2021版高考英语一轮复习课件：语法并列句和状语从句课件新人教版 48页

并列句和状语从句 语法精讲 跟踪训练 语法精讲 细筛选 · 巧拓展 一、并列句 考点一　常见并列句的类型及并列连词 类型 并列连词 并列关系 ( 递进关系 ) and,both...and...,not only...but also...,neither...nor... 等 转折或 对比关系 but,yet,whereas,while 等 选择关系 or,or else,either...or...,whether...or...,not ...but... 等 因果关系 for,so,as 等 Both Peter and Tom are from South Africa. 彼得和汤姆都来自南非。 First,my English is very good and I ’ m open-minded and warm-hearted,so I ’ m getting along well with everyone. 首先 , 我的英语很好 , 而且我性格外向、很热心 , 因此我和每个人都相处得很好。 He tried hard to catch up with his classmates,but he failed. 他尽力赶上同学们 , 但是失败了。 The children can go with us,or they can stay in. 孩子们可以跟我们去 , 也可以待在家里。 He must have been caught in the rain,for he is wet all over. 他肯定被雨淋了 , 因为他浑身都湿了。 考点二　并列连词构成的常用句型 1.and 构成的句型 (1) 祈使句 +and+ 陈述句 ( 祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句 ,and 后面的句子相当 于一个表示结果的主句 ) 。　 Go on like this and I am sure you will be successful in time. 继 续这样努力 , 我确信你最终会成功的。 (2) 名词 ( 词组 )+and+ 陈述句 ( 名词相当于一个条件状语从句 , 其中常含有 more, another 等词 ) 。 Another try,and you ’ ll make a success. 再试一次 , 你就会取得成功。 2.or (else) 构成的句型 (1) 祈使句 +or (else)+ 陈述句。 Seize the chance,or (else) you ’ ll regret. 抓住这次机会 , 否则你会后悔的。 (2) 名词 ( 词组 )+or (else)+ 陈述句。 More healthy food,or (else) you ’ ll break down sooner or later. 多吃健康食品 , 不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。 3.when 构成的句型 when 引导并列句 , 意为“正在这时” , 表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时 , 突然发生另一动作。 (1)sb.be doing sth. when... 某人正在做某事 , 这时 …… Last Monday,I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle. 上周一 , 我正在街上散步 , 这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。 (2)sb.be about to do sth. when... 某人正要做某事 , 这时 …… 　 We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们正打算动身 , 突然下起雨来了。 (3)sb. be on the point of doing sth. when... 某人正要做某事 , 这时 …… She was on the point of going to bed when someone knocked at the door. 她正要上床睡觉 , 突然有人敲门。 (4)sb.had just done sth. when... 某人刚做完某事 , 这时 …… I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone rang. 我刚刚扫完地 , 这时电话铃响了。 二、状语从句 考点一　时间状语从句 1.when,while 和 as 的用法 连词 含义及用法 例句 when “ 当 …… 时候” , 可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用 ; 从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 When you apply for a job,you must present your certificates. 当你申请工作时 , 你必须递交你的有关证件。 while “ 当 …… 时候” , 一般只可与延续性动词连用 , 从句动作与主句动作同时发生 Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal. 客人们就要吃完饭的时候 , 玛丽去煮咖啡了。 as “ 随着 ……” , 常与延续性动词连用 , 从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 As he grew older,he became less active. 随着他逐渐长大 , 他变得不那么活泼了。 2.as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment ∕ minute ∕ second ∕ instant,no sooner...than...,hardly ∕ rarely ∕ scarcely... when... 这些从属连词都译为“一 …… 就 ……”, 表示从句的动作一发生 , 主 句的动作随即就发生。 He started as soon as he received the news. 他一接到消息就动身了。 The moment I heard the voice,I knew father was coming. 我一听到那个声音 , 我就知道父亲来了。 The man began to work immediately he arrived there. 那个人一到那儿就开始工作。 No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家 , 天就开始下雨。 3.till 和 until (1) 肯定句中 , 主句谓语动词应是延续性动词 , 意为“某动作一直延续到某时间 点才停止”。 He remained there till ∕ until she arrived. 他在那儿一直待到她到达。 (2) 否定句中 , 主句谓语动词应是非延续性动词 , 从句为肯定式 , 意为“某动作直 到某时间点才开始。” I didn ’ t notice that I forgot my ticket till ∕ until I got to the station. 直到到了车站我才意识到我忘带车票了。 (3)till 不可置于句首 ,until 可以。 (4) 强调和倒装句中 ,not 和 until 应被视为一个整体 , 同时被强调并置于句首。 Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 我们只有了解更多情况才能改善现状。 It was not until I had read your letter that I knew the truth. 直 到读了你的信我才知道事情的真相。 4.since (1) 从句的谓语动词一般是短暂性动词 , 主句谓语动词则是延续性动词或反复发生的动 作。 since 引导的从句时态为一般过去时 , 主句时态为现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 She has been working for the company since she left school. 她自从毕业一 直在这家公司工作。 (2) 句型“ It is ∕ has been+ 时间段 +since... ”意为“自从 …… 到现在多久了”。 ①若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语动词是非延续性动词的过去式 , 则从句表示的时间 是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如 : It has been 3 years since he began to smoke. 他开始吸烟已经有三年了。 It has been 3 years since he became a soldier. 他参军已经有三年了。 ②若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去 式时 , 则从句表示的时间是“从持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如 : It has been three years since he was a soldier. 他退役 ( 不当兵 ) 已经有三年了。 It is already three years since he was a teacher. 他不当教师已经三年了。 ③若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语动词为持续性动词的现在完成式 , 则从句表示 的时间是“从动作发生之时算起”。如 : I haven ’ t heard from him since he has lived there. 这里 has lived 表示动作的持续性 , 时间的起点应从 : “开始居住”时算起。 因此此句可理解为“自从他 ( 开始 ) 住在那儿起 , 我就一直没收到他的来信”。 5.before (1)before 常用于表示“还未 …… 就 ……, 不到 …… 就 ……;…… 才 ……; 趁 ……; 还没来得及 …… 就 ……” 等含义。 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了四天四夜才看见陆地。 He rushed out of the room before I could say anything else. 我还没来得及说别的他就冲出了房间。 Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你现在没忘把它记下来。 (2) 句型“ It was ∕ will be+ 时间段 +before... ”意为“过了∕要过多久 才 ……” 。“ It was not long before... ∕ It won ’ t be long before... ”意为“不久就 ……” 。 It will be half a year before I come back. 要过半年我才能回来。 It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. 没过多久他就感觉到这个位置的危险。 6.every time,each time,next time,the first time 等名词可以用来引导时 间状语从句 , 表示“每当 , 每次 , 下次 , 第一次”等。 Every time I saw him,I found him to be taller. 每次我碰见他 , 都觉得他长高了。 考点二　地点状语从句 1. 通常由连词 where 和 wherever 引导 , 从句可位于主句之前 , 也可位于主句之后。 You ’ d better not leave the medicine where kids can get it. 你最好不要把药放在孩子能够得着的地方。 Children will play wherever they happen to be. 小孩子走到哪里玩到哪里。 2. 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。 Where there ’ s a will,there ’ s a way. 有志者 , 事竟成。 Where(ver) there ’ s plenty of sun and rain,the fields are green. 哪里阳光雨水充足 , 哪里的田野就绿油油的。 特别提示 where 引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别 : where 引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词 , 而在定语从句中 where 作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。如 : If you are travelling where the customs are really foreign to your own,please do as the Romans do.( 地点状语从句 ) If you are travelling in places where the customs are really foreign to your own,please do as the Romans do.( 定语从句 ) 如果你到风俗习惯不同的地方旅游 , 请入乡随俗。 考点三　条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词 ( 词组 ) 有 :if ( 如果 ),unless ( 除非 , 如果 不 ),as ∕ so long as( 只要 ),supposing (that)( 倘若 , 假定 ),provided (that) ( 假若 , 倘若 ),providing (that)( 倘若 ),on condition that ( 条件是 ),in case ( 如果 ) 等。 You will succeed as long as you study hard. 只要你努力学习 , 你一定会成功。 Supposing it rains,what shall we do? 假如下雨 , 我们该怎么办呢 ? 考点四　让步状语从句 1.although 与 though 引导的让步状语从句。 二者可互换 , 且都可与 yet,still 或 nevertheless 连用 , 但不与 but 连用。 though 引导让步状语从句放在句首时 , 可使用倒装结构 , 但 although 引导的状 语从句不能倒装。 He didn ’ t stop working though ∕ although he was ill. 虽然病了 , 但他没有停止工作。 Young though she is,she knows how to deal with such a thing. 她虽然 年轻 , 但懂得如何处理这件事。 ( 本句中 though 不可换为 although) 特别提示 though 还可作副词用于句末 , 意为“可是 , 然而 , 不过” ,although 则不能。 He said he would come.He didn ’ t though. 他说他会来 , 可是他没有来。 2.as 引导让步状语从句时 , 需要使用倒装结构 , 表示强调。 Tired as he was (=Though he was tired),he continued his work. 尽管 他累了 , 他还是继续工作。 Much as I respect him (=Though I respect him much),I can ’ t agree with his proposal. 尽管我很尊重他 , 我还是不赞成他的提议。 特别提示 在此类倒装句中 , 如果名词提前 , 则要省去冠词。如 : Child as he is,he knows a lot about science.= Although he is a child,he knows a lot about science. 尽管他是个孩子 , 但是他对科学知识懂得很多。 3.while 引导让步状语从句 , 一般放在句首。 While (= Although) I don ’ t like it,I will try to learn it well. 尽 管我不喜欢它 , 我也会努力学好。 4.whatever ∕ no matter what,whoever ∕ no matter who,whichever ∕ no matter which 等都可以引导让步状语从句 , 而且 whatever,whoever, whichever 等还可以引导名词性从句 , 但“ no matter+wh- ”不能引导名词性 从句 , 只能引导让步状语从句。 Whatever ∕ No matter what you say,I won ’ t believe you.( 让步状语 从句 ) 不管你说什么 , 我决不相信你的话。 You can take whatever you like.( 名词性从句 ) 喜欢什么你就可以拿什么。 考点五　方式状语从句 方式状语从句用来表示主句谓语动作发生的方式 , 常由 as ( 像 …… 一样 ), as if ∕ though( 似乎 , 好像 ) 等引导。 1.as 引导方式状语从句 , 前面常可用 just 加强语气。 You must do the exercise as I tell you. 你必须按照我告诉你的方法做练习。 I did just as the teacher did. 我正是按照老师做的那样做了。 2.as if ∕ as though 引导方式状语从句时 , 常用虚拟语气。 She spoke English so well as if she had been to America. 她英语说得非常好 , 就好像她去过美国似的。 考点六　原因状语从句 原因状语从句可由 because,as,since,now that 等引导。 1.because 译作“因为” , 表直接原因 , 语气较强 , 能回答由 why 提出的问句。 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife. 那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上 , 因为他想挨着他妻子坐。 2.as( 由于 ),since ( 既然 ),now that ∕ in that ( 既然 ), 表双方都知道的原 因 , 语气较弱。 as,since 和 now that 引导的从句多位于主句之前。 Now that you have done that,stop blaming yourself. 既然你已经做了 , 就不要自责了。 特别提示 for 也可用来表原因 , 为并列连词 , 起补充说明的作用。通常后置 , 用逗号与主句隔开。 He can ’ t see,for he is blind. 他看不见 , 因为他眼睛失明了。 考点七　结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的连词有 :so that,so...that,such...that 。其结构是 : 1.so+adj. ∕ adv.+that 从句 so+adj.+a(n)+ 可数名词单数 +that 从句 so+many ∕ much ∕ little ∕ few+ 名词 +that 从句 We had read so interesting a book. 我们读了如此有趣的一本书。 He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了那么多跤 , 以至于他身上青一块紫一块的。 He got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together. 他每个月赚那么少的钱 , 以至于他几乎不能维持生计。 2.such+a(n)+adj.+ 可数名词单数 +that 从句 such+adj.+ 可数名词复数∕不可数名词 +that 从句 such+a lot of ∕ lots of+ 名词 +that 从句 It was such bad weather that we had to stay at home. 天气如此糟糕我们只有待在家里了。 They are such useful books that I wanted to buy them all. 这些书是如此有用 , 我想把它们都买下来。 They were such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves. 他们是如此小的孩子 , 自己是不会打扫房间的。 3. 主句 +so that 从句 It was such a cold day that there was nobody in the street. =It was so cold a day that there was nobody in the street. =It was a cold day so that there was nobody in the street. 天气非常冷 , 街上一个人也没有。 考点八　目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的连词有 :so that,in order that,for fear that,in case, lest 等。 1.so that 与 in order that( 表肯定 ) in order that 引导的从句可置于主句之前或之后 , 而 so that 引导的从句通常置于 主句之后。在从句中常与 can,may,could,might 等情态动词连用。 John spoke through a microphone so that he could be heard in every room. 为了让每个房间的人都能听到他的声音 , 约翰用麦克风讲话。 In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early. 为了能看到日出 , 我们早早地出发去山顶。 2.for fear that,in case 与 lest( 表否定 ) 这三个连词引导的目的状语从句中的谓语常用“ (should+) 动词原形”。 He wrote the name down for fear that ∕ in case ∕ lest he (should) forget it. 他把名字写下来以免忘了。 考点九　比较状语从句 引导比较状语从句的连词有 :than,as...as...,not so ∕ as...as... John is taller than his father. 约翰比他父亲高。 John is as tall as his father. 约翰和他父亲一样高。 John is not so ∕ as tall as his father. 约翰不如他父亲高。 特别提示 注意两种特殊的表示比较的结构 : ① the+ 比较级 ...,the+ 比较级 ... 结构。 The more you exercise,the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多就会越健康。 ② A be to B what C be to D 结构。 Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals. 发动机之于机器正如心脏之于动物。 真题链接 1.Irene said, “ I don ’ t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made over the years.I work not because I have to, 　　　　 because I want to. ” ( 2019 全国 Ⅱ )  2.On our way to the house,it was raining 　　　　 hard that we couldn ’ t help wondering how long it would take to get there.( 2019 全国 Ⅲ )  答案及剖析 : 1.but 　句意 : 我工作不是因为我必须做 , 而是因为我想做。 not...but... 意为“不是 …… 而是 ……” 。 2.so 　根据空格后的 hard 以及其后的 that 从句可知 , 此处为“ so+adj./adv.+that ”从句结构 , 意为“如此 …… 以至于 ……”, 故填 so 。 3.Like many things in life,it ’ s an ongoing process, 　　　　 the best part of the process is that there ’ s enough room for improvement. (2017 年 11 月浙江 )  4.It is far better than any other method 　　　　 you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature. (2017 年 11 月浙江 )   答案及剖析 : 3.and 　根据句意和句子结构 , 此处所填单词是连词 , 连接两个完整的句子 , 而且句子之间是并列关系 , 因此用 and 。 4.because 　此处的句意为“这比其他任何的方法都有效 , 因为你在阅读非常有趣的文学作品的同时也提高了你的词汇量”。根据句意和句子结构 , 此处所填单词引导一个原因状语从句 , 因此用 because 。 5. 　　　　 fat and salt are removed from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.( 2017 全国 Ⅰ )  答案及剖析 : 5.When 　此处的句意是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中去除后 , 食物尝起来就好像缺失了什么东西。” 根据句意和句子结构 , 此处所填单词引导一个表示时间的状语从句 , 因此用 when 。 跟踪训练 重实效 · 冲高考 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1.China ’ s ambassador to the US Cui Tiankai said before the screening that the relationship between human beings 　　　 nature is as equally important as the relationships between nations. (2019 浙江丽水、衢州、湖州三地市高三上学期教学质量检测 ) 答案及剖析 : 1.and 　考查固定搭配。句意 : 中国驻美国大使崔天凯在放映前表示 , 人与自然的关系与国家之间的关系同等重要。固定搭配 :between...and...,“ 两者之间” , 故答案为 and 。 2.It doesn ’ t matter whether you have known them for a long time 　　　　 you have just met.  3.He crossed into the square 　　　　 sat down on a bench,partly to enjoy the last of the afternoon sun. 　   答案及剖析 : 2.or 　句意 : 这个人是你很早就认识的还是刚刚认识其实并不重要。此处所缺单词和前面的 whether 呼应 , 组成“ whether...or...” 结构 , 表示选择。 3.and 　此处所缺单词作连词 , 连接两个并列动词 , 因此用 and 。 4.Scott said, “ I gave Palmer some tips on vocal technique, 　　　　 he taught me life lessons.I got the better end of the deal. ” (2019 浙江七彩阳光联盟高三上学期第二次联考 )  5.Let ’ s keep to the point, 　　　　 we will never reach any decision.  答案及剖析 : 4.while 　考查并列连词。句意 : 我给 Palmer 传授了一些声乐技巧 , 而他却教给了我人生的课程。此处 while“ 然而” , 是并列连词 , 前后形成鲜明对比 , 故答案为 while 。 5.or∕otherwise 　本句的句意是“我们还是回到终点吧 , 否则 , 我们做不成任何决定。”根据句意和句子结构 , 此处 , 两个句子之间是条件关系 , 意为“否则”。 6.The young man wanted to help the dog, 　　　　 as he approached,the dog started to bark.  7. “ I would like to know, ” said a friend, “ the reason you preferred that boy, who brought neither a single letter, 　　　 a single recommendation. ” 答案及剖析 : 6.but∕yet 　考查连词的用法。句意 : 那个年轻人想帮助那条狗 , 但是当他接近时 , 那条狗开始叫。设空处前后为转折关系 , 故用 but 或 yet 连接。 7.nor 　考查并列连词。此处“ neither...nor...” 是固定表达 , 表示“既不 …… 也不 ……” 。 8.It must be five o ’ clock now, 　　　　 the birds are singing.  9.Chris will help us 　　　　　 he possibly can and is ready to listen to everyone ’ s problems.  10.The visitor asked to have his picture taken 　　　　 stood the famous tower.( 2019 江苏淮安淮海中学段考 )  答案及剖析 : 8.for 　考查连词的用法。分析句子结构可知 , 此处需要填一个连词。句意 : 现在肯定 5 点钟了 , 因为鸟在唱歌了。后半句对前面的情况予以说明 , 故用并列连词 for 。 9.if 　考查条件状语从句。由语境可知应填 if: 如果他能帮我们的话 ,Chris 就会帮忙。 10.where 　句意 : 那位游客要求在那座著名的塔那儿拍照。 stood the famous tower 使用了倒装结构 , 主语是 the famous tower, 谓语是 stood, 设空处在句中作地点状语 , 表示“在 …… 地方”。 11.Early that morning we were about to hurry out 　　　 suddenly my wife told me that she had forgotten to make a cheesecake that was to be part of the auction.  12.What matters is spending quality time with their children, 　　　 . 　 tight their schedule is.( 2019 浙江稽阳联谊学校高三下学期 4 月联考 )  答案及剖析 : 11.when 　考查时间状语从句。句意 : 那天清晨 , 我们正要出门 , 突然我妻子告诉我 , 她忘了做一个干酪蛋糕 , 这是拍卖的一部分 , 用 when 引导时间状语从句 , 意为“就在这时”。 12.however 　考查连词。不管家长的日常安排有多么紧张 , 最重要的是要和孩子们共度高质量的时光。 13.In a talk at Tsinghua University in Beijing,Zuckerberg spoke Chinese for about 30 minutes. 　　　　 his Chinese was far from perfect,the students cheered his effort.( 2019 四川成都诊断 )  14.When the servants brought the steak,he took out a fork and began to eat 　　　　 people did in Italy.( 2019 浙江台州黄岩中学高三上学期第一次模拟 )  答案及剖析 : 13.Though/Although/While 　后句句意 : 尽管他的汉语很不完美 , 但学生们为他的努力喝彩。由句意可知 , 设空处引导让步状语从句 , 表示“尽管” , 故可用 Though/Although/While 引导。 14.as 　考查 as 引导的方式状语从句。句意 : 当仆人们拿来牛排时 , 他拿出一把叉子 , 开始像在意大利一样吃东西。结合句意可知此处是 as 引导的方式状语从句。 15.Sometimes there are so many bikes 　　　　 they completely block the sidewalks.( 2019 浙江宁波余姚中学高三上学期期中考试 )  答案及剖析 : 15.that　 考查连词。句意 : 有时自行车太多 , 以至于完全堵住了人行道。句型 so...that... 如此 …… 以至于 ……, 故填 that。 Ⅱ. 语篇语法填空 (2019 浙江余姚中学高三 5 月模拟 ) Jim ’ s father once gave Jim a puppy on his 1. 　　　　 (ten) birthday as a birthday gift.Excitedly,Jim named the puppy to be Brownie.Soon,Jim and Brownie became fond of each other.One day,Jim went to a river to try to catch a big fish.Jim got excited and Brownie started barking loudly, 2. 　　　　 (encourage) Jim.Jim leaned down,fighting the powerful fish,and he tried to grab it,but he hit his head 3. 　　　　 (expect) on the side of the canoe.So,he fell into the water and was 4. 　　　　 (able) to swim. Brownie desperately caught Jim ’ s shirt and swam to the shore,and later,he succeeded.Jim woke up,feeling dizzy and confused on the river bank.Brownie was licking his face and Jim smiled because Brownie 5. 　　　　 (save) his life.Then they both headed towards the home.  After a long walk,Jim saw his father at home,6. 　　　 　 was standing by the shoreline.He was waiting for Jim and Brownie 7. 　　 . 　　 (return).Jim ran up to his father and told him about the incident. Jim ’ s father thanked Brownie for saving 8. 　　　　 (he) son.He rubbed Brownie ’ s head 9. 　　　　 care and love.They all smiled and went inside the home,since they knew that a best companion would always get you out of 10. 　　　　 (difficult).  语篇解读 : 这是一篇记叙文 , 主要讲述了小狗勇敢救小主人的故事。 答案及剖析 : 1.tenth 　根据句意知 , 此处表示“十岁生日” , 故用序数词。 2.encouraging 　考查非谓语动词。句中逻辑主语是 Brownie, 与 encourage 构成主动关系 , 故填现在分词。 3.unexpectedly 　考查副词。根据语境知 , 表示“没有料想到的是 ……” 。 4.unable 　考查形容词。根据语意知 , 此处表示“不能够游泳” , 故填 unable 。 5.had saved 　考查时态。根据语意知 , 此处 save 动作发生在主句中谓语动词之前 , 故填过去完成时态 had saved 。 6.who 　考查非限制性定语从句。先行词是 his father, 所以选关系代词 who 。 7.to return 　考查动词不定式。根据 wait for sb. 可知 , 其后接不定式表示“目的”。 8.his 　考查代词。这里 his 指代 Jim ’ s father ’ s son, 所以填 his 。 9.with 　考查介词。在句中 with 表示“伴随状态”。 10.difficulty/difficulties 　考查名词。根据语意知 , 此处 out of difficulty/difficulties 表示“摆脱困境”。