【英语】2019届高考英语二轮复习增分技巧学案：专题一习题讲评课五 11页

‎ 主旨大意题增分点(一)——文章大意 ‎[典例]　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)‎ Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.‎ Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.‎ At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.‎ Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.‎ ‎ 31.What is the main idea of the text?‎ A．New languages will be created.‎ B．People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.‎ C．Human development results in fewer languages.‎ D．Geography determines language evolution.‎ ‎[解析]　‎ 选C　第一段说明语言已有几千年的历史，但有一些语言正在消失；第二段说明随着人类社会的发展，语言变得更少；第三段说明语言的分布是不均匀的；第四段介绍了超过400种语言正面临消亡的威胁。整篇文章主要说明的是由于人类社会的发展导致了语言变得越来越少。故选C。‎ ‎[干扰项分析]　A项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B、D两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。‎ ‎[增分技巧]‎ ‎1．快速确定文章大意 ‎(1)归纳要点抓大意。适用于没有明显的主题句的文章或段落。‎ ‎(2)从段落中抓大意。适用于主题句位于文章或段落中间类型的文章。‎ ‎(3)读首句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。‎ ‎(4)读尾句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在段尾/篇尾的文章，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。‎ ‎2．找主题句的5个小窍门 ‎(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。‎ ‎(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。‎ ‎(3)作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句常包含关键词)。‎ ‎(4)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。‎ ‎(5)表示总结或结论词语常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。‎ ‎3．解题原则 文章大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要作为最后一道题来做，因为只有通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，并且文章中其他题目的解答也会有助于对整篇文章主旨的理解。‎ 训练目标(一) ‎ 对点练——攻克失分短板 A(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B节选)‎ Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness (荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the ‎ West, with a population of 30,000.‎ Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snowcovered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.‎ But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.‎ ‎27．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．The rise and fall of a city.‎ B．The gold rush in Canada.‎ C．Journeys into the wilderness.‎ D．Tourism in Dawson.‎ 解析：选A　第一段简要介绍了决定城市发展的因素，引出道森这一城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍该城市的衰落及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕道森这个城市的发展兴衰展开的。故A项正确。‎ B(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)‎ After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.‎ Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.‎ The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populations — major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.‎ As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote ‎ problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.‎ The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.‎ ‎28．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．Wildlife research in the United States.‎ B．Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.‎ C．The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.‎ D．The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone‎ ‎Park.‎ 解析：选D　本文第一段点明在争议了几年之后，灰狼被重新引入黄石国家公园；第二、三段叙述灰狼曾经随处可见，可后来由于人类的发展，该种群被渐渐驱离这里并引发了一系列生态问题；第四、五段叙述生物学家建议重新引入灰狼，以及重新引入灰狼后的效果。由此归纳文章大意为：黄石国家公园里灰狼的消失导致了一系列生态问题，生物学家最终决定将灰狼重新引入黄石国家公园，从而改善了公园里的生态环境。故选D。‎ C(2017·浙江高考阅读A节选)‎ Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.‎ ‎...‎ In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin’s parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.‎ In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape (风景) painting.William Williams, a wellknown painter, came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student.But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist.‎ ‎21．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia.‎ B．Williams’ influence on Benjamin.‎ C．The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist.‎ D．The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.‎ 解析：选C　根据第一段第一句“Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.”以及选文第二段第一句“In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old”和最后一段，并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了艺术家本杰明·韦斯特少年时代的艺术启蒙。‎ 训练目标(二) ‎ 综合练——提高解题速度 ‎(加★的题目为文章大意题)‎ A The loud continuous noise of the cars or the sound of a plane can force its way into the deepest forest, yet it’s not only humans that are bothered by the noise.‎ Bioacoustician Bernie Krause has been studying the effect of noise pollution on wildlife, and has come across some interesting behavior, especially among animals that communicate by vocalization (发声), like humans.Birds use sound to communicate, but in noisy places, these animals have to shout over the natural noise to be heard.‎ Krause mentions a study of nightingales to clarify what he means.The birds responded to traffic noise by singing louder and louder until they actually went beyond noise pollution standards in the city.To belt out their songs, they increased their lung pressure fivefold, but scientists state that this is not dangerous for the birds themselves.‎ Studies show that sudden noise can cause certain birds to leave their nests, exposing the young to their enemies.One study also showed that songbirds that nested closer to busy motorways were much less productive than those that nested farther away.Mammals (哺乳动物) too are affected.A recent study showed that nursing caribou respond to plane noise by not producing enough milk to feed their young.‎ In some cases noise pollution can actually help some animals while harming others.Toads and frogs are known to vocalize in synchrony so that no predator can zero in on them.Krause found that when planes flew overhead and masked the toads’ songs, they lost their synchronicity, and it took them 45 minutes to get it back again.That gave Great Horned Owls and coyotes plenty of time to find individual toads by sound.‎ According to Krause, “Not only will noise pollution bother wildlife, but it won’t help our lives either.”‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。噪声污染不仅困扰着人类，也对野生动物产生巨大的影响。‎ ‎1．How did nightingales react to traffic noise?‎ A．By synchronizing their singing.‎ B．By producing louder sounds.‎ C．By harming themselves.‎ D．By leaving their nests.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The birds responded to traffic noise by singing louder and louder until they actually went beyond noise pollution standards in the city.”可知，夜莺面对交通噪声会用更高的声调来唱歌。‎ ‎2．How do young caribou suffer from aircraft noise?‎ A．They receive less food.‎ B．They can’t sleep at night.‎ C．They are often displaced.‎ D．They can’t hear their mothers.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。第四段的末尾提到caribou，由文中的描述“nursing caribou respond to plane noise by not producing enough milk to feed their young”可知，在有飞机噪声的情况下，哺乳期的母驯鹿不会生产足够的奶水来喂养它们的幼崽，因此驯鹿幼崽得到较少的食物。‎ ‎3．What would happen if toads and frogs failed to sing in union?‎ A．They might become defenceless.‎ B．They would stop communicating.‎ C．They would soon regain their rhythm.‎ D．They might be unable to hunt in groups.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“it took them 45 minutes to ...by sound”可知，蟾蜍和青蛙齐声和鸣，这样掠食者便难以找到目标；当飞机从上空飞过，蟾蜍的声音被噪声所影响，它们与青蛙的声音便会失去同步性，而它们需要45分钟时间才能再次找到声音的协调性，这就给了大角猫头鹰和郊狼足够的时间来捕食蟾蜍，因而使它们失去防御。‎ ‎★4.What is the text mainly about?‎ A．Animals’ reaction to noises.‎ B．The causes of noise pollution.‎ C．The effects of noise pollution on wildlife.‎ D．The ways animals communicate with each other.‎ 解析：选C　主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句和第二段第一句可知，受噪声困扰的不仅仅是人类，野生动物也深受其扰。接下来，第三、四、五段通过研究进一步证明了噪声污染对野生动物产生的影响。由此可知，C选项恰到好处地概括了文章主旨。‎ B When it comes to human behaviour, the brain is shown to have two different approaches to thinking. A common thought process is the automatic and fast approach which helps us to react quickly in dangerous situations. This is known as System 1 and dates back to the times of our prehistoric ancestors, who lived with a natural awareness of the dangers around them — bad weather and threatening animals. Nowadays, we still have the ability to react so rapidly and naturally to situations that it can feel like you’re not thinking at all. Have you ever found yourself giving in to temptation (诱惑) and unable to say “no” to buying that new jacket in the window? This is because System 1 is in control — a human characteristic which the world of advertising likes to make the most of!‎ System 2 is the opposite. It’s a slow thought process that requires us to pay attention and concentrate, for example, when doing a complex mathematical sum. This way of thinking helps us to make sensible longterm decisions. The problem is that System 2 often starts to feel boring and so System 1 takes over. How often have you put down your homework or put off doing important jobs to go on Facebook or watch a TV soap?‎ We like to think that we go through life mainly using System 2. As individuals, we are in control, always taking sensible and logical decisions. System 1 type thoughts are reserved for special occasions when we can afford to relax a little — on holiday perhaps. However, the former plays more of a secondary role in our lives, with the latter taking the main stage.‎ Sometimes it’s System 1 that makes the right decision but System 2 that gets it wrong. For example, professional sports teams put a lot of effort into a game plan but often it’s the unconscious human wish to do something differently that leads to a spectacular goal. This can also lead to the common mistaken idea that your successful decisions demonstrate your skill and talent, when in fact they were just luck.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了人的两种思维在生活中的作用。‎ ‎5．According to the text, modern advertising succeeds by .‎ A．exciting our natural desires B．taking advantage of our fears C．causing us to react in a safe way D．studying the prehistoric human mind 解析：选A　推理判断题。由第一段中的“giving in to temptation (诱惑)”及“a human characteristic”等可推知，商家正是利用激发人类天生的欲望来做广告的。‎ ‎6．What is System 2 good for?‎ A．Coming up with creative ideas.‎ B．Concentrating for long periods.‎ C．Performing difficult mental tasks.‎ D．Doing several tasks at the same time.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由第二段中的“doing a complex mathematical sum”可推知，System 2思维模式有利于人类做复杂的脑力工作。‎ ‎7．What does “This” in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A．An unexpected sports win.‎ B．A sudden change of action.‎ C．An unconscious mistake.‎ D．A mature plan.‎ 解析：选A　代词指代题。This指代的是前文提到的精彩的进球，也就是临时的人为决定带来的意外胜利。‎ ‎★8.What’s the text mainly about?‎ A．How to make sensible decisions.‎ B．What controls our mind.‎ C．Two systems of thought.‎ D．Human characteristics.‎ 解析：选C　主旨大意题。全文用对比的手法介绍了人类的两种思维模式各自的作用、优劣及相互关系，故选C项。‎ C Every year on February 2, crowds gather in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to watch a groundhog (土拨鼠) named Phil.You know the game — if he sees his shadow, bad news: There will be six more weeks of winter.But if he doesn’t see a shadow, spring is very near.In reality, the groundhog doesn’t have a great record; he’s made the right forecast just 39 percent of the time.So how did the strange tradition of Groundhog Day get its start?‎ The roots of Groundhog Day aren’t as random as they might seem.The beginning of February marks the halfway point between the shortest day and when night and day are about the same length.At the beginning, people would celebrate February 1 or 2 with a festival of light to mark the start of spring.Legend (传说) has it that if the female god Cailleach wanted a long winter, she’d make the day bright so she’d have sunlight to gather more firewood.But on a dark day she’d stay in because spring was on its way.Then medieval Christians (中世纪的基督教徒) adapted the festival and handed ‎ out candles.Their feast day falls 40 days after Christmas.If Candlemas is bright and fine, winter will last.If Candlemas brings clouds and rain, winter will not come again.‎ Eventually, Europeans started using animals’ shadows on Candlemas to predict the weather.Germans, whose tradition said a badger (獾) would walk out of its hole if there was snow but get back inside if the sun was out, brought the custom to the US.Pennsylvanian people made a change and replaced badgers with groundhogs.In 1887, watching for Punxsutawney Phil became an official event.Since then, other cities have started depending on their own groundhogs.Whichever predictor you trust, cross your fingers for a speedy, shadowfree spring.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。‎2月2日是美国宾夕法尼亚州传统的“土拨鼠节”，那么这个可爱的节日是怎么来的呢？‎ ‎9．Why can’t Punxsutawney Phil predict the weather accurately?‎ A．People often disturb Phil.‎ B．Phil often makes mistakes.‎ C．The weather there changes a lot.‎ D．The tradition lacks scientific basis.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Legend (传说) has it that if ...But on a dark day she’d stay in because spring was on its way.”可知，这一习俗源自古老的神话传说，缺乏科学依据，因此不能准确地预测天气。‎ ‎10．What does Candlemas refer to?‎ A．A female god.‎ B．The beginning of spring.‎ C．A festival after Christmas.‎ D．The shortest day of the year.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Then medieval Christians (中世纪的基督教徒) adapted the festival and handed out candles.Their feast day ...If Candlemas brings clouds and rain, winter will not come again.”可知，Candlemas (圣烛节)指的就是前文中所说的feast day，是一个圣诞节之后的节日。‎ ‎11．What would people expect on Groundhog Day?‎ A．Clear warm weather.‎ B．Phil seeing his shadow.‎ C．Phil returning to his hole.‎ D．The sky covered with clouds.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“if he sees his shadow, bad news: There will be six more weeks of winter”，第二段的“If Candlemas is bright and fine, winter will last.If ‎ Candlemas brings clouds and rain, winter will not come again.”以及最后的一段的“Germans, whose tradition said ...the sun was out, brought the custom to the US.”概括可知，人们通常认为这一天如果是阴天，土拨鼠看不到自己的影子的话，说明春天马上就要来了。因此人们盼望这一天阴云密布。‎ ‎★12.What’s the main idea of the text?‎ A．How to predict the weather.‎ B．The origin of Groundhog Day.‎ C．How Candlemas came about.‎ D．Unknown things about groundhogs.‎ 解析：选B　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了“土拨鼠节”的起源。‎ D ‎(2018·福建质量检测)If you thought pilots dimmed (使变昏暗) the lights before takeoff to give you some shuteye, think again.Believe it or not, the dim lighting could actually help save your life in case of a plane emergency.‎ The dimmed lights before taking off from the runway and landing are a flight precaution used to help passengers’ eyes adjust quicker during an emergency escape.“Going from a brightly lit environment to one that’s completely dark would require some time for our eyes to focus and see the escape slide，” Alice Theriault, service director for Air Canada wrote in a press statement.“Since we need to have all the seconds on our side in the event of an emergency, dimming the lights is one of many steps we take to ensure the safety of our customers.”‎ The phenomenon that your eyes see those strange speckles (小斑点) as your sight adjusts to a dark place after being in a light place is called dark adaptation.It normally takes our eyes about 20 to 30 minutes to see best in a dark room.The brighter the lights, the longer it takes for our eyes to adjust, which is why dimming the plane lights could shorten your “dark adaptation” time since you haven’t been sitting under fluorescent bulbs (荧光灯) all flight.‎ Not only does dimming lights add valuable time to the escape process, it also reduces the tension on your eyes if you need to look outside, or see the emergency lighting along the passage.“It helps keep you in the right direction.” Patrick Smith, an airline pilot and author of Cockpit Confidential told The Telegraph. “It also makes it easier for flight attendants to assess any outside risks, such as fire or debris, which might affect an escape.” So next time a pilot dims the lights, just know it’s for your safety, even though it creates a gentle atmosphere for your takeoff into the sky.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了飞行员在飞机起飞和降落之前把机舱内的灯光调暗的原因。‎ ‎13．The lights are turned down before takeoff to help passengers .‎ A．take a short break B．escape in time from an emergency C．create a warm atmosphere D．adapt their eyes to the bright environment 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，在飞机起飞和降落前把(机舱内的)灯光调暗是一种飞行预防措施，用于帮助乘客在紧急逃生时使眼睛更快速地适应周围的环境。故选B。‎ ‎14．What is one of the roles of shortening “dark adaptation” time?‎ A．Slowing down the landing.‎ B．Adjusting the plane lights.‎ C．Keeping passengers calm.‎ D．Helping the crew judge outside risks.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“It also makes it easier for flight attendants to assess any outside risks, such as fire or debris, which might affect an escape.”可知，它也使乘务员更容易评估任何外部风险，如火灾或碎片，这些可能会影响逃生。故选D。‎ ‎15．What does the underlined word “It” in the last paragraph refer to?‎ A．Dimming lights.　　　 B．The escape process.‎ C．Reducing tension. D．The passage.‎ 解析：选A　代词指代题。在最后一段第一句“Not only does dimming lights add valuable time to the escape process, it also reduces the tension ...passage.”中，dimming lights为句子的主语；又因it用于指代上文出现过的同一个事物，故此处“it”指代前一句中的“dimming lights”。故选A。‎ ‎★16.What is the text mainly about?‎ A．A tip of air travel.‎ B．An emergency event on a plane.‎ C．A warning message on a plane.‎ D．An explanation of an airline safety measure.‎ 解析：选D　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了飞行员在飞机起飞和降落前会把机舱内的灯光调暗的原因；再根据第二段最后一句中的“dimming the lights is one of many steps we take to ensure the safety of our customers”可知，文章主要介绍了一项航空安全措施。故选D。‎