2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题十一主谓一致与特殊句式 12页

专题十一主谓一致与特殊句式 主谓一致 主谓一致是指句子的谓语动词和其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。‎ ‎1．语法一致原则 主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。‎ ‎(1)动名词短语、动词不定式短语、单个从句或不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。‎ Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.‎ 听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。‎ Everything is in a complete mass, which drives people crazy.‎ 所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。‎ ‎[名师指津]　what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。‎ What he said is far from the truth.‎ 他的话与事实相差太远了。‎ What the school needs are qualified teachers.‎ 这个学校需要的是合格的老师。‎ ‎(2)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。‎ The teacher as well as his students was very excited.‎ 老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。‎ ‎(3)and, both ... and ...连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.‎ 她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。‎ The poet and writer has produced many works.‎ 这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。‎ ‎(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词的形式要与先行词保持一致。‎ I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasure.‎ 我将永远珍惜那些充满欢乐的时光。‎ ‎(5)“many a或more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。‎ Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.‎ 很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。‎ Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday.‎ 每个男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。‎ ‎2．意义一致原则 意义一致原则是指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。‎ ‎(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。‎ The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.‎ 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。‎ The class are doing experiment.‎ 全班学生都在做实验。‎ ‎(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。‎ About one third of the books are worth reading.‎ 这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。‎ Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.‎ 昨天只做了60% 的工作。‎ All of this is wonderful, but the best part of this film is the acting.‎ 所有这些都很精彩，但电影最精彩的部分是表演。‎ ‎(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ The old are taken good care of here.‎ 在这儿老年人被照顾得很好。‎ ‎(4)a quantity of后既可接不可数名词，也可接可数名词复数，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；quantities of后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。‎ A quantity of time has been wasted on the project.‎ ‎＝Quantities of time have been wasted on the project.‎ 大量的时间被浪费在这个项目上。‎ ‎(5)“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ A number of students have gone for an outing.‎ 许多学生去远足了。‎ The number of the students is increasing year after year.‎ 学生的数量逐年增加。‎ ‎(6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.‎ 对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。‎ ‎3．就近一致原则 就近一致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。‎ ‎(1)由or, either ...or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。‎ Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ 要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。‎ ‎(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。‎ There are three books and a pen on the desk.‎ 桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.‎ 解析：is　根据语境可知，此处叙述的是一般的客观事实，且本句中宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，故使用一般现在时。it指代上一句的running regularly，是第三人称单数，故填is。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food________ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ 解析：is　主语是“Fast food”，是不可数名词短语，所以谓语用单数形式，且此处讲的是现状，所以填is。‎ ‎③(2017·江苏高考改编)The publication of Great Expectations, which ________ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.‎ 解析：was　句意：《远大前程》这部小说的出版发行受到各界的评论和高度赞扬，它巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。分析句子结构可知，which指代“The publication of Great Expectations”，故定语从句中的谓语动词应该使用单数形式；根据句中的strengthened可知，应使用一般过去时态，故填was。‎ ‎④(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ________ (be) often acceptable.‎ 解析：is　主语是“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”‎ ‎，为动名词短语作主语，所以谓语动词用单数形式，此处表示客观情况，用一般现在时。‎ ‎⑤(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we ________ (be) and pretend not to know us.‎ 解析：were　宾语从句中主语是we，为复数，故be动词应该用were。‎ 倒装句 ‎1．部分倒装 ‎(1)将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。‎ Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills.‎ 直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。‎ ‎(2)“only＋状语”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。‎ Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.‎ 只有当你的心态平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。‎ ‎(3)so/such ... that ... 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。‎ Such great progress did he make that he was praised.‎ 他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬。‎ ‎(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。‎ I saw the film Harry Potter last week; so did she.‎ 上周我看了《哈利·波特》这部电影，她也看了。‎ ‎2．全部倒装 ‎(1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装。‎ John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。‎ South of the river lies a small factory.‎ 河的南面有一个小工厂。‎ ‎(2)有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。‎ Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.‎ 出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多其他的宾客。‎ 强　调 ‎1.强调句型 ‎(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。‎ It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.‎ 只有通过倾听和相互理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才可能被解决。‎ ‎[名师指津]　强调主语时，要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。‎ It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.‎ 正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。‎ ‎(2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is/Was ＋it＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？‎ Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?‎ 他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？‎ ‎(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？‎ When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?‎ 他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？‎ ‎[名师指津]　由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。‎ She doesn't know who it was that saved her son.‎ 她不知道是谁救了她的儿子。‎ ‎(4)not ... until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until ... ＋that＋句子其他部分。‎ It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。‎ ‎2．强调谓语动词 用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。‎ She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.‎ 她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。‎ 省　略 ‎　　1.状语从句中的省略 在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what,‎ ‎ until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。‎ All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.‎ 这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。‎ ‎2．动词不定式的省略 在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。‎ The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.‎ 那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。‎ ‎3．常用的省略结构 其他特殊句式 ‎1．感叹句的3种常见句式 ‎(1)What (＋a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！‎ What beautiful flowers they are!‎ 多么美丽的花啊！‎ ‎(2)How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词＋主语＋谓语！‎ How clever a boy he is！＝What a clever boy he is!‎ 多聪明的男孩呀！‎ ‎(3)How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！‎ How high the mountain is！这山真高呀！‎ ‎2．祈使句 祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。一般不出现主语，谓语动词一律用原形；否定词一律在动词前加don't。祈使句的强调形式是在句首加do。‎ Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing.‎ 任何时候你发现你的面前有椅子在挥动的时候，请记住这一点：你需要的是集中注意力于一件事情。‎ ‎3．反意疑问句 反意疑问句由“陈述句＋反问句”构成，若陈述句为肯定式，反意疑问句为否定式，反之亦然。‎ ‎(1)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句 ‎①当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用needn't; 当mustn't (不允许，禁止)时，其反意疑问部分用must。‎ You must go now, needn't you?‎ 你现在必须走，不是吗？‎ You mustn't smoke here, must you?‎ 你不能在这里吸烟，是吧？‎ ‎②当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，反意疑问部分的动词形式要根据must后面的动词发生的时间确定。‎ You must have watched the football match last night, didn't you？你昨晚一定是看足球比赛了，是吧？‎ ‎(2)陈述部分含有used to时，疑问部分用usedn't或didn't均可。‎ You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you?‎ 你过去常常踢足球，是吗？‎ ‎(3)陈述部分含有否定词的反意疑问句 ‎①当陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分动词用肯定式。‎ He could hardly get up, could he?‎ 他几乎起不来了，不是吗？‎ ‎②陈述部分含有由否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词，疑问部分一般用否定式。‎ Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she?‎ 玛丽不喜欢体育运动，不是吗？‎ ‎(4)陈述部分含有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语和主句的主语保持一致。‎ He said that she would come here on time, didn't he?‎ 他说她会准时来这里，不是吗？‎ ‎[名师指津]　当主句是I think/believe/suppose等结构时，反意疑问部分往往根据宾语从句的主语和谓语而定，需特别注意否定转移的现象中的肯定式和否定式。‎ I don't think he will attend the meeting on time, will he?‎ 我认为他不会准时参加会议，是吗？‎ 三大特殊句式的易错点 ‎1.强调句易错点剖析 易错点一：强调句和定语从句混淆 ‎(1)在强调句型中that没有意义，且不作任何成分；‎ ‎(2)定语从句中的that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：‎ ‎①It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading.(强调句)‎ ‎②It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定语从句)‎ 在实际考查中，命题人可能会将定语从句隐藏于强调句型中进行考查，增加了题目难度。‎ ‎[例1]　Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday ________ you lost your handbag?‎ ‎[分析]　that　分析句子结构可知，空处应填that，与前面的“Could it be”共同构成强调句式。‎ 易错点二：强调句和主语从句混淆 强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句则不能。试比较：‎ ‎①It's there that the accidents often happen. (强调句)‎ ‎②It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(主语从句)‎ ‎[例2]　(2016·江苏高考改编)It is often the case __________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.‎ ‎[分析]　that　本句中“It”是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句，that在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不能省略。‎ 易错点三：强调句和时间状语从句混淆 强调句型去掉“it is/was”和“that”之后，句子结构仍然完整，而“it is ...when ...”中，it指时间。试比较：‎ ‎①It was at six o'clock that I got up early. (强调句)‎ ‎②It was six o'clock when I got up early.(状语从句)‎ ‎[例3]　It was only when I reread his poems ________ I began to appreciate their beauty.‎ ‎[分析]　that　句意：正是当我重读他的诗歌时我才开始欣赏它们的美。分析句子结构可知，此处是对时间状语从句的强调，故填that，与前面的“It was”共同构成强调句式。‎ 易错点四：强调句的主谓一致 ‎[例4]　(2014·湖南高考改编)It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that ________ (make) life happy.‎ ‎[分析]　makes　句意：不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是喜欢我们不得不做的事情才能让生活愉快。此处为强调句型，去掉“It's”和“that”后，可以看出句子的主语是“not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do”，根据“就近原则”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎2．倒装句易错点剖析 易错点一：漏掉助动词/情态动词/be动词 ‎[例5]　(2018·湖北八校联考改编)Not until then ________ I know my senior high school life had really begun.‎ ‎[分析]　did　句意：直到那时，我才知道我的高中生活已真正开始。“not until ...”置于句首时，主句需要部分倒装，故用助动词did来帮助构成部分倒装结构。‎ 易错点二：时态、语态错误 ‎[例6]　(2016·浙江高考改编)________ (have) the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDSrelated deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.‎ ‎[分析]　Had　句意：要是没有政府和科学家们的合作，与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高值降下来。由主句使用“would have done”可知是对过去情况的虚拟，故从句应用had done。本句为省略if将had置于句首的情况。‎ 易错点三：句子成分缺失/多余 ‎[例7]　So tough did I feel ________ to live in an Englishspeaking country that I made up my mind to learn English well.‎ ‎[分析]　it　句意：我感到生活在说英语的国家是如此艰难以至于我下定决心要学好英语。本句涉及一个固定搭配“feel it tough to do sth.”，其中“it”作形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构。‎ 易错点四：主谓一致 ‎[例8]　Look, on the left of the woods ________ (lie) a small farm, where her father once worked.‎ ‎[分析]　lies　本句是将地点状语“on the left of the woods”提前而构成的完全倒装。本句的主语为“a small farm”，结合句子时态可知，谓语动词应用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎3．省略句易错点剖析 易错点一：状语从句的省略 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语动词中含有be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it时，状语从句的主语和be动词可以省略。‎ ‎①When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.‎ 她很小的时候，就开始学习弹钢琴。‎ ‎②Don't come in until (you are) asked to.‎ 不叫你时，请你不要进来。‎ ‎[例9]　You should stay where you are, unless ________ (ask) to leave.‎ ‎[分析]　asked　句意：你应待在你现在的地方，除非叫你离开。该句为状语从句的省略，补全后为：You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.‎ 易错点二：倒装句中的省略 ‎(1)as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。被提前的部分可以是从句的表语、状语或动词原形。如被前置的表语是单数名词时，须省略冠词。‎ ‎[例10]　Child as/though he ________ (be), he is as brave as an adult.‎ ‎[分析]　is　本题为as/though引导的让步状语从句，主语为he，故后面的谓语动词应用is。‎ ‎(2)省略if的倒装条件句。在虚拟语气中，if从句假设的情况中如果有助动词had, should或were，则可省略if，把had, should或were提到句首，构成倒装，简称省略if倒装条件句。(见例6)‎ ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．The design on the back_shows (show) the yelloweyed penguin, one of the world's rarest penguins.‎ ‎2．In the pool, Bob, my instructor, demanded we do what he did. One of the drills was (be) to take our masks off at the bottom of the deep end, replace them, and clear them of water.‎ ‎3．In my school days, I was a shy boy and never even thought of taking part in any public speaking events, school plays or stage contests, so acting was (be) a remote career choice then.‎ ‎4．Many psychologists today are (be) working to try to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around.‎ ‎5．A report published on Dec.6 says this style of healthcare, which includes (include) different forms like herbal medicine and exercise, has spread to 183 countries and regions.‎ ‎6．Not until the early 19th century were (be) nail paints changed into the nail polish that we see today.‎ ‎7．I made my first visit to China in 2008 and last year, I was (be) lucky enough to take part in an event called “Shanxi in the eyes of foreigners”．‎ ‎8．Its success is very encouraging in today's television world where reality shows have_played(play) a leading part so far.‎ ‎9．In a word, once enjoyed (enjoy), the song will never be forgotten.‎ ‎10．It is this personality that helps me win over the friendship of all my classmates, and also helps me overcome many difficulties both in academic and personal life.‎ ‎11．98% of the surface is (be) covered permanently by ice and strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline.‎ ‎12．About two miles away from my home stands (stand) a mountain which is really ‎ worth touring.‎ ‎13．It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.‎ ‎14．Such knowledge is still useful when applied (apply) to similar situations in other countries.‎ ‎15．Stop criticizing your children like this, or they will refuse to tell you their true feelings.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句(句型转换) ‎ ‎1．I found it so difficult to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.‎ ‎→So difficult did_I_find_it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.(倒装句)‎ ‎2．The silence came then, each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.‎ ‎→Then came_the_silence,_each waiting for the other to let the cat out of the bag.(倒装句)‎ ‎3．The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party; they didn't allow themselves to be disobeyed, either.‎ ‎→The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party; nor did_they_allow themselves to be disobeyed.(倒装句)‎ ‎4．I didn't realize it was already too late for us to return home until it grew dark.‎ ‎→Not until it grew dark did_I_realize it was already too late for us to return home.(倒装句)‎ ‎→It_was_not_until_it_grew_dark_that I realized that it was already too late for us to return home.(强调句)‎ ‎5．The villagers found some strange creatures that they hadn't seen before in the lake.‎ ‎→It was in_the_lake_that the villagers found some strange creatures that they hadn't seen before.(强调句)‎ ‎6．Though he was tired, he managed to climb the hill. ‎ ‎→Though_tired,_he managed to climb the hill.(省略句)‎ ‎7．It is fun to take a rest after a long run.‎ ‎→What_fun it is to take a rest after a long run! (感叹句)‎ ‎8．Your brother is a naughty boy.‎ ‎→How_naughty a boy your brother is! (感叹句)‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·济宁模拟)Nowadays, more and more post90s generations will enter the workforce. They place more emphasis __1__ looking for a job that they enjoy more than other factors. Many of them hope to establish a __2__ (relax) relationship among workers.‎ ‎ More than half of __3__ prefer the easygoing and goodtempered employers. __4__ (surprise) 10 percent of them wish to be friends with their bosses. Experts say that they are the generation of the Internet era. They have a strong __5__ (aware) of “self” and how they relate to the outside world. Guo Yun, 22, is a digital media major from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. She says that she will not mind working long hours, but prefer her boss __6__ (explain) why she has to, such as the urgency of the task.“I feel greatly __7__ (motivate) in this way，” she explains. They tend to care a great deal about the team or the management culture. They are also more outspoken about their needs, and they are likely to openly __8__ (communication) with their employers. As a result, they __9__ (admit) into most big companies more easily. I think it is their frankness and enthusiasm __10__ leaves a deep impression on their employers.‎ ‎1．on　place emphasis on“重视，强调”。‎ ‎2．relaxing　此处修饰名词relationship，故用形容词relaxing。relaxing“令人放松的”。‎ ‎3．them　此处指代“post90s generations”，并在句中作of的宾语，故用them。‎ ‎4．Surprisingly　修饰整个句子并在句中作状语应用副词形式。‎ ‎5．awareness　不定冠词a后应用名词形式。‎ ‎6．to explain　prefer sb. to do sth.“更喜欢某人做某事”。‎ ‎7．motivated　连系动词后应用形容词作表语。motivated“有积极性的”。‎ ‎8．communicate　be likely to do sth.“很可能做某事”。‎ ‎9．are admitted　此处叙述的是客观事实，they与admit之间为被动关系；又因文章时态为一般现在时，故用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎10．that　“It is＋被强调部分＋that ...”为强调句型，此处强调主语。‎