【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习考点讲解学案之：话题二十三　环境保护（A） 7页

话题二十三　环境保护(A)‎ A ‎[2018·浙江6月·B]‎ Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.‎ Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts (收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds,_plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ Among the bag makers' arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.‎ The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plasticbag use it cancels out. However, longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.‎ Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑) these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.‎ 体裁：议论文　题材：环境保护　主题：塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋 ‎【文章大意】　该文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的情况。到底是该禁止塑料袋？还是纸袋？还是两者都禁？让我们读文章了解一下吧。‎ ‎【熟词生义】　case常用义：箱子，盒子　本句义：案例；事实 ‎【难句分析】　Eyeing these headwinds，plasticbag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.‎ 分析：这是一个复合句，句子的主干为plasticbag makers are hiring scientists to make the case。Eyeing these headwinds是现在分词短语作伴随状语；that引导同位语从句，解释说明the case的内容。‎ 译文：看到这些禁令，塑料袋制造商聘请了一些像Stein一样的科学家来阐述，他们的产品并没有像大多数人认为的那样对地球有害。‎ ‎1．What has Steven Stein been hired to do?‎ A．Help increase grocery sales.‎ B．Recycle the waste material.‎ C．Stop things falling off trucks.‎ D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.‎ 答案与解析：D　考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“is defending an industry”和第二段中的“like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume”可推知，Stein是一个为塑料业，特别是支持塑料袋使用而发声的科学家，故选D项。‎ ‎2．What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．Bans on plastic bags.‎ B．Effects of city development.‎ C．Headaches caused by garbage.‎ D．Plastic bags hung in trees.‎ 答案与解析：A　考查词义猜测。根据文章第二段中的“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities”可知，大约90个城市已经禁止使用塑料袋，再根据画线词下文的内容可知画线词指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋，故选A项。‎ ‎3．What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plasticbag makers?‎ A．They are quite expensive.‎ B．Replacing them can be difficult.‎ C．They are less strong than plastic bags.‎ D．Producing them requires more energy.‎ 答案与解析：D　考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“However，longerlasting reusable bags often require more energy to make”可知，生产可重复使用的袋子会消耗更多的能源，故选D项。‎ ‎4．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．Plastic, Paper or Neither B．Industry, Pollution and Environment C．Recycle or Throw Away D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control 答案与解析：A　考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的“Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too”并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了塑料袋和可重复使用纸袋的利弊。A项能很好地概括全文。‎ B ‎[2019·山东高三高考预测]‎ Since the sex of a sea turtle(海龟) is determined by the heat of sand hatching the eggs, scientists had suspected they might see slightly more females. Climate change, after all, has driven sea temperatures higher, which, in these creatures, favors female children. They found female sea turtles from Raine Island, the Pacific Ocean's largest and most important green sea turtle living area, now outnumber males by at least 116 to 1.“This is extreme，” says turtle scientist Camryn Allen.‎ Biologist Michael Jensen wanted to know if climate change had already changed turtles' sexes. By using genetic(基因的) tests, he'd figured out that he could follow turtles of all ages. Still, his research data would lack an important detail: sex. Only after a turtle matures is it possible to tell its sex from the outside — mature males have slightly longer tails. By then turtles can be decades old, so scientists often use laparoscopy(腹腔镜检查), Sending a thin tube into each animal, but that's not so practical if you're hoping to examine hundreds of creatures. Fortunately, at a turtle conference, he met Allen, and all she needed was a little blood.‎ They compared their results with temperature data for nesting beaches. What worries them is that Raine Island has been producing ‎ almost female turtles for at least 20 years. This is no small thing. More than 200,000 turtles come to nest there. During high season, 18,000 turtles may settle in at once. “But what happens in 20 years when there are no more males coming up as adults? Are there enough to maintain the population？” says Allen. They also found cooler beaches in the south are still producing males, but those in the north, they're almost entirely females hatching. These findings clearly point to the fact that climate change is changing many aspects of wildlife biology.‎ But how widespread is this phenomenon — and what is the consequence?‎ 体裁：说明文　题材：环境　主题：雄雌海龟数量不等的原因 ‎【文章大意】　本文属于科普说明文。科学家在研究中发现，太平洋中雌海龟的数量远远超过了雄海龟，这是全球气候变暖所导致的结果。‎ ‎5．How might the scientists feel if there were slightly more female turtles?‎ A．It's unique. B．It's normal.‎ C．It's extreme. D．It's doubtful.‎ 答案与解析：B　考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Since the sex of a sea turtle(海龟) is determined by the heat of sand hatching the eggs，scientists had suspected they might see slightly more females.Climate change，after all，has driven sea temperatures higher, which, in these creatures, favors female children”可知，海龟的性别由孵化它们的海滩沙子的温度决定；气候变暖，沙滩的温度上升了，而温度上升有利于孵化出雌海龟，故可推知，如果(因为气候变暖)雌海龟数量稍微多一点，科学家们可能会觉得是正常的。‎ ‎6．What is a scientist's conventional way to identify a turtle's sex?‎ A．Using laparoscopy. B．Doing genetic tests.‎ C．Testing its blood. D．Watching its fail.‎ 答案与解析：A　考查细节理解。第二段中的“scientists often use laparoscopy(腹腔镜检查)，sending a thin tube into each animal”表明，科学家通常用腹腔镜检查来识别海龟的性别，因此选A。‎ ‎7．Why do the findings worry Jensen and Allen?‎ A．Too many females gather near Baine Island.‎ B．Female turtles cause temperatures to rise.‎ C．Turtle populations are in decline.‎ D．Sea turtles may end up dying out.‎ 答案与解析：D　考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“But what happens in 20 years when there are no more males coming up as adults? Are there enough to maintain the population？”可知，他们担心如果没有成年雄海龟，20年后，可能没有足够的雄海龟来维持海龟的数量，长此以往，海龟可能灭绝。‎ ‎8．What does the last paragraph imply?‎ A．People have to test the consequence.‎ B．People should stop the phenomenon.‎ C．More work needs doing about the phenomenon.‎ D．Climate change has changed sea turtles' sexes.‎ 答案与解析：C　考查推理判断。上段谈到了科学家发现气候变化正在改变野生生物生理习性的多个方面，比如气温变化让雌海龟数量远远大于雄海龟数量。本段承接上段，提出两个问题：这种现象的范围有多广？后果又是什么？言外之意是人们应该继续这方面的研究工作，将这种现象的前因后果弄明白，其余选项虽与本文或本段内容有关系，但并不是作者的弦外之音。‎ C ‎[2019·江西三名校高三联考]‎ It's thought that around 5 trillion pieces of plastic are currently floating in our oceans.‎ Both mammals and fish benefit from the clean ocean. It is reported that more than 8 million tons of plastic end up in our oceans every year, and nearly half of the plastic we produce is singleuse only.‎ This shoe brand, however, is riding the wave of change and is on a mission to help clean up our waters and rid the sea of plastic bottles that can take up to 400 years to break down. Vivobarefoot's newest footwear uses recycled plastic materials and has created an education program that spreads awareness about how harmful plastic is for sea life.‎ Every pair of shoes is made up of 17 plastic water bottles taken from the ocean and turned into a sustainable, comfortable pair of shoes, which are also healthy for your feet. And while not everyone ‎ can take part in ocean cleanups, choosing little ways we can give back to our planet goes a long way.‎ Vivobarefoot's new products include a variety of highperformance styles such as casual sneakers, running shoes, and hiking boots. The brand hopes that its latest initiative(新方案) will help lessen the indifference to pollution and how harmful it is for all living beings.‎ In the future, Vivobarefoot hopes to increase their production of shoes created from sustainable materials, and thankfully, it is now one of many brands that aim to increase environmentalism and educate communities on how global warming affects everyone.‎ This year, they'll add more recyclable and traceable materials into more than half of their production line, and they have plenty of creative developments in the works as well.‎ The shoes also have a health benefit. Based on the concept that wider, minimally designed shoes enable our foot to function at maximum potential, wearers also experience better balance and sensory input.‎ 体裁：说明文　题材：环保　主题：利用海洋废弃塑料造鞋 ‎【文章大意】　本文主要介绍了一家利用海洋中的废弃塑料瓶造鞋的公司。‎ ‎【难句分析】　Based on the concept that wider, minimally designed shoes enable our foot to function at maximum potential wearers also experience better balance and sensory input.‎ 分析：本句是一个复合句。that引导同位语从句，在从句中不作句子成分，对concept的内容进行补充说明。‎ 译文：基于更宽且有极少设计的鞋子能让脚最大程度地舒适的理念，穿这种鞋子的人也会有更好的平衡和触感。‎ ‎9．How does the author make his point convincing?‎ A．By listing figures.‎ B．By telling a story.‎ C．By giving examples.‎ D．By making comparisons.‎ 答案与解析：A　考查推理判断。根据第一段和第二段所列举的数字可推知，作者是通过数字来增强说服力的，故选A。‎ ‎10．What is Vivobarefoot doing to help with the marine creatures?‎ A．Donating money to buy food for them.‎ B．Keeping the ocean free from plastic bottles.‎ C．Producing more shoes from sustainable materials.‎ D．Raising public awareness of recycling and reuse.‎ 答案与解析：B　考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句“This shoe brand，however，is riding the wave of change and is on a mission to help clean up our waters and rid the sea of plastic bottles that can take up to 400 years to break down”可知，这家公司是通过清除海洋塑料瓶来帮助海洋生物的，故选B。‎ ‎【干扰项分析】　A项错在捐钱给海洋生物购买食物，文中并没有提到相关信息；C项错在用可持续材料生产更多鞋子，这与第三段第二句中的“Vivobarefoot's newest footwear uses recycled plastic materials”不完全相符；D项与第三段第二句中的“and has created an education program that spreads awareness about how harmful plastic is for sea life”不符，故排除。‎ ‎11. What is probably Vivobarefoot's operation philosophy?‎ A．Customerfocused. B．Serviceoriented.‎ C．Moneysaving. D．Environmentallyfriendly.‎ 答案与解析：D　考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Every pair of shoes is... a sustainable，comfortable pair of shoes”和第六段中的“it is now one of many brands that aim to increase environmentalism and educate communities on how global warming affects everyone”可推知，这家公司的经营理念是环保，故选D。‎ ‎12．What can we learn from the text?‎ A．Vivobarefoot's new products haven't been released.‎ B．Vivobarefoot is the most popular shoe brand in the world.‎ C．Vivobarefoot cares about not only its business but also public services.‎ D．Vivobarefoot is the first company to find the new function of waste materials.‎ 答案与解析：C　考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段“This year，they'll add more recyclable and traceable materials into more than half of their production line，and they have plenty of creative developments in the works as well”可推知，Vivobarefoot公司不仅仅关注生意，而且还关注公益服务，故选C。‎