we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily __8__ we can now.
So balance will have to __9__ (make). Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species will be forced to move or will be __10__ (careful) moved to special accommodation. Measures will be taken to reduce the immediate effects.
语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文。对比高速公路、铁路的建设对美国西部的影响，作者探讨了可替代能源建设将对该地区产生的影响，建议建设中要审慎。
1．centuries 空格前的“few”用于修饰可数名词复数，故空格处应用century的复数形式centuries。
2．lasting 根据空格前的冠词“a”和空格后的名词“mark”可推知，空格处作定语，修饰名词。故用last的形容词形式lasting。
3．in in the ways为固定搭配，意为“以这些方式”，符合语境。故填in。
4．be laid 因该句主语“power lines”和空格处所填动词的被动语态之间为被动关系。故填be laid。
5．the the West为专有名词，意为“西部，西方”。故填定冠词the。
6．building 空格前的“against”为介词，介词后应接名词、动名词或代词。故用build的动名词形式building。
7．it 分析该句结构可知，空格处代指该句中的“alternative energy”，作介词of的宾语。故用it。
8．than 根据该句中的“far more”可知，此处表示比较的概念，空格处填比较级标志词than；far more than为固定搭配，意为“远超过……”，符合语境。
9．be made 该句主语为“balance”，和动词“make”之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；根据空格前的“will have to”可知，空格处应用be动词的原形。故填be made。
10．carefully 分析该句结构可知，空格处修饰动词“moved”，应用副词。故填careful的副词形式carefully。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·吉林省实验中学第五次模拟)I should be very pleasant if you could come to my home and stay us for a few days in the summer holidays. My native village is much beautiful. I can imagine the time when we are going to spend together. Every morning they should take a walk in the neighboring hills, which we can enjoy the fresh air and sweet songs sung by the birds. In the afternoon, we shall go for swim in the river. At night we shall sit in the yard, chatting and observe the stars in the sky. Please let me know how you think about the plan. I do look forward to your coming my home.
答案：第一句：pleasant→pleased; stay后加with
第二句：much→very
第三句：when→that/which或去掉when
第四句：they→we; which→where
第五句：swim前加a
第六句：observe→observing
第七句：how→what
第八句：coming后加to
第十二讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
(一) 情态动词
单句语法填空
1．(2015·北京高考改编)—Can't you stay a little longer?
—It's getting late.I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.
2. (2015·福建高考改编)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You should_have_made (make) full preparations.
3．(2015·陕西高考改编)You may feel all the training a waste of time, but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
4．(2015·重庆高考改编)You must be Carol. You haven't changed a bit after all
these years.
5．(2014·江西高考改编)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest might become the richest.
6．(2014·四川高考改编)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
7．(2014·江苏高考改编)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.
8．(2013·辽宁高考改编)Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must_have_drunk (drink) too much at the party last night.
一、情态动词的基本用法
(一)can/could的用法
1．表示能力，意为“能，会”。
①Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
②No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
2．表示客观或理论上的可能性。
①It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
②Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
3．表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you? It won't take long.(2014·北京高考单选)
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
4．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
①He can't be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
②He can't have left. His coat is here.
他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。
(二)may/might的用法
1．表示请求和许可。在疑问句中might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
—Yes, you may.
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
——是的，可以。
2．表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him?
—Don't worry. He might not come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3．表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”
May you be happy every day!
愿你快乐每一天！
(三)must的用法
1．表示“必须”，语气强烈。
have to表示“不得不”，意义与must相近，但又有所区别。must表示说话人的主观看法，have to则强调客观需要；must只有一种形式，而have to有人称、时态等方面的变化。
①—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
②I have to go now , because my mother is in hospital.
我现在不得不走了，因为我母亲在住院。
2．表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
3．意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止。
4．mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
(四)shall的用法
1．用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
①Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
2．用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
(五)should/ought to的用法
1．should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们对自己应该严格要求。
2．should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
3．ought to表示义务或责任，意为“应该”，语气比should稍重。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
4．should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。
She promised to come by 10 o'clock. She should/ought to be here at any moment.
她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。
(六)will/would的用法
1．表示意愿、意志、决心。will指现在，would指过去。
①I will never talk to him again.
我再也不愿意和他说话了。
②—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——为什么你昨天晚上没来参加西蒙的聚会？
——我想去参加，但只是我妈妈不愿意让我那么晚出去。
2．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Would you mind opening the window for me?
请你给我打开窗户好吗？
3．表示习惯性动作、固有属性、必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。
①Fish will die without water.
没有水，鱼会死去的。
②Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。
③Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.
过去在我们上床睡觉前，妈妈总给我们讲故事。
4．表示功能，意为“能，可以”，常用于否定句。
The door won't open.
这门打不开。
(七)need的用法
作情态动词时，need没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。其否定形式是在其后直接加not，疑问形式是直接将need提到主语前。由need构成的一般疑问句，其肯定回答用must。
①You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
②—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents?
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
—————————————————————————————————————
need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
—————————————————————————————————————
①Plants need light in order to survive.
植物存活必须有光照。
②Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
③You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
二、“情态动词＋have done”的用法
情态动词＋have done
用 法
must have done
一定做过某事，其否定形式为can't/couldn't have done
can/could have done
1.本来能够做某事但却未做
2．可能做过某事
can't/couldn't have done
不可能做过某事
may/might have done
或许/可能做过某事
should/ought to have done
本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了
needn't have done
做了本没有必要做的事情
①He is so happy. He must have won the match.
他这么高兴，他一定赢了这次比赛。
②She can't have read about the explosion. She didn't know anything about it.
她不可能读过关于爆炸的消息，她对此一点也不知道。
③You could have done better, but you were too careless.
你本来能做得更好些，但你当时太粗心了。
④She may have bought the dictionary, but I'm not sure.
她可能买了那本词典，但我不太确信。
⑤Sorry, I'm late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
⑥Look! There are so many mistakes in your composition.You should have fixed full attention on it.
看！ 你的作文里有这么多的错误。你本应该把所有的注意力都集中在它上面的。
⑦We needn't have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
既然苏西不与我们一起吃晚饭，我们原本不必买那么多食物。
(二) 虚拟语气
单句语法填空
1．(2012·广东高考语法填空)He walked in as if he had_bought (buy) the school.
2．(2015·安徽高考改编)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.
3．(2015·重庆高考改编)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn't_have
_written (not write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
4．(2015·天津高考改编)I wish I had_been (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
5．(2015·陕西高考改编)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced (dance) as well as her.
6．(2014·北京高考改编)We would_be (be) back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.
7．(2014·福建高考改编)If there were (be) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
8．(2013·浙江高考改编)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam (should)_be (be) at the age of six months old.
一、if条件句中的虚拟语气
if条件
从句
从句的谓语形式
主句的谓语形式
表示现
在情况
动词过去式(be的过去式用were)
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
表示过
去情况
had＋过去分词
should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
should＋动词原形
表示将来情况
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
动词过去式
were to＋动词原形
①If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer first of all.
如果我有足够的钱，我首先要为自己买一台电脑。
②We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn't offered us a ride home.
(2012·天津高考单选)
如果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。
③If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.
如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。
二、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
①If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a
queue.(2013·北京高考单选)
如果我们早一点订一张桌子，现在就不会站在这里排队了。
②If you hadn't left home without a word, your parents wouldn't be so worried now.
要是你说句话再离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。
三、省略if的倒装句
在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
①Were she my daughter, I wouldn't allow her to study abroad.
如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。
②Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.(2014·天津高考单选)
如果他赶上了早班火车，他就不会开会迟到了。
四、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。
①But for your advice, I would have failed.
＝If you hadn't given me advice, I would have failed.
如果不是你的建议，我会失败的。
②Without your help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.
＝If you hadn't helped me, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.
没有你的帮助，我无论如何也不会成功。
五、(should＋) do ...结构的虚拟语气
1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise, request, urge, command, prefer, desire, recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
一主张：insist
二命令：order, command
三建议：suggest, advise, recommend
四要求：request, require, ask, demand
外加一个敦促：urge
The school recommends parents not permit their children to swim in rivers or lakes during summer holidays.
学校建议父母在暑假别允许他们的小孩在河里或湖里游泳。
2．用于主语从句中
在It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
人们建议会议推迟到下周。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, idea(意见，想法), request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
①My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.
我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。
②Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.
你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。
六、wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
②I wish you had come to the lecture.
但愿你当时来听报告了。
③We wish we would live on the moon one day.
但愿我们有一天能住在月球上。
七、其他句型中的虚拟语气
1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
①When my father is upset, he would rather we left him alone.
当我的父亲烦恼的时候， 他更喜欢我们不打扰他。
②I'd rather you hadn't told me about it.
我宁愿你没有告诉我那件事。
2．在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
It's high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.
是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。
3．as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
①It seems as though it were spring already.
看起来好像已经是春天了一样。(事实上不是)
②The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.
这个女孩对月球的描述非常逼真，就好像她去过月球很多次似的。(事实上并没去过)
4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。
Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
[典题精选]
[我来改正]
[常设误点]
①(2015·四川高考)If you are me, would you talk to them?
②(2016·石家庄市二模)Therefore, we strongly suggest that similar events are held every year!
③(2016·哈尔滨六中四模)Dear fellow students, it's high time that we pay attention to this phenomenon.
①are→were
②are→be
③pay→paid或在pay前加should
虚拟语气的错用
注意以下几点：
①条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。应注意表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反时从句谓语动词的形式；
②宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“(should＋)动词原形”，被动式则为“(should) be＋过去分词”；
③It's (high) time (that)后的从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”，此时should一般不省略。
Ⅰ.用情态动词或其否定形式填空
1．(2016·兰州市诊断考试)Sometimes smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry.
2．(2016·江西新余二模)You needn't have taken so much cash with you, you know — that shop accepted checks.
3．(2016·四川部分名校联测)According to the factory safety rules, all accidents shall be reported to the safety officer.
4．(2016·大连一模)—School is over.How can we contact Robert?
—Try phoning him. He should be home by now. He lives only a stone's throw from the school.
5．(2016·西工大附中一模)—Thank you for inviting us.Tell your wife that she gave us a perfect party.
—I will.See you later.
6．(2016·郑州高三诊断)She couldn't have attended that meeting, for she was doing paperwork in the office then.
7．(2016·河南罗山高中二模)The fire was so big that it was several hours before firefighters could get it under control.
8．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)—You talk so much about London.You must have been there.
—Yeah, I went sightseeing on a tour last summer.
9．(2016·石家庄二模)—What a slow bus this is!
—Yes, we may/might just as well walk.
10．(2016·聊城二模)When she was a little girl, she would sit by the window every evening, deep in thought.
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1．(2016·临沂二模)We could_have_faced (face) the difficulty together, but why didn't you tell me?
2．(2016·济南模拟)Jack is a great talker. It's high time that he did/should_do (do) something instead of just talking.
3．(2016·江西八校一模)Sorry, I am too busy now.If I had (have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
4．(2016·南昌一模)His expression suggested that he had_passed (pass) the test.
5．(2016·东北三校联考)The order came that the medical supplies (should)_be_sent (send) to the earthquakestricken area soon.
6．(2016·河南商丘一模)Frankly, I'd rather you didn't_do (not do) anything about it for the time being.The boss is very angry.
7．(2016·山东省实验中学二模)If you had told me in advance, I would_have_met (meet) him at the airport.
8．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)My father suggests that I (should)_take (take) enough sleep before the final examination.
9．(2016·江西九江三模)We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would_have_visited (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
10．(2016·洛阳高三二模)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would_have_been_saved (save)．
Ⅲ.单句改错
1．(2012·全国卷短文改错)Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last. must→could/might
2．(2016·青岛自主诊断)If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture. have→had
3．(2016·太原五中阶段检测)If you listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. listened前加had
4.(2016·山西四校模拟)But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey yesterday. have后加had
5．(2016·海口二模)He had telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. 去掉had
6．(2016·曲阜市三校模拟)It's surprising that she won over her mother. won→(should)_win
7．(2016·大连高三一模)My suggestion is that we will hold a meeting this evening.will→should或去掉will
8．(2016·吉林省实验中学第五次模拟)If I am you, I would take an umbrella. am→were
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2016·河北百校联盟3月模拟)Do you have sleeping problems? If so, then these tips may help you fall asleep fast.
Set aside the thought __1__ you have to fall asleep. The more you think of it, the __2__ (hard) you will fall asleep.
The foods you eat also play __3__ important part. Avoid eating or drinking things like chocolates, coffee, tea and energy drinks. If you have to, then have them in the morning and never in the afternoon, __4__ (especial) before going to bed. Don't eat too much at night. A full stomach will make it more difficult for you __5__ (fall) asleep because your body is working more time to digest the food you ate.
Make a __6__ (fix) time to go to bed. For example, by 9 o'clock in the evening you should already be in bed. Do this even if you're not sleepy yet. Once __7__ (follow) this routine, you will gradually see that you feel __8__ (sleep) when it's 9 o'clock.
Make your room comfortable for sleeping. You should also take note that the sleeping environment also affects your sleep. It must be in the room __9__ it's not noisy. Otherwise, you will find __10__ difficult to fall asleep again after waking up.
1．that 设空处引导同位语从句，对thought进行解释说明，所填词在从句中不作成分且语义完整，故用that。
2．harder 本句为“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构，故填harder。
3．an play an important part“起重要作用，扮演重要角色”。
4．especially 修饰介词短语before going to bed应用副词形式，故填especially。
5．to fall 在句型“make it＋adj.(difficult, easy etc.)＋for sb.＋to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。
6．fixed 设空处作定语修饰time，故应用形容词形式。fixed“固定的，不变的”，符合语境。
7．following 句意：一旦你开始这样做的话，就会逐渐发现自己在9点的时候就觉得困了。follow与逻辑主语you是主动关系，故应填现在分词following。
8．sleepy feel 为系动词，后接形容词作表语。sleepy“困的”，符合语境。
9．where 设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the room，并在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。
10．it 在句式结构“find it difficult to do sth.”中，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式短语。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2016·天水一中高考信息卷)I'm Li Hua and I'm writing to apply for the assistant post you advertised on Internet.
It is stated in my resume, I graduated from Zhejiang University with outstanding academic performances. I have a good command of English, and which is an advantage when apply for a job like this. Among all the factor, cooperation is the most important strength of a good assistant. I think I do good in the team work and I'm good at communicate with different people. Besides, I once get a parttime job in 2012 in Shandong Province and gained some precious work experience.
Since your company attaches important to employees' creativity, that's an honor for me to be one of your staff. I'm positive that I can be capable of this job if offered the chance. Thanks for your consideration.
答案：第一句：Internet前加the
第二句：It→As
第三句：去掉and; apply→applying
第四句：factor→factors
第五句：good→well; communicate→communicating
第六句：get→got
第七句：important→importance; that's→it's
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