湖南高考英语试题与答案及词汇解读 15页

‎2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖南卷）‎ 英 语 本试卷分为四个部分，共12页。时量120分钟。满分150分 PartⅠ Listening Comprehension (30 marks)‎ Section A （22.5 marks）‎ Directions: In this section, you will hear six conversations between two speakers. For each conversation, there are several questions and each question is followed by three choices marked A, B and C. Listen carefully and then choose the best answer for each question. ‎ You will hear each conversation TWICE.‎ Conversation 1‎ ‎1. When does the woman usually get home from work?‎ A. About 6:30. B. About 7:30. C. About 8:30.‎ ‎2. What did the woman do last night?‎ A. She watched TV. B. She recorded a program. C. She prepared for a lecture.‎ Conversation 2‎ ‎3. How often does the man exercise at the gym? ‎ A. Every day. B. Every two days. C. Once a week.‎ ‎4. Where will the two speakers meet before doing exercise this Friday?‎ A. At the park. B. At the cafe. C. At the cinema.‎ Conversation 3‎ ‎5. What is Mr. Chester doing?‎ A. Telephoning someone. B. Speaking to the woman. C. Leaving the man a message.‎ ‎6. What is the man's last name?‎ A. Oliver. B. Horst. C. Robert.‎ Conversation 4‎ ‎7. Why will the woman be late?‎ A. She didn't catch the train. B. She didn't finish her paper. C. She didn't wake up in time.‎ ‎8. Where is the man?‎ A. At the station. B. At home. C. At the office.‎ ‎9. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?‎ A. Teacher and student. B. Parent and child. C. Husband and wife.‎ Conversation 5‎ ‎10. For whom does the woman buy the T-shirt?‎ A. Herself. B. Her husband. C. Her friend.‎ ‎11 .How much does the T-shirt normally cost?‎ A. $54. B. $60. C. $70.‎ ‎12. Why does the salesman agree to sell the T-shirt at $48?‎ A. It is cheaper online. B. He is in a hurry. C. A button is lost.‎ Conversation 6‎ ‎13. When did the woman arrive?‎ A. Friday. B. Saturday. C. Sunday.‎ ‎14. What major did the man choose in the end?‎ A. English. B. Biology. C . History.‎ ‎15. What suggestion does the man give on reading the books?‎ A. Making notes. B. Skimming first. C. Reading word by word.‎ Section B（7.5 marks）‎ Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. Listen carefully and then fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.‎ You will hear the short passage TWICE School Web Design 16 ‎ ‎ I. Meet on 17 from 2:30 to 3:15‎ ‎ II. Create a website for a competition ‎ ● Website ‎ ☆ on your ancestor 18 ‎ ‎ ☆ 19 long & well constructed ‎ ● Competition ‎ ☆ has a first prize of $300 for beginners & $ 20 for the advanced ‎ ☆ do it by yourself, list the software you used Part Ⅱ Language Knowledge (45 marks)‎ Section A (15 marks)‎ Directions: For each of the following unfinished sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.‎ ‎21.It was when we were returning home ________ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.‎ A. which B. that C. where D. how ‎22. As you go through this book, you ________ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.‎ A. will find B. found C. had found D. have found ‎23. Only after talking to two students ________ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.‎ A. I did discover B. did I discover C. I discovered D. discovered ‎24. Video games can be a poor influence if ________ in the wrong hands.‎ A. to leave B. leaving C. leave D. left ‎25. I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I ________, "What do you wish me to do now?"‎ A. ask B. have asked C. am asking D. asked ‎26. You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.‎ A. what B. that C. where D. who ‎27. It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ years of achieve.‎ A. is; takes B. are; takes C. are; take D. is; take ‎28. He must have sensed that I ________ him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, "Why are you staring at me like that?"‎ A. would look at B. looked at C. was looking at D. am looking at ‎29.It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages..‎ A. as B. where C. that D. which ‎30. ________ what you’re doing today important, because you’re trading a day of your life for it A. Make B. To make C. Making D. Made ‎31.1 am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.‎ A. as B. why C. when D. where ‎32. All we need ________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ A. are B. was C. is D. were ‎33. It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do ________ makes life happy.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. who ‎34. Whenever you ________ a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.‎ A. bought B. have bought C. will buy D. buy ‎35. ________ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought and inner quietness.‎ A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing Section B (18 marks)‎ Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.‎ It was a rainy morning and the children, mainly boys with various learning difficulties, refused to settle for the start of the lesson. As an inexperienced teacher, I tried every means to get them to be 36 , but in vain. my panic was rising and I could feel my heart beating wildly. This was the 37 of my job as a music teacher, I thought -- teaching was not for me. Then I had an idea. Hoping that no one would notice that I was 38 inside, I threw my voice as far as it would reach: "Put your heads on the desks and close your 39 ! We are going on a journey."‎ ‎ 40 , the children fell silent. "Now what should I do?" I thought to myself. Reaching over to my collection of CDs, I blindly 41 , put it in the machine and played it.‎ Obediently (顺从地), my class lay their heads on their desk, closed their eyes and 42 . When the music started, the room as filled with the most beautiful tones and musical colors I could have ever imagined. All the children were 43 . When the music finished, I asked them all to raise their 44 slowly so that we could share our musical journey.‎ At this point, when all the children were willing to share their experiences, I began to learn how to 45 . The music allow me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles, the knowing and the ‎ ‎ 46 and most of all, an understanding of each other. This was the power that ‎47 in the classroom could have.‎ ‎36. A. glad B. safe C. kind D. quiet ‎37.A. end B. aim C. rule D. plan ‎38. A. guessing B. shaking C. responding D. laughing ‎39. A. eyes B. mouths C. books D. doors ‎40. A. Punctually B. Importantly C. Amazingly D. Obviously ‎41. A. passed one on B. gave one back C. turned one in D. took one out ‎42. A. slept B. nodded C. waited D. continued ‎43. A. talking B. singing C. dancing D. listening ‎44. A. legs B. heads C. arms D. shoulders ‎45. A. teach B. imagine C. play D. understand ‎46. A. unprepared B. unspoken C. unknown D. unforgotten ‎47. A. games B. music C. tears D. knowledge Section C (12 marks)‎ Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fits the context.‎ Research has become both simpler and more complex. It's simpler because, 48 you have computer, you can find information you need by searching the Internet. For all you information, you don't have to go to 49 library to find the relevant resource and take notes on it. Instead, you can find some sources from the Internet 50 print the copies needed. Remember, however, that you should usually consult different types of sources. That is, you 51 always rely just on the Internet for you research.‎ While finding information is easier than ever, at the same time, researching has become 52 complex. There is a lot more material available, which means you may be overwhelmed 53 the amount of information. You need to learn 54 to sort through and find the relevant information for your particular project. Also, 55 need to check the accuracy of it.‎ Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 marks)‎ Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished .statements For each of them there are four chokes marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage.‎ A Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger ‎ We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.‎ ‎ ■Yes, many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worse offenders.‎ ‎ People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to the mobile phone, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避让) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision.‎ ‎ The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.‎ ‎ ——Michael Horan ‎ ■I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads.‎ ‎ I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.‎ ‎ The government built a cycle lane on the road but it is hardly used.‎ ‎ The police do nothing. What a laugh they are!‎ ‎ The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jacket and lights at night and in the morning they should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.‎ ‎ ——Carol Harvey ‎ ■Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.‎ ‎ I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.‎ ‎ Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?‎ ‎ It's about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim.‎ ‎ ——JML ‎ Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.‎ ‎56. Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that _______.‎ A. drivers should be polite to cyclist B. road accidents can actually be avoided C. sine pedestrians are a threat to road safety D. walking while using phones hurts one's eyes ‎57. Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should _______.‎ A. be provided with enough roads B. be asked to ride on their own lanes C. be made to pay less tax for cycling D. be fined for laughing at policemen ‎58. What is a complaint of JML? ‎ A. Very few drivers are insured. B. Cyclists ride fast on pavements.‎ C. Pedestrians go through red traffic lights. D. Horse riders disrespect other road users.‎ ‎59. The underlined word "they" in the third letter refers to ______.‎ A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrian D. cyclists ‎60. The three letters present viewpoints on _______.‎ A. real source of road danger B. ways to improve road facilities C. measures to punish road offences D. increased awareness of road rules B In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs ‎ help, he replies, "No, thanks. I've got a good horse under me."‎ The city planner decided to build an underground drainage (排水) system, but there simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.‎ An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced me the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city's streets by as much as 12 feet.‎ This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?‎ That's where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶) beneath the building's foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman's signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stay open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn't even notice anything was happening. Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago's early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago's waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city's next step was to clean the polluted river.‎ ‎61. The author mentions the joke to show ______.‎ A. horses were fairly useful in Chicago B. Chicago's streets were extremely muddy C. Chicago was very dangerous in the spring D. the Chicago people were particularly humorous ‎62. The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to_______.‎ A. get rid of the street dirt B. lower the ‎Chicago River C. fight against heavy flood D. build the pipes above ground ‎63. The underlined word "hoist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".‎ A. change B. lift C. repair D. decorate ‎64. What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?‎ A. It went on smoothly as intended. B. It interrupted the business of the hotel.‎ C. It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews. D. It separated the building from its foundation.‎ ‎65. The passage is mainly about the early Chicago's ______.‎ A. popular life styles and their influences B. environmental disasters and their causes C. engineering problems and their solutions D. successful businessmen and their achievements C Have your parents ever inspected your room to see if you cleaned it properly? Imagine having your entire houses, garage, and yard inspected at any time -- with no warning. Inspections were a regular part of lighthouse (灯塔) living, and a keeper's reputation depended on results. A few times each year, an inspector arrived to look over the entire light station. The inspections were supposed to be a surprise, but keeper sometimes had advance notice.‎ Once lighthouses had telephones, keepers would call each other to warn that the inspector ‎ was approaching. After boats began flying special flags noting the inspector aboard, the keeper's family made it a game to see who could notice the boat first. As soon as someone spotted the boat, everyone would do last-minute tidying and change into fancy clothes. The keeper then scurried to put on his dress uniform and cap. Children of keepers remember inspectors wearing white gloves to run their fingers over door frames and windowsills looking for dust.‎ Despite the serious nature of inspections, they resulted in some funny moments. Betty Byrnes remembered when her mother did not have time to wash all the dishes before an inspection. At the time, people did not have dishwashers in their homes. In an effort to clean up quickly, Mrs. Byrnes tossed all the dishes into a big bread pan, covered them with a cloth and stuck them in the oven. If the inspector opened the oven door, it would look like bread was baking. he never did.‎ One day, Glenn Furst's mother put oil on the kitchen floor just before the inspector entered their house. Like floor wax, the oil made the floors shiny and helped protect the wood. This time, though, she used a little too much oil. When the inspector extended his hand to greet Glenn's mother, he slipped on the freshly oiled surface. "He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight," Glenn late wrote. After he steadied himself, he shook Glenn's mother's hand, and the inspection continued as though nothing had happened.‎ ‎66. What does Paragraph I tell us about the inspection at the light station?‎ A. It was carried out once a year. B. It was often announced in advance.‎ C. It was important for the keeper's fame. D. It was focused on the garage and yard.‎ ‎67. The family began making preparations immediately after ______.‎ A. one of the members saw the boat B. a warning call reached the lighthouse C. the keeper put on the dress uniform and cap D. the inspector flew special flags in the distance ‎68. Mrs. Byrnes put the dishes in the oven because this would ______.‎ A. result in some fun B. speed up washing them C. make her home look tidy D. be a demand from the inspector ‎ ‎69. If the inspector had opened the oven door, he would have seen _______. ‎ A. an empty pan B. many clean dishes C. pieces of baked bread D. a cloth covering something ‎70. The inspector waved his arms ______.‎ A. to try his best to keep steady B. to show his satisfaction with the floor C. to extend a warm greeting to Glenn's mother D. to express his intention to continue the inspection Part IV Writing (45 marks)‎ Section A (10 marks)‎ Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered blanks by using the information from the passage Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.‎ Not all print dictionaries are the same, as you will notice when you select one. To make a wise selection, you should know how to distinguish among three kinds of print dictionaries: pocket, desk, and unabridged. You should also know the copyright date of your dictionary, and check is special features.‎ A pocket dictionary is small. Generally, it contains no more than 75000 entries, making it hardly to carry to class and efficient to use. However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college reference homework. In addition, the information about each ‎ word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited. A desk dictionary is medium sized, generally containing over 100,000 entries as well as extra features. For college work, you should own a current desk dictionary. An unabridged dictionary is a complete dictionary. Abridged dictionaries, such as pocket and desk dictionaries, are shortened. Because unabridged dictionaries contain nearly all English words, they are large and heavy. They are often used by schools and libraries.‎ If the copyright date of your current dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic language that admits new words and recognizes changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an up-to-date dictionary.‎ In selecting a dictionary, check the features it offers besides vocabulary definitions. Many editions contain signs, symbols and foreign words. Some also contain CD-ROMs and access to special online features.‎ Section B (10 mark.)‎ Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage.‎ Walk Out of the Comfort Zone and Try New Things For most high school students, free periods are useless. From what I have seen, few do homework, instead many are on their phones and talking, making it impossible for those who actually want to do work to complete any. As a senior next year, I think extra periods should be used to take optional subjects.‎ Our school offers many classes. Now is the time to experiment in different fields of study. We will never know if we are interested or talented in a subject if we don't try it.‎ In my 8th grade, I was told that I had to take an art class as a graduation requirement; so in the 9th grade I took Studio and Art. One of the projects was to build a clay pot, but I built mine ‎ incorrectly, so it broke in the kiln (窑). I found out that I have no artistic ability at all, and now I know for sure that I do not want to be an artist. However, the class was one of my favorites that year. I was able to try new activities and test my ability.‎ Walk out of our comfort zone and try new things! College is when we should focus on a specific major, but high school is when we have to figure it out.‎ Half of all college students change their major at some point. By doing that hundreds of dollars are wasted on classes that they would have never needed to take. So use our extra periods to find out what we want to do in college. The classes we choose can impact us in future. Taking optional subjects will enrich our mind. It will also show colleges we are diverse students.‎ ‎81. How should we use our extra periods in the author's opinion?‎ ‎(No more than 9 words) (2 marks)‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎82. Why does the author think we should experiment in different fields of study?‎ ‎(No more than 17 words) (2 marks)‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎83. Why did the clay pot show the author's lack of artistic ability? ‎ ‎(No more than 10 words) (3 marks)‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎84.According to the author, how will taking optional subjects impact up in the future? ‎ ‎(No more than 13 words) (3 marks)‎ ‎______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ Section C (25 marks)‎ Directions: Write an English composition according to the instructions given below.‎ 请以老师当众表扬你为话题，用下面所给的句子开头，续写一篇英语短文。‎ ‎ As a student, I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates.‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 将所有句子写在答题卡上；‎ ‎2. 续写词数不少于120个；‎ ‎3. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。‎ 参考答案：‎ PartⅠ:‎ Section A ‎1-5 ACBAA 6-10 BABCC 11-15 BCACB Section B ‎16: Club 17: Monday 18: background 19: 5 pages 20: 750‎ Part Ⅱ:‎ Section A ‎21-25: BABDD 26-30: CACDA 31-35: CDCAB Section B ‎36-40: DABAC 41-45: DCDBA 46-47: CB Section C ‎48. if 49. the 50. and 51. shouldn't 52. more 53. with 54. how 55. you Part Ⅲ ‎56-60 CBBDA 61-65 BDBAC 66-70 CACDA Part Ⅳ Section A ‎71. Select 72. inadequate 73. word information 74. desk dictionary 75. extra features ‎76. large and heavy 77. schools and libraries 78. admitting new words 79. check ‎ ‎80. access to Section B ‎81. We should use them to take optional subjects.‎ ‎82. We will never know if we are interested or talented in a subject without trying it.‎ ‎83. It was built incorrectly and broke in the kiln.‎ ‎84. It will enrich our mind and show colleges we are diverse students.‎ Section C 作文(略)‎ ‎2015年高考英语试题（课标I卷）词汇总体解剖分析表 ‎【试题总词汇：2800个（不包括数字，标点等非英语字符）‎ 净词汇（去除重复单词）：1021个】‎ 年 级 分 类 初中词汇（个）‎ 高中词汇（个）‎ 总计 合成词 ‎ 8‎ ‎10‎ ‎18‎ 派生词 ‎ 22‎ ‎37‎ ‎59‎ 词尾词 ‎170‎ ‎45‎ ‎215‎ 专有名词及缩写词 ‎ 53‎ ‎53‎ 课标词 ‎ 513‎ ‎104‎ ‎617‎ 超标本词 ‎59‎ ‎59‎ 总计（去重）‎ ‎766‎ ‎255‎ ‎1021‎ ‎2015年高考英语试题（课标II卷）词汇总体解剖分析表 ‎【试题总词汇：3060个（不包括数字，标点等非英语字符；含听力）‎ 净词汇（去除重复单词）：941个】‎ 年 级 分 类 初中词汇（个）‎ 高中词汇（个）‎ 总计 合成词 ‎ 5‎ ‎12‎ ‎17‎ 派生词 ‎ 22‎ ‎22‎ ‎44‎ 词尾词 ‎176‎ ‎42‎ ‎218‎ 专有名词及缩写词 ‎ 31‎ ‎31‎ 课标词 ‎503‎ ‎95‎ ‎597‎ 超标本词 ‎33‎ ‎33‎ 总计（去重）‎ ‎737‎ ‎204‎ ‎941‎ ‎（以上数据由 “题汇精灵”软件提供）‎ 注：高中英语电子审题管理系统（题汇精灵）是《山东省2014年中小学幼儿园电教软件推荐目录》产品。编号：‎100-3-1‎.‎ 在今年的试题中，1.派生词如: watery, juicy; retiree, exporter; gratefulness, brightness，betrayal, recreational, unfailingly(永恒地；确实) ，prehistoric, skinny, discontinued,等关系到常见前后缀-er, -ee, -y, pre-,-ness, -al, dis-, un- 等的用法。‎ ‎2. 合成词downsize, intake, overeating, self-conscious, best-built, mealtimes, homemaker, getaway(短假), masterworks, one-bedroom, red-painted, showman, sunsets等关系到合成词的构词方法。‎ 派生词与合成词的多少对试题的难度有很大影响，这是平时教学中应该引起重视的词汇或语法项目。那么怎样掌握这些由构词法变化而来的课标词汇呢？高考英语课标I卷、II卷是近两年很多省份就要采用的试题卷。通过对课标I卷、II卷的词汇分析希望大家对构词法引起充分重视。并且此处为大家提供掌握构词法和英语3500词汇的一本即将上市的书《构词●难句●晨读》（暂定名）。下面是摘录的部分内容，供大家欣赏。‎ Module One 词篇 (Word section)‎ 篇首语：你能正确地给动词加-er,-or表示动作的执行者吗？-er,-or怎么区别？怎样利用高中考纲词汇和所学语法自由构词表达？Thought-expressing freely is super-easy.(自由表达太容易了。)，像Thought-expressing一样的非谓语动词合成词有什么构词规律？像super-easy的合成词在高考题中出现了多少？本篇将为你一一解答。‎ Unit 1资料分析 (Data analysis)‎ Part试题 (Test questions)‎ 项 目 省 份 ‎2014年全国部分省市高考英语试题中出现的派生词、合成词统计表 总词汇量 净词量（去掉重复单词）‎ 派生词 合成词 ‎（派生+合成）/净词汇量 全国课标卷I ‎2818‎ ‎951‎ 初36+高42=78‎ 初3+高12=15‎ ‎9.8%‎ 全国课标卷II ‎2908‎ ‎901‎ 初29+高19=48‎ 初5+高6=11‎ ‎6.5%‎ 重庆 ‎3103‎ ‎1050‎ 初33+高38=71‎ 初4+高10=14‎ ‎8.1%‎ 北京 ‎3467‎ ‎1086‎ 初18+高33=51‎ 初2+高19=21‎ ‎6.6%‎ 天津 ‎3411‎ ‎1086‎ 初22+高36=58‎ 初3+高16=19‎ ‎7.1%‎ 湖北 ‎3973‎ ‎1252‎ 初39 +高52 =91‎ 初1 +高8 =9‎ ‎8.0%‎ 浙江 ‎4336‎ ‎1383‎ 初37+高62 =107‎ 初3+高43=46‎ ‎11%‎ 江苏 ‎4169‎ ‎1233‎ 初36+高75 =111‎ 初1+高22 =23‎ ‎11%‎ 上海 ‎4328‎ ‎1260‎ 初40+高69 =109‎ 初5+高19=24‎ ‎11%‎ ‎（以上数据由“题汇精灵”软件提供）‎ 从以上数据可以看出，派生、合成词占净词汇的十分之一左右，因此派生词、合成词是阅读理解中必须重视的词汇。这些词汇的多少基本上能反映该套试题的难易程度。‎ Part 考纲 (Exam syllabus)‎ 考纲对词汇的要求以及全国课标卷《考试说明》对语言知识的要求为“要求考生了解和掌握《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》附录中所列出的各项内容，包括语音项目、语法项目、功能意念项目、话题项目和词汇。”‎ ‎《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》附录五的词汇表中列出单词约3500个，在“说明”的第五条“部分可根据构词法推导出的副词、名词等不单列”，但是没有具体列出有哪些前缀、后缀的构词法需要掌握。然而在各省市的考纲以及《考试说明》中对构词法要求有明确体现。如北京《考试说明》中列出的派生词前后缀是42个（-er, -or, -ist，-ize，en-,un-等）,天津43个，重庆25个，上海74个。‎ Part 教材 (English textbooks)‎ 人教版九年级全一册Unit13语法中，构词法列举了前后缀共19个。人教版高中英语教材必修四Unit5的构词法中，共列举40个。‎ 外研版初中英语教材初三上册Module 6讲解前后缀共8个。初三下册Module10有前后缀29个。外研版高中英语教材选修七Module 1主要讲了名词+后缀构成形容词的10个后缀。‎ Unit 2实例讲练 (Example-based exercises)‎ ‎（以下【应知】【须知】中的单词均来自于2000-2014年全国各省市高考英语试卷原题）‎ Group 1 第一组 ‎ ‎-er, -or, -ist, -ar, -ant, -ance， -ence 第一课时（The first period）‎ ‎(一)．-er 加在动词、名词、形容词后，构成名词，表示“人与物”‎ ‎【熟知】worker， teacher， driver, runner, leader, reader，computer, ruler, winner, sharpener, eraser, scorer, renter ‎【应知】(1) 动词+er 表示完成该动作的人（或物）‎ dresser（化妆台,剧组的服装员）, drawer（抽屉；起草者）, opener（开启工具）, riser,（起床者；起义者） laughter（笑声）, double-decker（双层电汽车）, dishwasher（洗碗工；洗碟机）, programmer（程序设计者；订计划者）, babysitter（临时照顾幼儿者）, slipper（拖鞋）, rejecter（拒绝者）, shoplifter（商店盗贼）, dryer（烘干机）, sight-seer（观光者）, sneezer(打喷嚏者)，skipper（跳跃者），cautioner(警告者)， avenger(报复者)， appetizer(开胃品), assurer（保证人）, borrower（借钱人；借用者）, giver（给予者）, buyer（买主）, shopper(购物者), camper（露营者）, comer（来者）, goer（走的很快的人/物）, loser（失败者）, filler（填塞物）, keeper（保管人；饲养员）, maker（制造者）, helper（帮手）, labourer（工人）, outsider（局外人）, sticker（张贴物；坚持不懈的人）, starter（开胃小吃；开始者）, rider（骑手）, follower（追随者）, admirer（崇拜者）, adviser（劝告者）, timer（计时器）, part-timer（兼职的人）, caller（呼叫者）, grower（种植者）, bringer（带来……的人）, taker（收取者；接收者）, preschooler（学龄前儿童）, grader（分级机）, marker（标记；阅卷人）, changer（改变者）, eater（吃……人）, leaver（离开者）, diver（潜水员；跳水员）, reminder（提醒……的东西）, sleeper（睡觉的人）, teller（叙述者）, bystander（旁观者）, onlooker（旁观者；目击者）, questioner（发问者）, watcher(观看的人), sender（寄件人）, flyer（飞行物；传单）, receiver(听筒；收款人；接受者)，planner（规划者）‎ ‎【须知】. 英译汉 ‎1.picker______ 2. experimenter___________ 3.speeder_______ 4.worrier______ 5.informer_______ 6.backpacker________ 7.birdwatcher________ 8.breadwinner________ 9.earner______ 10.chatter______ 11.loudspeaker________ 12.mailer________‎ ‎ 13.boxer________ 14.disturber________ 15.doubter_______ 16.feeder_______ 17.________ice-skater 18.skier________ 19.conditioner__________ 20.air-conditioner_______ 21.forecaster_________ 22. scratcher________ 23.commander________ 24.comforter_______ 25.cashier________ 26. boiler_______ 27. charger_______ 28.breaker_______ 29. carer=caregiver________ 30.entertainer_______ 31.wrestler_______ 32.servicer_______ 33.server________ 34.baker_______ 35.pensioner_______ 36.offerer _____ 37.adventurer_______ 38.carrier______ 39. talker______ 40. doer________ ‎ 答案：1. 采摘者 2. 实验者 3. 调速器；违章超速司机 4. 发愁的人 5. 通知者 6. 背着背包徒步旅行的人 7. 野鸟观察者；鸟类观察家 8. 养家糊口的人 9. 挣钱人 10. 闲聊；动物的啁啾声；潺潺流水声 11. 喇叭 12. 邮寄者 13. 拳击手 14. 打扰者 15. 怀疑论者 16. 饲养员 17. 滑冰者 18. 滑雪者 19. 调节器 20. 空调 21. 预报员 22. 抓扒者；抓扒工具 23. 指挥官 24. 安慰者 25. 收银员；出纳员 26. 烧水壶 27. 索要者;充电器 28. 破坏者 29. 护工 30. 表演者；款待者 31. 摔跤选手 32. 燃料加注车；导弹发射服务车 33. 服务器；侍者 34. 面包师；烤炉 35. 领养老金或抚恤金的人 36. 提供者 37. 冒险者 38. 搬运人；搬运器 39. 讲话者；空谈者 40. 实干家 ‎ ‎（中间省略了几页内容）‎ ‎（记忆：拒绝租借滑冰鞋做实验）‎ 其他带-or的人物：author（作者）, ancestor（祖先）, advisor（顾问）,emperor（皇帝）, ambassador(大使)，governor（省长）, contributor（贡献者）, sponsor（发动者=sponser）,bachelor（单身汉）, warrior(武士)，aggressor（侵略者）, professor（教授）,tutor（辅导老师）, tailor（裁缝）, razor（剃须刀）, sculptor(雕刻师), sailor（水手）, survivor（幸存者）,‎ ＊ ‎2 -ist: -ist加在名词词尾，代表“喜爱，精通，献身于前面所指的名词的人，信仰…的人”，属于专家类型的人。而-er, or属于工与匠，技工和专业技术人员(如worker, teacher)，但不属于研究型的专家(如specialist, scientist，socialist) 。‎ ＊ ‎3 -ician, -ican: 加在字尾为 -ic/ -ia 的词尾，代表“具有前面名词属性的人” （如：American, Australian）‎ 典型对比： technologist(精通技术的人,技术专家)↔technician(有技术的人,技工、演奏家）‎ ‎ exhibitionist(好自我表现者,有裸露癖者) ↔exhibitor(展出者，参展商)‎ 当专家的理论和技术得到普及，专家和普通技工就没有区别了：‎ ‎ bicyclist/cyclist=bicycler/biker=wheeler; motorist=driver ＊ ‎4从性别上来看：通常加“-er / -or ” 多为“男性”， 加“-ess”多为女性 waiter男招待 waitress女服务员 steward(轮船, 飞机等)乘务员, 干事 stewardess (轮船, 飞机等)女乘务员 actor 男演员 actress女演员 instructor男教员，男指导 instructress女教师, 女指导lawyer律师 lawyeress女律师 ＊5从主动、被动上来看， 加“-er - or”为主动，加“-ee ”为被动 examiner 主考人、监考员 examinee 参加考试者、受试人（被监考者）employer 雇主（雇佣别人） employee雇员（被雇佣）interviewer会见者 interviewee被接见者, 被访问者 ，attendee(参会者，得到通知参会，属于被动参加)‎ ‎【须知】汉译英1.______（编辑）, 2._______(展出者，参展商)，3.________(发明家)，4._______（参观者）, 5._______（班长）, 6.________(计算器),‎ ‎ 7._______(调解人，中介物)，8._______(收集者)，9._______(赤道)，10_______(电梯),11._______(操作员；电话接线员)，12.________(冰箱)，13._______(竞争对手)，14.________(违反者)，15._______(加速器)，16._______（指示器；指示灯）；17.________(叙述者)，18._______(探测器)，19._______(破坏者)，20._______(检查员，巡视员)，21._______(订约人；收缩物)，22._______(发电机)，23._______(分发者；批发商)，24.______(选择者)，25._______(管理者，调整者)，26.________(连接体)，27.________(教育者)，28.________(交流者)，29._______(拖拉机)，30._______(售票员；导线)，31._______(调查人)，32._______(管理者)，33._______(航海家，领航员)，34.______(模仿者)，35.______(预言者)，36._______(拥护者), 37._______(评估者)，38.________(庆贺者)，39.______(反射器，反光板)，40._______(参与者)，41._______(捐赠者)，42._______(反驳者，抵触者)，43._______(室内装饰师，油漆匠),44.______(保护者，保守派)‎ 答案：1.editor 2.exhibitor 3.inventor 4.visitor 5.monitor 6.calculator 7.mediator 8.collector 9.equator 10.elevator 11.operator 12.refrigerator 13.competitor 14.violator 15.accelerator 16.indicator 17.narrator 18.detector 18.destructor 20.inspector 21.contractor 22.generator 23.distributor 24.selector 25.regulator 26.connector 27.educator 28.communicator 29.tractor 30.conductor 31.investigator 32.administrator 33.navigator 34.imitator 35.predictor 36.advocator 37.evaluator 38.congratulator 39.reflector 40.participator 41.donator 42.contradictor 43.decorator 44.conservator ‎ ‎【高考原题】根据【应知】【须知】词汇和括号内的词义填空 ‎1.(2014重庆) He fixed the faucet(水龙头)，adjusted the_________ （洗碗机）door，and replaced a showerhead. Apparently he was gifted as Steve had been. ‎ ‎2.(2014课标I)A typical lion tamer（驯兽师） in people's mind is an_________（演艺人员） holding a whip（鞭） and a chair． ‎ ‎3.(2014山东）One of her greatgrandchildren was W.E.B.Du Bois，one of the_________ (创始人) of the NAACP，and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights．‎ ‎4.(2014广东) People who receive kindness are likely to pay it back to the ______(给予者). ‎ ‎5.(2014广东)I must say that I have the potential to work as an ______（指导者）. ‎ ‎6.(2014山东）He called himself a lion，a _____(标志) of accomplishment in Ethiopia． ‎ ‎（他称自己为狮子，狮子是埃塞俄比亚成功的标志。）‎ ‎7.(2014浙江)It was just after one of those long silences that my life as an _______(局外人) changed.‎ ‎8.(2014安徽) Although we have to respect people's feelings as fellow users of the buildings，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and _______(规划者) to move things forward． ‎ ‎9.(2014湖南)A classic one for vacation ______(策划者) is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many components（组成部分）．‎ ‎10.(2014上海)The ______(创造者) of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a _______(程序设计者) with the project.‎ ‎11.(2014天津)The video exchange between signer and _______(接收者) can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used. ‎ ‎12.(2014重庆) Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains，Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers，but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts（出没处），a silent________ (提醒) of their secrecy and rarity. ‎ ‎13.(2014福建)When he retired three years ago，he persuaded his church music _______(总监) to ‎ take him as a student. ‎ ‎14.(2014山东)This was 1962，and I would not live in a place with an _______(空调) for another ten years． ‎ ‎15.(2014上海）While modern society, rich in material resources, has given ________(消费者) more choices, it also turns many of them into crazy ________（购物狂）. ‎ ‎16.(2014江西）_______(潜水员)had to buy diving equipment． ‎ ‎17.(2014北京）A department store has even opened a new lab，inviting customers on a journey into the store's windows to smell books，pots and ______（抽屉），in search of their perfect scent. ‎ ‎18. (2014陕西)It was in the 1930s，when he was an _______(编辑) of the literary magazine of Southern Methodist University （SMU） in Dallas，Texas. ‎ ‎19.(2014上海)In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and ________(员工) want to be actively involved in good works. ‎ ‎20.(2014浙江)We have lost the connection to the ______(制作人) in our lives，and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished（贫乏的），because they're surrounded by the digital world，”he says.‎ ‎21.(2014江苏）Somewhere in Hong Kong，in the late fifties，a young ______(女服务员)found herself pregnant（怀孕） by a cook，probably a coworker at her restaurant. ‎ ‎22.（2014湖北）The police will reward whoever provides/has provided useful information to catch the ________(劫匪). ‎ 以上内容选自百度文库《2015年高考英语试题汇总解析》‎