通用版2021高考英语一轮复习考点十二词性转换练习含解析 17页

考点十二　词性转换 限时25分钟 一、单句语法填空 ‎1．My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much ________ (confident). ‎ 答案：confidence　句意：我的英语提高了许多；更重要的是，我的自信心增强了不少。句中的much为限定词，后应接名词，作宾语。根据派生法规则，confident的名词形式为confidence。‎ ‎2．Smoking during pregnancy ________ (danger) your baby's life.‎ 答案：will endanger　句意：孕期抽烟会危及胎儿生命。句中所填词应为谓语动词，意为“危及”；根据派生词构词法规则，可在名词前加前缀en，转化为相应意义的动词，即endanger；另外，本句表示叙述在某种情况下有可能发生的事，应用情态动词will，故填will endanger。‎ ‎3．It was a ________ (fog) cold morning when he set off for the remote village.‎ 答案：foggy　句意：在一个寒冷的起雾的上午，他向那个遥远的村庄进发了。句中所填词修饰morning，作定语。根据派生法规则，fog的形容词形式为foggy。‎ ‎4．People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use)．‎ 答案：useless　句意：对于重返学校，人们当然有各种理由，但是有一点需要知道的重要的事是，知识是有用的。所填词涉及否定意义的后缀：名词＋less构成形容词。所填词作系动词is的表语，且根据语境，此处应填表示否定意义的形容词，构成双重否定。useless “无用的”。‎ ‎5．The ________ (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world.‎ 答案：protection　句意：人类环境的保护和改善是一个影响全世界人民和经济发展的大问题。根据“and improvement”可知，所填词为protect的名词形式。根据派生法规则，在protect后加后缀ion变为名词。‎ ‎6．The meeting supposed to be ________ (success) turned out to be a failure in the end. ‎ 答案：successful　句意：那场本应该成功的会议最终被证明是失败的。所填词作be的表语，应填形容词。根据派生法规则，在success后加后缀ful，构成形容词。‎ ‎7．Customs officials ________ (cover) a plot to smuggle weapons into the - 17 -‎ ‎ country.‎ 答案：uncovered　句意：海关官员发现了一个走私武器入境的阴谋。句中所填词应为谓语动词，根据后面的宾语a plot可知，此处应表示“发现，揭露”；根据派生词构词法规则，在动词前加前缀un，转化为相反意义的动词，故填uncovered。‎ ‎8．Ann will be remembered for her ability and her ________ (warm). ‎ 答案：warmth　句意：安因为她的能力和热情友好，将被铭记。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词。根据派生法规则可知warm的名词形式，即在词尾加后缀th。‎ ‎9．The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning ________ (necessary)．‎ 答案：unnecessary　句意：凉爽的风吹过卧室的窗户，使得空调都没有必要了。所填词在句中作宾语补足语，应填形容词，根据语境可知，此处表示“没有必要的”；根据派生词构词法的规则，可在形容词前加表示“没有，不”的前缀un，故填unnecessary，意为“没有必要的”。‎ ‎10．It has a highly ________ (regular) shape, covered with bumps and indentations.‎ 答案：irregular　句意：它的外形极不规则，满是凸块和凹陷。句中为形容词作定语，修饰名词shape，根据后面的过去分词短语可知，所填词表示“不规则的”；根据派生词构词法规则，在形容词前加前缀ir，转化为相反意义的形容词，故填irregular。‎ ‎11．It is ________ (legal) to sell tobacco to someone under 16.‎ 答案：illegal　句意：出售烟草给16岁以下者是非法的。所填词在句中作表语，且根据“to someone under ‎16”‎可知，此处表示“非法的”。根据派生法规则，应加前缀il。‎ ‎12．Extracurricular activities ________ (able) the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.‎ 答案：enable　句意：课外活动可以使学生们知道怎样运用在课本上学到的知识。所填词在句中作谓语动词，根据派生法规则，able的动词形式需要在词首加前缀en即可，enable 意为“使……能够”。‎ ‎13．You can rely on him because he is quite ________ (rely)．‎ 答案：reliable　所填词用在系动词is后，作表语，根据句中的“rely on him”可知，所填词表示“值得信赖的”，根据派生法规则，rely的形容词形式需要将字母y改为i，再加后缀able。‎ ‎14．People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or ________ (honest)．‎ 答案：dishonest　句意：靠福利救济的人被误认为懒惰或不诚实。根据语境可知，应填形容词，并表示否定意义，即 “不诚实的”；根据派生法规则，只需在词首加前缀dis。‎ ‎15．You may find to your ________ (amaze) that there is more kindness in your - 17 -‎ ‎ community than you ever believe possible.‎ 答案：amazement　句意：你可能会惊奇地发现，在你的社区，洋溢着难以置信的友爱。所填词位于your之后，应用名词形式；根据派生法规则，只需在词尾加后缀ment即可变为名词。‎ ‎16．I cannot control my body well. My legs become ________ (pain)．‎ 答案：painful　句意：我无法很好地掌控我的身体。我的双腿变得疼痛。所填词位于连系动词之后，应用形容词作表语；根据派生法规则，只需在词尾加后缀ful即可构成painful “疼痛的”。‎ ‎17．Late last year the Thompsons took part in a television documentary (纪录片) to prove that not all gifted children are the result of extremely ________ (ambition) parents.‎ 答案：ambitious　根据空格位置，后面是名词parents，应该使用形容词作定语，故填ambitious。‎ ‎18．Under her ________ (encourage), I would spend hours burying myself in novels, even if my friends just laughed at me.‎ 答案：encouragement　句意：在她的鼓励下我总会花几个小时埋头看小说，即使朋友们嘲笑我。这里需用名词，指的是“在她的鼓励下”。‎ ‎19．The ________ (grow) number of Chinese tourists traveling to Spain has in recent years offered opportunities for local companies.‎ 答案：growing　该空格处后面的词“number”是名词，名词受形容词修饰限制，grow为动词，动词转化为形容词时，常用v.ing表示主动进行，v.ed表示被动完成。此处表示大量中国游客去西班牙旅行，这个数量一直在增长中，表示进行，故答案为growing。‎ ‎20．China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “new four great ________ (invent)”．‎ 答案：inventions　句意：中国用“新四大发明”再次展示了改变世界的能力。前面有形容词性物主代词修饰，且作介词的宾语，故这里用名词形式invention，且为可数名词，故用复数形式。‎ ‎21．I ________ (firm) believed I could learn lots of words, phrases, translation skills, news stories and even amazing knowledge by reading it.‎ 答案：firmly　空格后的believed为动词，动词受副词修饰，故答案为firmly。‎ ‎22．In most ________ (develop) countries, like America and the Great Britain, teaching is a profession.‎ 答案：developed　句意：在美国和英国等发达国家中，教书是一种专业。develop的形容词变体有developing “发展中的”和developed - 17 -‎ ‎ “发达的”两种形式，句中修饰美国和英国，故答案应为developed。‎ ‎23．________ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English.‎ 答案：Luckily　句意：庆幸的是，英语为母语者能够彼此理解，即使他们不讲同一种类的英语。所填词修饰整个句子，因此使用副词，故答案为Luckily。‎ ‎24．Being ________ (happy) is like an infectious disease. It causes people to stay away from the sufferer.‎ 答案：unhappy　句意：不快乐就像传染病一样，会使得人们对于不快乐的人退避三舍。根据此空后面的“like an infectious disease (像一个传染病一样)”可知，此处应该使用happy的反义词，故填unhappy。‎ ‎25．She carried her left arm at an awkward angle, as if it were causing her ________ (comfort)．‎ 答案：discomfort　句意：她的左胳膊很不自然地抬着，好像它让她不舒服似的。设空处前有形容词性物主代词修饰，所以用名词。由句意可知用discomfort“不舒服”。‎ ‎26．It was ________ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines.‎ 答案：extremely　此空并不是系动词was后的表语，作表语的是difficult，空格处所填词修饰difficult，故填副词。‎ ‎27．Your ideas are very interesting, but we need ________ (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.‎ 答案：practical　此处表示“可是我们需要切实可行的建议帮我们脱离困境”，故用practice的形容词形式practical。‎ ‎28．Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the________ (assume) you've made.‎ 答案：assumption　句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。前面是定冠词the，后面跟名词形式，故填assumption。‎ ‎29．Alice, the sales manager of the company, is doing a course to ________ (sharp) her business skills.‎ 答案：sharpen　句意：这家公司的销售经理Alice正在学习一门课程来提高她的业务技能。sharpen “加强，提高”，不定式在此作目的状语。‎ ‎30．A television series is fast gaining its wordofmouth ________ (popular) among not only Chinese households but also some foreigners. ‎ 答案：popularity　根据空格位置，前面有形容词性物主代词its和wordofmouth，后面应该为名词。popular为形容词，它的名词变化为后面加ity，故填popularity。‎ - 17 -‎ 二、单句改错 ‎1．The teachers in our school are all kind and helpfully.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：helpfully→helpful　本句中，系动词are后应接形容词作表语。由派生法规则可知，ful可作形容词的后缀，而ly为副词的后缀，故将helpfully改为helpful。‎ ‎2．That little act of kind made everyone who saw it feel good—but it made me feel the best of all!‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：kind→kindness　本句中，介词of后应该接名词；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀ness可变为相应意义的名词，故将kind改为kindness，act of kindness意为“善举”。‎ ‎3．As far as I am concerned, my suggest is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：suggest→suggestion　本句中，系动词is前的名词短语作主语，且my后应接名词；根据派生法规则，在动词后加后缀ion，可变为相应意义的名词，故将suggest改为suggestion。‎ ‎4．If you deep your knowledge or understanding of a subject, you will learn more about it and become more interested in it.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：deep→deepen　本句中，从句中应用实义动词作谓语；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀en，可变为相应意义的动词。故将deep改为deepen。‎ ‎5．A lot of people became homely owing to the terrible earthquake.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：homely→homeless　本句中，became为连系动词，后应接形容词作表语，且根据语境可知，此处应接表示否定意义的形容词；根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀less，可变为表示否定意义的形容词。故将homely改为homeless。‎ ‎6．The good working conditions in this company are attract. ‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：attract→attractive　本句中，应用形容词作are的表语，描述该公司的工作条件吸引人；根据派生法规则，在动词后加后缀ive，可变为相应意义的形容词。故将attract改为attractive。‎ ‎7．Try your best to memory these new words.‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________________________‎ - 17 -‎ 答案：memory→memorize　本句中，to是动词不定式符号，后接动词原形，构成不定式短语，表示目的；根据派生法规则，ize可作为动词的后缀。以y结尾的，去掉y，再加ize，故将memory改为memorize。‎ ‎8．My close friend Jack understood me, which made me upset. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：understood→misunderstood　根据句中的非限制性定语从句可知，“我”很伤感的原因是朋友误会了“我”。根据派生法规则，在动词前加前缀mis可变为表示相反意义的词。故将understood改为misunderstood。‎ ‎9．I don't think it a reason practice for them to behave that way in our society. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：reason→reasonable　本句中，修饰名词practice，应用形容词作定语。根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀able，可变为相应意义的形容词。故将reason改为reasonable。‎ ‎10．After waiting for about half an hour, I was beginning to get impatiently.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：impatiently→impatient　句意：等了半个小时后我开始变得不耐烦了。get为系动词，后接形容词，故将构成副词的后缀ly去掉。‎ ‎11．Unfortunate, I won't be able to meet you at the airport because I have classes in the afternoon.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：Unfortunate→Unfortunately　位于句首修饰整个句子应用副词。‎ ‎12．If you feel nervous or stress, try to do some relaxation exercises like deep breathing.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：stress→stressed　句意：如果你感到紧张或有压力，试着做一些放松练习，比如深呼吸。stressed意为“感到有压力的”。‎ ‎13．She found someone was following her, so she felt very frightening.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：frightening→frightened　句意：她发现有人在尾随她，所以她感到非常害怕。描述人的心理感受应该用ed结尾的形容词。‎ ‎14．It is our belief to further expand markets and be satisfied with existing achievements.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：‎ - 17 -‎ satisfied→dissatisfied　句意：进一步开拓市场，不满足于现有成绩是我们的信念。 根据上文“开拓市场”，说明“不满足于现有成绩”。‎ ‎15．What makes qigong special is that it can be done lying, sitting, or standing; thus it is access to disabled persons, seniors, and people recovering from injuries. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：access→accessible　句意：气功的特殊之处在于它可以躺着、坐着或站着去做。所以残疾人、老年人和伤后恢复的人都可以做。系动词is之后应用形容词作表语，故将access改为形容词accessible，其意为“易接近的；容易理解的”。‎ 构词法(一)‎ 英语中的构词法主要可以分为派生法、合成法和转化法。正确运用构词法知识，有助于学生辨识阅读中遇到的生词的能力，更有助于考生解答语法填空和短文改错题中关于词性转换的设题。‎ 一、名词的后缀 ‎ ‎1．动词＋ion/tion/ation/sion(表示动作或动作过程)→名词 correct→correction 纠正；改正 expect→expectation 期望 ‎ consider→consideration 考虑 conclude→conclusion 结论 ‎ ‎2．动词＋er/or/ee/ar/ess/ian/ist(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人，即具体表示某种“人”)→名词 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 teach→teacher 教师 lie→liar 说谎者 employ→employee 员工 art→artist 艺术家 music→musician 音乐家 ‎3．动词＋ment(表示行为状态、过程、手段或结果)→名词 punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 成就 ‎ ‎4．动词/形容词＋th→名词 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 ‎ ‎5．形容词＋ y/ty/ity→名词 ‎ honest→honesty 诚实 cruel→cruelty 残忍 ‎ - 17 -‎ responsible→responsibility责任 ‎6．形容词＋ness(表示状态或性质)→名词 careless→carelessness 粗心 ‎ ‎7．动词＋ance/ence→名词 perform→performance 表演；业绩 prefer→preference 偏爱 ‎8．名词＋ship(表示身份、关系或资格)→名词 member→membership 成员；会员 ‎ ‎9．动词＋ure/ture→名词 fail→failure 失败 ‎ mix→mixture 混合物 ‎10．形容词＋dom→名词 free→freedom 自由 ‎ ‎11．动词＋al→名词 arrive→arrival 到达 ‎12．名词＋ful→名词 mouth→mouthful 一口；一满口(的量)‎ hand→handful 一把；一把的量 二、形容词的前缀与后缀 ‎ ‎1．名词＋al(表示“有……属性”或“与……有关”)→形容词 ‎ ‎ agriculture→agricultural 农业的 nation→national 国家的 ‎ ‎2．动词/名词＋able/ible→形容词 ‎ accept→acceptable 可接受的 ‎ access→accessible 容易达到的 ‎3．动词＋ive→形容词 act→active 积极的 instruct→instructive 具有教育意义的 ‎ ‎4．名词＋ful→形容词 ‎ care→careful 仔细的；认真的 ‎ ‎5．名词＋y/ly→形容词 ‎ wealth→wealthy 富裕的 friend→friendly 友好的 ‎ ‎6．名词＋ous→形容词 - 17 -‎ danger→dangerous 危险的 mountain→mountainous 多山的 ‎7．以some结尾的形容词 tire→tiresome 令人厌烦的 ‎ ‎8．以a为首构成的形容词 live→alive 活(着)的 wake→awake 醒着的 三、动词的前缀与后缀 ‎ ‎1．前缀en ＋形容词→动词 rich→enrich 使丰富 large→enlarge 变大；扩大 ‎2．前缀en＋名词→动词 danger→endanger 危及；危害 courage→encourage 鼓励 ‎3．形容词/名词＋后缀en→动词 short→shorten 缩短 sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 ‎ ‎4．以ify结尾的动词 simple→simplify 使简化 beauty→beautify 使美化 ‎5．以ize结尾的动词 real→realize 意识到 memory→memorize 识记；记忆 四、副词的后缀 ‎ 变化形式 例词 直接加ly(表示以某种方式)‎ slow→slowly 缓慢地 extreme→extremely 极端 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i，加ly ‎ happy→happily 高兴地 merry→merrily 快乐地 去e加ly true→truly 真正地 以le结尾的形容词去e加y simple→simply简单地 gentle→gently温柔地 五、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 ‎1．表示否定或相反意义的前缀 - 17 -‎ ‎(1)un/dis/in/im/ir/il/non 不，非 ‎ able→unable 不能够 cover→uncover 揭露 honest→dishonest不诚实的 active→inactive 不活跃的 ‎ patient→impatient 不耐烦的 regular→irregular 不规则的 ‎ logical→illogical 不合逻辑的 ‎ ‎(2)mis 错误地 lead→mislead 误导 ‎ ‎2．less表示否定或相反意义的后缀 use→useless 无用的 ‎ hope→hopeless 毫无希望的 限时25分钟 一、单句语法填空 ‎1．(2020·安徽省黄山市屯溪第一中学高三月考)Those who ate seven ounces or more of red or processed meat daily—or got the ________ (major) of their protein from meat—had a 23 percent higher risk of premature death, according to Science Daily.‎ 答案：majority　该空格前有the，后有介词of，因此需用名词形式majority。‎ ‎2．(2020·安徽省六校教育研究会高三第一次素质测试)Check out course and program ________ (describe), reviews of professors, and sit in on some classes if you're able to visit campus.‎ 答案：descriptions　句意：查看课程和项目描述，教授的评论，如果你能参观校园，可以旁听一些课程。结合句意可知此处应用名词，description可作可数名词，前面没有限定词，故用复数形式。故答案为descriptions。‎ ‎3．(2020·湖北省孝感市第一中学高三年级月考)They ________ (accident) found out that soil does not only attract fat, it could also stop fat from being absorbed into the body and round the digestive system.‎ 答案：accidentally　分析句子可知，修饰动词“found out”应用副词，故填accidentally。‎ ‎4．(2020·湖南师范大学附属中学高三摸底考试)So music wasn't really ________ (entertain), but a means for musicians to accomplish political and social goals.‎ 答案：entertainment　空格处对应后面的“a means”，应填名词形式，故填entertainment。‎ - 17 -‎ ‎5．(2020·天一大联考皖豫联盟体高三上学期第一次考试)The evolution is what has led to the present ________ (appear) of the kiwi bird.‎ 答案：appearance　此处表示“外观”，present在句中为形容词，因此空格处应填名词形式。‎ ‎6．(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)People who have breakfast are more likely to lose ________ (weigh) than those who don't eat a morning meal.‎ 答案：weight　lose weight固定短语，“减肥”，故填weight。‎ ‎7．(2019·深圳耀华实验学校月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________ (danger) people.‎ 答案：dangerous　修饰后面的名词people，使用形容词作定语，指危险的人们。‎ ‎8．(2019·山西大学附中高三模块诊断)How would you feel if you woke up and found your entire computer's contents—including your photos, your recent documents—no longer ________ (access)?‎ 答案：accessible　此处是“find＋sb./sth.＋adj.”结构，意为“发现某人(物)……”。形容词作宾语补足语，所以填accessible。‎ ‎9．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I guess that there's probably some ________ (demand) work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport.‎ 答案：demanding　空格处需要填形容词，修饰名词work schedule，demanding “要求高的；需要高技能(或耐性等)的；费力的”。‎ ‎10．(2019·天津高考)And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are ________ (limit)．‎ 答案：limitless　句意：我发现读书可以带给我们的东西是无限的。故填形容词形式limitless。‎ ‎11．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The most ________ (hope) data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. ‎ 答案：hopeful　句意：报告中所分享的最令人鼓舞的数据是：在阅读方面，父母是孩子的榜样和重要的楷模。使用形容词，修饰后面的名词data，作定语。‎ ‎12．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold ________ (discover) in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.‎ 答案：discoveries　句意：城里到处都是不想安家定居的失望的人们，并且当他们听说在阿拉斯加发现了金子的时候，他们像来的时候那样，迅速地离开了道森城。结合前面的“new - 17 -‎ ‎ gold”可知，后面跟名词形式，根据were是复数可知填discoveries。‎ ‎13．(2018·天津高考)Despite recent ________ (advance) in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome.‎ 答案：advancements　结合前面的形容词“recent”可知，后面跟名词，故填advancements。‎ ‎14．(2018·浙江高考)Cooking food can be fun. You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your ________ (healthy) but in your pocket.‎ 答案：health　句意：烹饪食物是一件有趣的事。你可能开始注意到它对你的健康和你的钱包的影响。根据前面的形容词性物主代词your可知，后面跟名词，故填health。‎ ‎15．(2018·天津高考)Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my ________ (disappoint) we were defeated.‎ 答案：disappointment　句意：作为新队的教练，我非常兴奋，因为我知道我们队要赢，但是令我失望的是，我们输了。根据空格前的my可知，应填名词形式，故填disappointment。‎ ‎16．(2018·江苏高考)The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without ________ (fundament) changes to the industry.‎ 答案：fundamental　句意：不过，如果产业没有发生基本变化的话，小农场主的可持续发展不会发生。结合后面的名词changes可知，前面使用形容词作定语。‎ ‎17．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. ‎ 答案：strengthen　在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。‎ ‎18．(2018·天津高考)The ________ (possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.‎ 答案：possibility　定冠词the后面接名词，故填possibility。‎ ‎19．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.‎ 答案：careful　句意：然而，谨防走极端。动词be后应接形容词作表语；根据派生法规则，在名词后加后缀ful，可转换为形容词，故填careful。‎ ‎20．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.‎ 答案：fairly　句意：那时候，使用蒸汽机牵引车厢，乘客们肯定会因为烟和噪音而极为不舒服。所填词修饰后面的形容词unpleasant，应用副词；根据派生法规则，在形容词后加后缀ly，可转换为相应意义的副词。故填fairly，意为“相当地”。‎ ‎21．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of the electricpowered engines and lifts.‎ - 17 -‎ 答案：introduction　句意：只有随着电力机车和升降机的引进，这种发展才有可能。所填词位于定冠词the之后，of之前，应填名词形式；根据派生词规则，可在动词后加后缀tion，变为相应意义的名词，故填introduction。‎ ‎22．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most ________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.‎ 答案：successful　句意：中部伦敦地铁是这些新线路中最成功的线路之一，在1900年开放营运。所填词位于表示最高级的“the most”之后，应填形容词；根据派生词的构成规则，可在名词后加后缀ful，构成相应意义的形容词，故填successful，意为“成功的”。‎ ‎23．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．‎ 答案：education　句意：她决心继续接受教育。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词作宾语；根据派生词的构词规则，可在动词后加后缀ion，构成相应意义的名词，故填education。‎ ‎24．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.‎ 答案：certainly　句意：这的确有趣，但这种生活方式有一点不真实。所填词在句子中修饰形容词fun，应用副词形式；根据派生词的构词规则，可在形容词后加后缀ly，构成相应意义的副词。‎ ‎25．(2017·天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical ________ (equip), allowing more patients to be treated. ‎ 答案：equipment　句意：这家医院近来已经获得了新的医疗设备，使得更多的病人可以获得救治。所填词位于形容词new medical之后，应填名词；根据派生词转化规则，在动词后加后缀ment可转化为相应意义的名词，故填equipment。 ‎ ‎26．(2017·天津高考) I had a very poor ________ (relation) with food: I used it to kill bad feelings, to make myself feel better, and to celebrate.‎ 答案：relationship　句意：我与食物的关系很不和谐：我利用它来消除糟糕的心情，让我自己感觉更好，并且用食物来庆祝。所填词涉及名词转化为名词的后缀：ship。故填relationship，意为“(抽象的或内在的)关系”。‎ ‎27．(2017·浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a ________ (hand) of small carrots and was about to throw them away. ‎ 答案：handful　句意：去年十月，Lena Pahlsson 在照料她位于瑞典莫拉的花园时，她拔出一把小胡萝卜，并且打算把它们扔掉。所填词位于冠词a之后，应填名词；根据派生词构词法规则，在名词后加后缀ful可转化为相应意义的名词，故填handful，意为“一把”。‎ ‎28．(2017·浙江高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ ‎ - 17 -‎ ‎(shine) object. ‎ 答案：shiny/shining　句意：但是某样东西让她凑近了看，并且她注意到了一个闪光的物体。所填词位于冠词a之后，名词object之前，应填形容词；根据派生词构成规则，可在动词后加后缀y/ing构成形容词，故填shiny/shining。‎ ‎29．(2017·江苏高考)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her ________ (difficult)．‎ 答案：difficulty　句意：如果没有老师们的支持，这名学生不可能战胜困难。所填词位于形容词性物主代词her之后，应填名词；根据派生词构词规则，可在形容词之后加后缀y，转化为相应意义的名词，故填difficulty。‎ ‎30．(2017·江苏高考)The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, ________ (strength) Dickens' status as a leading novelist. ‎ 答案：strengthened　句意：《伟大前程》这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬，它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。所填词作句子的谓语；根据派生词构词法规则，可在名词后面加后缀en，转化为相应意义的动词，且本句描述过去的事实，故填strengthened。‎ 二、 单句改错 ‎1．(2020·内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高三上学期第一次月考)In the picture, I can be seen delicate performing Erhu.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：delicate→delicately　句意：在这幅画中，我可以看到我正在优美地演奏二胡。此处是副词修饰动词，故把delicate改成delicately。‎ ‎2．(2020·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三上学期开学检测)The pill is planned to be taken immediately after a frightened experience.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：frightened→frightening　a frightening experience “一次令人害怕的经历”。‎ ‎3．(2020·山西省祁县中学高三月考)Flowers are the main attract of any type of decoration and in the same way respect is the beauty of life.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：attract→attraction　根据 main 可推知，此处应填一个名词，故用名词形式attraction。‎ ‎4．(2020·甘肃省会宁县第一中学高三上学期第一次月考)It can make us bravely enough to face challenges.‎ - 17 -‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：bravely→brave　本句中enough是副词，应修饰形容词brave，故将bravely改为brave。‎ ‎5．(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期英语摸底考试)Also, coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be harmless to your body.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：harmless→harmful　句意：而且，不建议空腹喝咖啡，因为这对身体有害。故将harmless改为harmful。‎ ‎6．(2020·黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学高三上学期开学检测)The pill can help to reduce many sufferance.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：sufferance→sufferings　句意：这种药丸有助于减轻许多痛苦。sufferance “容许；忍耐”；suffering “痛苦；苦恼”。根据句意可知，应将sufferance改为sufferings。‎ ‎7．(2019·北京高考)Armed with this knowledge, they are able to carry out individual targeted campaigns to cheat people.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：individual→individually　本句中individually作副词修饰形容词targeted。‎ ‎8．(2019·广东省高三“六校联盟”第一次联考)In this fastchanging and compete world, many people are under heavy pressure.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：compete→competitive　句意：在这个快速变化和竞争激烈的世界里，许多人承受着巨大的压力。形容词修饰名词，故将动词compete改为形容词competitive。‎ ‎9．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D．C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington‎, ‎D．C.‎ in a health way with minimum effort. ‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：health→healthy　句意：无论上午还是下午，无论是初来乍到还是当地居民，如果想要一种健康舒适的方式感受华盛顿，骑车游览都是最佳选择。 根据语境可知，使用形容词修饰后面的way，故将health改为healthy。‎ ‎10．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)It's more likely that none of us start a converse because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：‎ - 17 -‎ converse→conversation　句意：我们没有人开始交谈，很可能因为觉得尴尬和具有挑战性，或者我们认为交谈令人感到厌烦和没有必要。结合前面的冠词a可知，后面使用名词，故将converse改为conversation。‎ ‎11．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired. I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm live.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：live→alive　句意：我不断地练习跳舞，甚至当我非常累的时候。我发现很难停下来了。跳舞提醒我还活着。根据前面的系动词am可知，后面跟形容词alive。‎ ‎12．(2018·北京高考)The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driver taxi services.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：driver→driverless　句意：这个州已经为公司出售或者出租自动驾驶汽车，并且为公司运营无人驾驶汽车业务清除了道路。结合前面的“selfdriving cars”可知，driver应改为driverless。‎ ‎13．(2018·江苏高考)Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instruct research about restaurants.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：instruct→instructive　句意：如今，学者们关于餐馆进行了大量的有意义的研究。instruct是一个动词，修饰后面的research，需要使用形容词，故将instruct改为instructive。‎ ‎14．(2018·天津高考)False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprison.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：imprison→imprisonment　句意：错误地使用火警是非法的并且可能导致坐牢。前面lead to中to是介词，后面跟名词作宾语，故将imprison改为imprisonment。‎ ‎15．(2018·浙江高考)People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it profession.‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________‎ 答案：profession→professionally　句意：一个世纪以来，人们一直在写小说——很多专家认为第一本小说追溯到1719年的《罗宾逊·克鲁索》——但是没有人想把写小说当作专业。修饰前面的do，使用副词，作状语，故将profession改为professionally。‎ 构词法(二)‎ 六、合成法 由两个或两个以上的单词结合组成复合词的构词法，称为合成法。‎ ‎1．合成名词 newspaper 报纸 daybreak 拂晓 - 17 -‎ blackboard 黑板 necklace 项链 flashlight 手电筒 haircut 理发 ‎2．合成形容词 goodlooking 好看的 hardworking 勤奋的 freshbaked 新烤的 coldblooded 冷血的 handmade 手工制作的 airsick 晕飞机的 bittersweet 苦乐参半的 homesick 想家的 ‎ ‎3．合成动词 broadcast 播送 babysit 看孩子 七、转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性，而词形不变的构词法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。‎ ‎1．动词转化为名词 He is a man of strong build. ‎ ‎2．名词转化为动词 Hand in your papers please. ‎ ‎3．形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions.‎ ‎4．副词转化为动词 Murder will out.‎ ‎5．形容词转化为名词 The girl in black appears very beautiful.‎ - 17 -‎