【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课三 10页

‎ 推理判断题增分点(一)——细节推断 ‎[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ ‎...‎ ‎28．What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?‎ A．They developed very fast.‎ B．They were large in number.‎ C．They had similar patterns.‎ D．They were closely connected.‎ ‎[解析]　选B　根据本段最后一句“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”可推知，在狩猎时代，人口少，语言种类却很多，故选B。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　根据选段第二句可知，在狩猎时代，小的紧密联系的群体发展了各自独立的语言，故C、D两项错误；根据本段内容可知，文中未提及狩猎时代语言的发展速度，可排除A项。‎ ‎[增分技巧]　细节推断题考查的内容虽然也属于原文细节，但它要求考生在原文的基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解、推断，立足于由已知推断未知。‎ 解答这类题的一般步骤是：‎ ‎(1)定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点；‎ ‎(2)字面理解：理解相关信息点的字面意思；‎ ‎(3)深层理解：结合语境和常识，在理解字面意思的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。‎ 细节推断题的答案不能在文章中直接找到，但推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推理的依据，进行正向或逆向思维，推断出隐含的深层含义，推断时要做到判断有据，推论有理。切忌主观臆断、过度推断、错误推断和以细节代替推断。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)‎ We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style.That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.‎ ‎...‎ ‎32. What does the author think of new devices?‎ A．They are environmentfriendly.‎ B．They are no better than the old.‎ C．They cost more to use at home.‎ D．They go out of style quickly.‎ 解析：选A　根据选段最后一句中的“these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things”可知，这些过时的设备比那些做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能源，由此可推知新的设备更节能、更环保。‎ B(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel (建议) parents looking for data about the effect of ereaders and tablets on reading.It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?‎ A．Ebooks are of poor quality.‎ B．It could be a waste of time.‎ C．It may harm children’s health.‎ D．Ereaders are expensive.‎ 解析：选C　根据选段最后一句中的“many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time”可知，许多家长仍然限制孩子阅读电子读物的原因，主要是担心孩子看电子屏幕时间增加，也就是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选C。‎ C(2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B节选)‎ I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be ‎ heartbreaking; survival is never certain.However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.‎ ‎...‎ ‎24．What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1?‎ A．Efforts made in vain.‎ B．Getting injured in his work.‎ C．Feeling uncertain about his future.‎ D．Creatures forced out of their homes.‎ 解析：选A　根据选段的“Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知，救助一些受伤、流离失所或病残的动物有时是令人心碎的，因为不能保证野生动物会存活下去，由此可推断作者的救助有时是徒劳的。故选A。‎ D(2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ ‎...‎ Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.‎ ‎...‎ ‎30．What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?‎ A．It will disappear gradually.‎ B．It remains black and white.‎ C．It should keep up with the times.‎ D．It changes every 50 years.‎ 解析：选C　根据选段内容尤其是“It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same”可推知，由于时代在改变，人们的娱乐方式已经发生改变，所以爵士乐应该随着时代改变，才能吸引更多的听众。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加★的题目为细节推断题)‎ A Are you planning to go to university？What do you think your responsibilities will be in the first few weeks？If you go to university in Chile, there will be something extra you must do before you can begin.‎ An important part of starting university in Chile is the mechoneo.The mechoneo is an ancient university tradition.Students beginning their first year at university are “welcomed” by the older university students.They are taken to a place like a swimming pool filled with ‎ horrible things such as old fruit, vegetables, meat and fish.They have to do games and challenges for a whole day, which may include some really revolting things like kissing a dead fish!‎ The “queen mechona” and “king mechona” are chosen that day.This will be based on how well the students do the activities, and many students try hard to be the king or queen for the year.‎ The older students then take away the younger students’ things (their backpacks, money, phones, etc.) and tell them they must go out onto the street and ask people for money.They will need to bring back a certain amount of money (e.g.around 20 dollars per person) in order to be given their things back.This money is then used to have a welcome party in the night time.‎ During the month of March it is common to see new university students all around the town wearing dirty clothes and covered in paint and mess.But the mechoneo is increasingly a source of debate.Some students see it as an important tradition and a unique experience that can help new arrivals get to know everyone while others find it shameful.There have been campaigns to ban or soften it and student organizations in some universities have voted to end the mechoneo completely.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了智利大学里的一个传统——新生周。‎ ‎★1.Why does the author ask two questions at the beginning of the text?‎ A．To clarify responsibilities.‎ B．To present an argument.‎ C．To introduce the topic.‎ D．To show some doubts.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段的“If you go to university in Chile, there will be something extra you must do before you can begin.”以及第二段的内容可知，文章开头提出两个问题是为了引出新生周这个话题。‎ ‎2．What does the underlined word “revolting” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?‎ A．Unpleasant.　　　　　 B．Meaningful.‎ C．Exciting. D．Dangerous.‎ 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词后的“like kissing a dead fish”可知，老生会让新生做一些“令人作呕的”事情，比如亲吻死鱼。这当然是令人不愉快的事情，故选A。‎ ‎3．What’s the older students’ special way of welcoming new arrivals in Chile?‎ A．Hold a big party for them.‎ B．Ask them for money.‎ C．Make a fool of them.‎ D．Debate with them.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段和第四段的内容可知，在新生周新生常会被老生以各种方式捉弄。‎ ‎★4.What can be concluded from the last paragraph?‎ A．The mechoneo is a good tradition worth spreading.‎ B．As a matter of fact, not everyone likes the mechoneo.‎ C．New students get to know each other by the mechoneo.‎ D．It is natural for the mechoneo to be banned in colleges.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the mechoneo is increasingly a source of debate. Some ...while others find it shameful.”可知，对于新生周这个校园传统并非每个人都赞同。‎ B At the age of 4, I began attending the choir at St.James Church.My mother decided that joining the choir would provide me with musical instruction.I was initially joined by a lot of kids at St.James, making choir a fun, social task, but as I grew older, one by one, my friends began dropping out.‎ St.James was situated on the Upper East Side, one of the fanciest areas in New York, while I came from the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick.Some children at the choir proudly showed off the signs of their good education whose cost was nearly as much as my mother’s yearly wage, while I wore my uniform of jeans and a T-shirt.They knew me as the girl from Brooklyn, the chorister who went to public school.This discrepancy (差异) made me very uncomfortable.‎ I begged my mom to let me follow the path of my friends, but she replied with a “no”．As the years went on, I continued to bother my mother.Her answers began to lessen in severity.She said “Just do it for one more year” or “Are you sure？” Not seeing much hope, I began to withdraw my constant requests.Gradually I enjoyed finding my voice every week in church.After years in the choir, people started to acknowledge me for my voice rather than my address and I began to appreciate music and my habitual complaints about the choir were completely gone.‎ Through the choir, I learned that if you continue with something long enough, you will receive some sort of benefit from it and maybe even grow to love it.Because of the choir, I found my voice in a small church.Because of the choir, I am willing to go wherever life will take me with an open mind.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者四岁起参加唱诗班，她母亲认为这可以给她音乐方面一些指导。作者中途想退出唱诗班，但是母亲没有答应，所以作者继续留下唱歌，进而发现了自己的音乐天赋。‎ ‎5．Why did the author’s mother send her to the choir?‎ A．She expected to make her sociable.‎ B．She wanted her to learn to sing.‎ C．She was too busy to take care of her.‎ D．She followed a friend’s suggestions.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第一段中的“My mother decided that joining the choir would provide me with musical instruction.”可知，作者的母亲让她参加唱诗班是因为她认定这会给作者带来音乐方面的指导，即她想让作者学习唱歌。‎ ‎6．Why did the author want to give up the choir?‎ A．She lost interest in singing.‎ B．She felt uneasy and embarrassed.‎ C．She hoped to get a better education.‎ D．She decided to help support her family.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。由第二段的内容可知，作者来自布什维克下层中产阶级社区，而St.James教堂位于富人区曼哈顿上东区，唱诗班的孩子们爱炫耀他们所受的良好教育。由此推断，作者之所以想退出唱诗班，是因为这些孩子们的炫耀让她很不舒服，使她很难堪。‎ ‎★7.How did the author’s mother react to her repeated requests?‎ A．She didn’t refuse them flatly.‎ B．She was very angry about them.‎ C．She agreed to them completely.‎ D．She simply ignored them.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。由第三段中的“she replied with a ‘no’，’Just do it for one more year’ or ‘Are you sure？’”可知，在作者提出想退出唱诗班时，作者的母亲起初态度坚决，在作者的一再请求下，母亲没有断然拒绝，态度有所缓和，但仍希望她坚持下去。‎ ‎★8.What lesson has the author learned from her choir experience?‎ A．Treasure what we have.‎ B．Stick to what we are doing.‎ C．Be curious about our daily life.‎ D．Be grateful to people around us.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。由最后一段内容可知，作者从自己参加唱诗班的经历中明白了一个道理：一定要坚持自己所做的事，这样才会发现做这件事的好处并且开始喜欢它。‎ C When I was in elementary school my parents would give me a dollar if I received an A in “Behavior” on our quarterly report cards.They didn’t pay for good academic grades,‎ ‎ although it was clear that they expected my very best effort.If that best effort resulted in a B instead of an A in a particular subject, that was OK.But anything less than an A in Behavior was inexcusable.‎ When I became a parent, I thought about this practice a lot, particularly around the arrival of my kids’ report cards.Never completely understanding my parents’ practice and feeling funny about rewarding good behavior with cash, I decided not to pay my kids for good conduct or for good academic grades.But results of a recent study from the Harvard‎ Graduate ‎School of Education made me think harder about what, exactly, my parents may have been trying to accomplish.‎ Surprisingly, according to the study, more than 80% of the 10,000 students surveyed ranked achievement or personal happiness over kindness.Yet, in the same study, 96% of parents indicated that it’s important for their children to have a strong moral compass.‎ The researchers in this study call this a rhetoric/reality gap (差距) — a gap between what adults say and what they do.And it sends, at the very least, a mixed message to kids about our core (核心) values.Kindness matters.It matters globally, as a healthy society needs people who care about the needs of others.And it matters to each of us personally.People can’t be truly happy if they are cruel.‎ So how can we let kids know that doing well in school matters but so does being a person of good character？I think that’s what my parents were trying to help me understand.My report card probably had a dozen letter grades measuring scholastic achievement, but only one for conduct.Pulling a dollar out of his wallet every grading period may have been my father’s way of balancing the scale (天平) — making sure that the one important grade buried on the back of the report got its due.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。作者在看完一项研究的结果后深入思考，最终意识到了父母当年奖励自己的品行的良苦用心。‎ ‎9．What did the author’s parents reward with money?‎ A．Good conduct.‎ B．Personal happiness.‎ C．Academic progress.‎ D．High academic grades.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由第一段中的“my parents would give me a dollar if I received an A in ‘Behavior’”可知，作者的父母用钱奖励作者良好的品行。A项中的conduct“举止，表现”与文中的“Behavior”为同义转换，故选A。‎ ‎ ★10.What can be inferred about the rhetoric/reality gap?‎ A．It is caused by kids.‎ B．It is bad for society.‎ C．It is quite expectable.‎ D．It is good for individuals.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。由第三、四段可知，该差距指很多父母口头上说道德很重要，但他们的行为让孩子们觉得成就或个人的幸福比道德更重要。再由第四段后半部分可知，道德对于社会和个人都非常重要。据此可推断，该差距对社会不利。‎ ‎★11.What does the author think of his report card?‎ A．It helped promote core values.‎ B．It ignored students’ social behavior.‎ C．It should attach more importance to conduct.‎ D．It was well balanced between grades and behavior.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由最后一段中的“My report card probably had a dozen letter grades measuring scholastic achievement, but only one for conduct ...got its due.”可知，作者的成绩报告单过分重视学业成绩，虽也包括品行的部分，但是显得微不足道。作者的父母奖励好的品行正是为了弥补这一不足。据此可推断，作者认为成绩报告单应该给予学生的品行更多的重视。‎ D It took multiple weddings for Christine Law to realize what she needed to do.In the summer of 2014, her schedule was packed with friends’ marriage celebrations — flowers-filled occasions that got her thinking, “Where do all the flowers go after the party？” More often than not, they were thrown out.Law, then 27, was confident she could find a better use for them.‎ By August, she had a plan: convince couples and companies hosting events to donate their flowers, which she would pick up and deliver within 48 hours to seniors across the city.She wanted to bring beauty into the lives of the elderly.She drew on her experience volunteering with non-profits in order to set up her own organization, which she called Floranthropie.Not having enough bouquets (花束)for all 150 people of a health center, Law asked the staff to provide a list of patients who needed cheering up most.“The first woman I approached thought it was a mistake, and that the flowers couldn’t possibly be for her，” says Law.“I said they were a gift, and we talked for a half-hour.”‎ In addition to health centers, Floranthropie focuses on community groups devoted to the elderly.Laëtitia Thélème is a volunteer for Les Pctits Frères, an organization that aims to help the elderly who don’t have a support system.The group receives a dozen or so bouquets from Floranthropie monthly, and then redistributes them.“Our motto is ‘flowers before bread’，” says Thélème.“We don’t focus on primary care, but rather ‎ on nourishing (滋养) the spirit.Floranthropie helps us do that.It’s amazing what a big difference a small bouquet can make.”‎ In the beginning, most of Floranthropie’s donations came through word of mouth.These days, Law receives messages from strangers via her organization’s Facebook page and has connected with corporations and flower wholesalers.Law hopes to expand Floranthropie nationally, but at this point is happy to be able to oversee each delivery personally.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Christine Law看到婚礼上用过的花被扔掉觉得很浪费，于是成立了一个组织，倡导人们把这些鲜花捐出来送给需要关爱的老人。‎ ‎12．What made Christine Law set up Floranthropie?‎ A．The waste of flowers.‎ B．The loneliness of seniors.‎ C．The persuasion of her friends.‎ D．The warm atmosphere of weddings.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。由第一段中的“flowersfilled occasions that got her thinking, ‘Where do all the flowers go after the party？’．..she could find a better use for them”，再根据第二段内容可知，Christine Law最初是因为看到婚礼和派对用过的鲜花被扔掉很可惜，于是产生了成立Floranthropie的念头。‎ ‎★13.What was the woman’s first reaction to Christine Law’s flowers?‎ A．She was moved. B．She was excited.‎ C．She was worried. D．She was surprised.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。由第二段中的“The first woman I approached thought it was a mistake, and that the flowers couldn’t possibly be for her”可知，当时那位收到鲜花的女士的第一反应是感到特别惊讶。‎ ‎★14.What can we infer about Floranthropie from Laëtitia Thélème’s words?‎ A．It should focus on primary care.‎ B．It is benefiting more than the elderly.‎ C．It is doing something of great importance.‎ D．It should cooperate with more non-profits.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由第三段中的“It’s amazing what a big difference a small bouquet can make.”可知，Laëtitia Thélème认为Floranthropie所做的事情(将婚礼和派对上用完的鲜花送给需要关怀的老年人)特别有意义。‎ ‎15．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．Volunteer Your Time B．Don’t Throw Them Out C．Special Delivery Makes Your Day D．Brighten Seniors’ Lives With Flowers 解析：选D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Christine Law看到婚礼和派对上用过的鲜花被扔掉很可惜，然后成立Floranthropie组织，鼓励人们将婚礼和派对上用过的鲜花捐给需要关爱的老年人的故事，故D项“用鲜花点亮老年人的生活”全面地概括了文章的主旨。‎