英语高考的实词与虚词 9页

英语的虚词与实词 虚词<介词、代词、连词、冠词、数词>‎ 虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词:而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，虚词没有词形的变化： ‎ 一、冠词(art..)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the. ‎ ‎1.不定冠词:a，an ‎ ‎2.定冠词：the ‎ 二、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind, across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite, during, except, front, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without… ‎ ‎1.简单介词：是由一个单词构成的介词。可分为三类： ‎ ‎①普通介词:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to，with等 ‎ ‎②合成介词:如onto，into，within等 ‎ ‎③分词介词：如including等 ‎ ‎2.二重介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。 如：from behind，since before，until after等 ‎ ‎3.短语介词：是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。如：in front of，because of，instead of等 ‎ 三、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词： ‎ After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, both… and… but, considering, either… or… even if, even so, even though,, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in case, in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not only…but also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether, where, while…‎ ‎1.并列连词 ‎ ‎①表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：and，both…and，as well as，not only…but also，neither…nor等 ‎ ‎②表示转折关系的并列连词:but，yet，while等 ‎ ‎③表示选择关系的并列连词：or，either…or等 ‎ ‎④表示因果关系的并列连词：for，so等 ‎ ‎2.从属连词：是引导从句的连词 ‎ ‎①引导名词性从句的连词：that，whether，if ‎ ‎②引导副词性从句的连词：when，while，as，since，before， after，once，as soon as，until，till，because，now that，although，though，even if，even though，no matter how，no matter what，whatever，however，whether…or，if，unless，so long as，as long as，in order that，so that，so…that，as if，as though，than，where，wherever等 ‎ 四、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everything, he, her, himself, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, …‎ 五、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello 一篇文章10个空， 一般7个空是有提示词的， 相当于用所给词的正确形式填空；另外3个是没有提示词的，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。 ‎ ‎1）. 名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。‎ ‎①. A young man, while traveling through a desert, came across a spring of clear water. ________ water was sweet.‎ ‎②. Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not ________ pleasant experience.‎ ‎③. The young man went home ________ a happy heart.‎ ‎④. Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for ________ great works.‎ ‎⑤._______ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man. ‎ ‎⑥.The girl danced ______ the music of Paul Mallrat’s band.‎ ‎（2）. 缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。‎ ‎①. Here are two bags. The blue ________ is mine.‎ ‎②. Suddenly the wall moved——________ was made of trees.‎ ‎③. New technologies have made _________ possible to turn out new products faster.‎ ‎④._________ is important for our students to exercise one hour every day.‎ ‎（3）. 并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词and, but, or等。‎ ‎①. Each winner receives a gold medal, a diploma ________ a sum of money.‎ ‎②. He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, ________ he felt very happy.‎ ‎③. Which do you prefer, folk music ________ pop music?‎ ‎（4）. 两句之间，如果不是并列句，则很可能是主从句，因此需要填入从属连词（what， which， who, how, when等）。比如宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。这种空格需要同学们根据句子结构，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。‎ ‎①. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.‎ ‎②. ________hard your try, it is difficult to lose weight.‎ ‎③. If you happen to get lost in the wild, you’d better stay ________ you are.‎ ‎④. ________we have enough evidence, we cannot win the case.‎ ‎⑤. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from______ their parents speak at home.‎ ‎⑥.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas students ________came back to China after study.‎ ‎⑦.My face turned red on hearing ________ my mother said.‎ ⑧._______ she couldn’t understand was _______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. ‎ ⑨.It was the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are. ‎ ⑩.No sooner had she gone out___________ a student came to visit her.     ‎ 实词是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓变化多端： ‎ ‎1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. ‎ ‎2、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . ‎ ‎3、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth. ‎ ‎4、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see . ‎ ‎5、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：well，very，here，often，quietly，slowly. ‎ 构词法 Word Formation 在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。‎ 一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。‎ 方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。‎ ‎(1) 合成形容词 方式 例词 ‎1形容词＋形容词 red-hot ‎2形容词＋名词 first-class, full-time, part-time ‎3形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, ‎ ‎4形容词＋过去分词 ready-made ‎5形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded ‎6名词＋名词-ed iron-willed ‎7名词＋形容词 world-famous, day-long ‎ ‎8名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, ‎ ‎9名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered, ‎ ‎10副词＋形容词 ever-green ‎11副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing ‎12副词＋过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known ‎13数词＋名词 five-year ‎14数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old ‎15数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied ‎ ‎(2)合成动词 构成方式 例词 ‎1名词＋动词 day-dream ‎2副词＋动词 overcome, upturn翻起 ‎3形容词＋动词 white-wash ‎(3)合成名词 构成方式 例词 ‎1名词＋名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, ‎ ‎2形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead, ‎ ‎3动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room ‎4动词＋副词 get-off, break in, ‎ ‎5副词＋动词 output, overflow ‎(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever ‎ ‎(5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, ‎ 二、派生 Derivation 前缀 前缀 含义 例词 a-‎ 处在……‎ arise, aside, alone en-‎ 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave dis-‎ 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree un-‎ 不 做相反动作 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, ‎ unclose, undress, uncover, untie in-‎ im-‎ ir-‎ il-‎ 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect ‎ impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical irregular, irresponsible illogical, ‎ non-‎ 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop de-‎ 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）‎ anti-‎ 反（对）‎ anti-freeze, anti-fascist mis-‎ 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, ‎ co-‎ 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope super-‎ 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower, ‎ under-‎ 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground, ‎ inter-‎ 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change sub-‎ 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, ‎ trans-‎ 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate vice-‎ 副 vice-premier, vice-president semi-‎ 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的 tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎 mul-‎ 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured kilo-‎ 千 kilometre, kilogram ‎ 后缀 ‎ 后 缀 例 词 名 词 ‎-er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater ‎-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess ‎-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator, ‎ ‎-ar beggar ‎-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese ‎-ian musician, Egyptian, physician ‎-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist, ‎ ‎-ent/-ant assistant ‎ ‎-ment argument, judgment, government ‎-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness ‎-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention ‎-ing building, wedding, painting ‎-ship leadership, friendship, hardship ‎-age shortage, marriage, leakage ‎-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty ‎-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth ‎-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance ‎-ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence ‎-ful mouthful, handful, plateful, ‎ ‎-al refusal, denial, arrival ‎-y difficulty, possibility, ‎ ‎-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom ‎-ism socialism, materialism 注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。‎ ‎-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。‎ 后缀 例 词 形 容 词 ‎-al central, industrial, national, natural ‎-an European, American, Australian ‎-ern eastern, northern, southern ‎-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible ‎-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, ‎ ‎-ish childish, Swedish, selfish ‎-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective ‎-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny ‎-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless ‎-en golden, wooden, woolen ‎-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various ‎-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary ‎-ic realistic, historic, poetic ‎-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome ‎-like childlike, womanlike, manlike ‎-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important ‎-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent ‎ ‎-ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly ‎-ish childish, foolish 后缀 例 词 动 词 ‎-ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, ‎ ‎-en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen ‎-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify, ‎ 后 缀 例 词 副 词 ‎-ward(s)‎ forward, northward, backward, downward，afterwards ‎-ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly 三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。‎ ‎1. 名词和动词之间的转化 telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study, ‎ ‎2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的——使完善 ‎3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的 ‎4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的——首领 ‎-al ‎ arrive —(n.) __________ chemistry —(adj.) __________‎ memory—(n.) __________ —(v.) __________ music—(adj.) __________—(n.) __________‎ survive—(n.) __________—(n.) __________ try—(n.) __________‎ ‎-ance / -ence ‎ absent —(n.) __________ allow—(n.) __________‎ appear—(n.) __________—(反义n.) __________ assist—(n.) __________—(n.) __________‎ consequence—(n.) __________ convenient —(n.) __________—(反n.) __________‎ different —(n.) __________ evident —(n.) __________‎ exist —(n.) __________ guide —(n.) __________ ‎ important —(n.) __________‎ depend —(adj.) __________ —(n.) __________ —(反n.) __________‎ insure —(n.) __________ intelligent —(n.) __________‎ patient —(n.) __________ significant —(n.) __________‎ silent —(n.) __________ violent —(n.) __________‎ ‎-ary / -ery brave—(n.) __________ discover—(n.) __________ rob—(n.) __________‎ scene—(n.) __________ slave—(n.) __________‎ ‎-able admire —(adj.) __________ change —(adj.) __________ comfort —(adj.) __________‎ enjoy —(adj.) __________ reason —(adj.) __________ rely —(adj.) __________‎ suit —(adj.) __________ value —(adj.) __________‎ ‎-ment Achieve —(n.) __________ adjust —(n.) __________‎ advertise —(n.) __________ agree —(n.) __________ —(反n.) __________‎ amuse —(n.) __________ appoint —(n.) __________‎ argue —(n.) __________ arrange —(n.) __________‎ courage —(v.) __________ —(n.) __________‎ entertain —(adj.) __________ —(adj.) __________ —(n.) __________‎ equip —(n.) __________ judge —(n.) __________‎ employ —(n.) __________ —(反n.) __________‎ ‎-ness dark —(n.) __________ happy —(n.) __________‎ ill —(n.) __________ kind —(n.) __________ ‎ sad —(n.) __________ weak —(n.) __________‎ ‎1、有提示词 ‎     这类题首先需要我们根据上下文，分析句子成分，确定空格所需要的词性，再根据前后文确定词形。‎ ‎（1）如果要填入动词，我们需要判断到底是谓语动词和非谓语动词。‎ ‎      如果缺谓语动词，就要考虑到时态和语态的变化。‎ ‎      若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，那么我们应该填入非谓语动词，这时我们需要确定到底是to do, doing还是done的形式。‎ ‎①. For example, I ________ (order) a digital camera online the other day and saved about $50.‎ ‎②. When I die, I ________ (give) everything to you.‎ ‎③. On their return, the father asked his son ________(explain) what he had learnt.‎ ‎④. They are animals ________ (live) in the sea.‎ ‎⑤. He likes reading books ________ (write) by Lu Xun.‎ ‎⑥. The water will be further polluted unless some measures ______ (take).‎ ‎⑦. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself______ (hear) ‎ ⑧. _________(play) computer games is what boys like best.‎ ⑨. It is high time you ______ (work) hard at English. ‎ ⑩. If you __________ (come) yesterday, you would have met Andy Liu.  ‎ ‎（2）如果需要填入名词，我们则需要判断是否有单复数和所有格的变化。‎ ‎①. My first ________ (impress) of him is that he was a kind and thoughtful man.‎ ‎②. These people have made great ________ (contribute) to China with their work.‎ ‎③.You’ll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _______(people).‎ ‎（3）如果需要填入形容词、副词。首先，我们要确认到底是填形容词还是副词。形容词一般用来修饰名词，代词，或作表语；副词一般用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。其次，我们还要考虑是否需要变成比较级或最高级。‎ ‎①. Before the trip I thought we were rich, but today I learnt who is ________ (true) rich.‎ ‎②. He must be ________ (mental) disabled.‎ ‎③. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled ________ (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet.‎ ‎④. ________ (Fortune), nobody was injured and no buildings were destroyed.‎ ‎⑤. Some people say that the oldest child, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely to be ________ (succeed)‎ ‎⑥. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour——much ________ (fast) than any of its rivals（对手）.‎ 三、语篇练习 一 Most students do an IQ test early in their school career. Even if they never see their results, they feel that their IQ is ____1____ determines how well they are going to do in life. When they see other students doing ___2____ (good) than them, they usually believe that those students have ____3____ higher IQ and that there is nothing they can do to ‎ change the fact. However, new research ____4____ EQ suggests that success is not ____5____ (simple) the result of a high IQ.‎ While your IQ tells you how____6____ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence. Professor Salovery, ____7____ invented the term EQ, gives the following description: at work, it is IQ that ____8____ (get) you promoted. Supported by his academic research, Professor Salovery suggests that when_____9_____ (predict) someone’s future success, their character, as ____10____(measure) by EQ tests, might actually matter more than their IQ.‎ 二 Paula interviewed two ____1______ (teenage), Emily and Jerry, for a program ___2___ family life. There are three people in Emily's family and five in Jerry's family, so Jerry sometimes feels _____3_____ (crowd) in their little flat. Emily has a lot of possessions, but Jerry doesn't have many. Emily is not___4_____ (expect) to do housework, but Jerry is. They both like to do things with their family. But Emily's parents are____5_____ (business), so they usually do their own____6____ (person) things. Jerry and his family do things together. His family always comes to school events. Emily's parents don't usually set rules for her ___7___ Jerry's parents set some rules for him. Emily likes her new flat, but she ___8___ (feel) lonely when her parents are away ___9___home. Jerry loves his family very much. They have a close ___10___ (relation) and always support each other.‎ 三 Good afternoon, parents and teachers. Thank you for___1_____(attend) this meeting. Last weekend, one of____2__ (we) students went to hospital. The student played computer games on the Internet all day Saturday without stopping___3____ (eat), drink or sleep. Finally, he became very ill. Some students play computer games for too long. This is__4___ serious problem. In the past, students used ____5____ (play) outside more often, ___6___ now they spend more time___7__(play) computer games. This is bad for their health. Tomorrow we will have some experts here to talk to the students___8___ the bad effects of playing computer games. They will also give some advice on how___9____ (use) computers for studying. I hope we can all work together to stop students from spending too___10___ (many) time playing computer games.‎ 四 Some people have a very poor sense of _____1_____ (direct). Unluckily, I am one of them. I _____2_____ (visit) a place many times but I may still get lost there the next time. ____3______I was a little girl, I never dared to ask strangers the way. And so I used to walk round in circles and hope that by chance I would get to the place I was going to. ‎ Now, I am no longer too shy _____4_____ (ask) people for directions, but I often receive helpless or even wrong information. So I try to avoid _____5_____ (give) people wrong directions. If anyone ever asks me the way somewhere, I would say,” Sorry, I am _____6_____stranger here.”‎ ‎ Once on my way ______7____work I was stopped by a man. He asked me if I could tell him the way to the Friendship‎ ‎Building. I gave him my usual reply. But just as I walked on only a few steps, I realized____8______ he had asked the way to my office building. However, I had no time to return back and look for him. I was rushing to meet with someone at my office and I didn't want to keep him waiting. When I just got to my office, the secretary showed in the man _____9_____ had asked me for directions. Imagine how embarrassed I was and how ‎ _____10_____ (surprise) he was when we saw each other at the first sight!‎ 五 I am now a good student in my class．  ___1  ___  you don’t know that when I started to learn senior English in the beginning，I found it difficult and quite different from ___2_____ we had learned in junior school．Now I still remember a teacher who taught me at that time. ___3__ teacher is a good teacher because she always tries her best to be the one whose classes are more active and lively with some stories and ___4___ (example).‎ ‎_____5_____  the help of my teacher, I realized the  ____6_______ (important) of English，so I was  ___7 ____ （determine) to learn English well. My teacher suggested that we ___8_____ (read) more if we want to improve our English, so every day I would do some English reading. She also told us lessons___9       (learn) in classes could help us deal with exams, but even more valuable were the lessons learned in extra-curricular activities in school. I like my English teacher very much．‎ Now I have made  10___ great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before．‎