2019届高考英语考前培训：写作素能培养第10讲稳固构建图表作文 30页

写作素能培养 第三部分 第十讲　稳固构建图表作文 图表作文是高考书面表达较常见的考查形式之一，要求考生通过对数据、文字内容进行分析，对前后变化、正反观点进行对比，或者对某产品进行介绍，系统而准确地表达出图表所示内容，并得出令人信服的结论。从体裁看，主要有说明文、议论文和应用文。在该文体中常常使用一般现在时。 一、试题特征 1 ． 表格式 表格式书面表达就是将统计数据或被说明的事物直接以统计表的形式呈现出来。这类题目往往是介绍某种情况或辩论某种观点与看法，体裁以说明文和议论文为主。 2 ．图形式 主要有以下三种形式： (1) 表示数据变化的曲线图。 (2) 表示数据大小或数量之间差异的柱状图。 (3) 表示总体结构变化的饼状图。 二、写作步骤 ( 三段论 ) 1 ．开门见山，点明图表要反映的主题。 2 ．中间段落对图表的内容进行分析，可采用分类或对比来表现主题，并阐明必要的理由。在叙述中切忌反复使用同一句型，忌反复出现图表中的数据。 3 ．发表自己的观点，对全文进行小结。 三、注意事项 1 ．认真阅读和掌握图表提供的信息，弄清设计者想通过图表来反映的信息、问题或现象。对于曲线图形式，要认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位；对柱状图和饼状图，要通过宽度相等的柱形的高度差别和各部分所占比例来判断事物的动态发展趋势，关注坐标线的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明。 2 ．在掌握了全部信息的基础上，着手分析这些信息或数据，通过分析对比，找出不同点和相似点。 四、常用句式 1 ．描述图表中的变化与发展趋势 快速上升： rise (increase /go up)sharply (rapidly/ quickly/dramatically) 缓慢下降： decrease (reduce /come down/ decline /drop/ fall)slowly (gradually) 2 ．阐述事实的句式 ① As is apparently shown in the pie chart /graph/ table above... 正如上面饼状图 / 曲线图 / 表格所明显呈现的 …… ②As far as...is concerned ， much progress has been made. 就 …… 而言，已经取得了很大进步。 ③ There is an increase of about...percent ， compared with... 与 …… 相比较，大约增加了 …… 。 ④ 50% of the people surveyed express the satisfaction with... ， while only 40% of them are satisfied with... 在调查中有 50% 的人对 …… 满意，而仅有 40% 的人对 …… 满意。 ⑤ By comparison with... ， it decreased (fell)/increased from...to... 和 …… 相比，从 …… 减少 / 增加到 …… 。 ⑥ It is obvious from the graph/chart that...rank the first /highest ， while...turn out to be the lowest. 图中清楚显示 …… 是排在第一位 / 最高的，而 …… 结果最低。 3 ．表达原因的句式 ① The reason why/for...is that... …… 的原因是 …… 。 ② One may think of the change as a result of... 人们可能把这种变化认作是 …… 的结果。 ③ The change in...largely results from the fact that... 在 …… 上的变化很大程度上是由 …… 的事实造成的。 ④ First /Firstly/ To begin with... ； Second /Secondly/ And then /Next... ； Finally/ Last but not least/Apart from the above reasons... 首先 …… ；其次 …… ；最后 / 最后但同样重要的是 / 除了上述原因 …… 。 ⑤ It is because of...that... 由于 …… 才 …… 。 4 ．归纳总结或发表评论的句式 ① in a word ( 总之 ) /in short ( 简而言之 )/ generally speaking ( 总的说来 ) /to sum up ( 总之，概括地说 )/ in conclusion 总之，最后 /in summary 总之 ② From what has been discussed above ， we can draw the conclusion that... 从以上的讨论我们可以得出结论， …… 。 ③ Obviously /Apparently ， if we want to... ， it is necessary to do/ that... 很明显，如果我们想 …… ， …… 是有必要的。 ④ There is no doubt that attention must be paid to... 毫无疑问，我们必须注意 …… 。 ⑤ I suggest the government take effective measures to... 我建议政府应该采取有效措施来 …… 。 ⑥ All in all ， it is...that leads to the phenomenon. 总而言之，是 …… 导致了这种现象。 【 典例 】 　 (2017 · 江苏卷 ) 请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入 (box office income) 的柱状图及相关文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文章。 Saturday Afternoon . In a Shopping Centre . Li Jiang ： Hi ， Su Hua. Which movie shall we see ？ ,Su Hua ： Whatever. We've got so many choices ， Kung Fu Yoga ， Journey to the West ...Each sounds great ！ ,,Li Jiang ： Yeah ！ And some movie stars are fantastic. Su Hua ： And the high tech ！ ... Li Jiang ： Perfect ！ Let's get some food first. We only have 20 minutes left. ,Su Hua ： No hurry. The cinema is on the same floor. One Day in 2016. At Home . Son ： Mum ， shall we go and see a film tonight ？ ,Mother ： Why bother ？ We can stay at home and watch films online. It's convenient with our new and faster network. , Son ： But it feels good in a cinema. Mother ： And the price... We have to pay 50 yuan a ticket. Son ： Only 10 yuan more than last year. Mother ： But still we cannot get the money's worth. Some films are just boring... 【 写作内容 】 1 ．用约 30 个单词概述柱状图信息的主要内容； 2 ．我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些，简要谈谈你的看法 ( 上述对话仅供参考，原因不少于两点 ) ； 3 ．谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法，并简要说明理由。 【 写作要求 】 1 ．写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句； 2 ．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3 ．不必写标题。 【 评分标准 】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【 解析 】 　 此类作文对考生的能力要求极高。首先考生要以 30 词左右概述短文内容。接下来要分析票房收入变化的原因并给出自己的看法，并谈谈自己对票房走向的看法。作文以第三人称和一般现在时为主。 要点： 1 ．概述：中国电影票房在 2012 － 2016 年间呈现不断增长的趋势，但是 2016 年的增长相比于前几年很缓慢。 2 ．分析原因：票房增长与人们生活水平的不断提高息息相关，人们有了多余的钱，才可能消费、娱乐；另一方面，电影的制作技术日臻成熟，许多优质的电影不断上映；再者，互联网的普及无疑起到了很大的宣传作用。 3 ．看法和理由：票房增速将会小幅上涨或有所回落。只要给出恰当的理由，对票房看涨或是看落皆可。 写 30 词的概述时，语言要简练、不拖沓。遣词造句要符合英语的表达习惯，尽量用上定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词与倒装句等语法和句型。同时注意语句的连贯性。 【 范文 1】 The box office income of Chinese movies witnessed a constant increase from about 17 billion yuan in 2012 to over 40 billion in 2015. However, that increase slowed down in 2016. The reasons behind this are various. The fast economic development before 2016 was probably the most powerful engine driving the constant growth in the box office income. The application of new technologies and the wide appeal of movie stars could also account for the increase. However, China saw a decline in its economic growth rate last year. And the Internet increased options for movie lovers. Consequently, some viewers began to turn away from cinemas, leading to a slower growth. China's economy is expected to grow at a medium speed in the coming years, so an increase is possible in the investment in the movie industry and the number of quality movies. Therefore, its box office income will probably enjoy a slight increase. (150 words) 【 范文 2】 As is indicated in the graph, the box office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015, but its growth, for one reason or another, slowed down in 2016. The increase in the box office income can be attributed to a number of factors. The quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. Besides, filming technology has advanced and more quality films are on offer. Moreover, the Internet plays an important part. On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both time saving and economical. However, the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future. Cinemas have gradually given way to the rise of the Internet and cellphones, and the ticket price is on the increase. Therefore, the film industry should make greater efforts to attract more viewers. (150 words) 点评： 本篇范文很好地完成了题目要求的写作任务。文章结构合理、层次分明。第一段总结归纳柱状图所含信息，提到了持续增长和增长放缓，内容概括全面。第二段提出个人观点并给出理由；第三段中提出自己的合理看法并给出自己的理由，做到了有理有据。时态和人称运用准确无误，表达纯正。范文使用了较高级的词汇和词组 account for, consequently, is expected to, indicated, constantly, be attributed to, as well, time saving, economical, witness ；还使用了定语从句 which is both time saving and economical ；现在分词作状语 leading to a slower growth 等； Besides, Moreover, However, Therefore 等词的使用，把文章衔接了起来，使文章显得有层次感。 (2015 · 江苏 ) 1 ． The other day ， a netizen ( 网民 ) shared a photo on Sina Weibo.It was about an old lady standing in front of a car that was on a bicycle lane ， and insisting that it leave the track.The photo drew about 7,000 comments on the social media platform.Despite the thumbs up ( 点赞 )given to the old lady ， some argued that attention should be paid to our heavy road traffic. 2 ． Some riders of e bikes and bicycles come and go in all directions ， ignoring traffic lights and other vehicles. Such rude riding contributes to the disorder of traffic.Thus the avoidable road accidents become unavoidable. 3 ． From 2005 to 2014 ， the total number of private cars in China rose sharply from 32 million to 154 million.Currently ， China had 15% of the world's total vehicles. 【 写作内容 】 1 ．用约 30 个单词概述上述信息的主要内容； 2 ．结合上述信息，简要分析导致交通问题的主要原因； 3 ．根据你的分析，从社会规范 (rules and regulations) 和个人行为两方面谈谈你得到的启示 ( 不少于两点 ) 。 【 写作要求 】 1 ．写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句； 2 ．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3 ．不必写标题。 【 评分标准 】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 The traffic issue is a hard nut to crack. It not only affects our everyday life, but may also threaten people's lives. The three selections presented above are typical examples. Quite a few things give rise to the traffic problem. In spite of the large scale construction of roads and highways, there is still much room for improvement, because of the ever increasing number of cars these years. What's worse, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules. In fact, traffic rules are part of the rules and regulations closely related to public order. Without them, people could not enjoy harmony or the country would be in chaos. But rules alone don't secure an orderly society. It is the people who obey the rules that matter. It is everybody's duty to observe them to keep our society in order and going on the right track. 【 解析 】 　 本文采用了 “ 材料类＋图形＋提纲类 ” 形式，综合考查考生阅读材料，识图和写作能力，比以前有所创新，也增加了难度。材料分为三部分：第一部分讲述了一位老奶奶阻止车辆停放引发的争议。第二部分讲述了行人和自行车不遵守红绿灯，导致交通事故发生的现象。第三部分是图表和文字，反映近几年车辆的数量激增现象。要求第一段用 30 个单词概括材料内容；第二段分析导致交通问题的原因；第三段从社会规则和个人行为谈谈启示 ( 不少于两点 ) 。 【 点评 】 　范文严格按照 “ 三步走 ” 的格局，第一段用短短 26 字 ( 不含标点 ) 概括了所给材料，得益于使用了 “ not only...but also... ” 这一经典句型；第二段分析了导致交通问题的原因，使用了 “ give rise to, large scale construction of, the increasing number of, (be) vital to ” 等高级词汇，同时 “ what's worse ” 衔接词的恰当使用使该段条理清晰。第三段句型多样，变换使用了 “ Without 虚拟语气， It is...who... 强调句型， It is one's duty to do sth. ” 等句型，为文章增色不少。