冲刺2019年高考英语黄金考点解析解密02名词和主谓一致 37页

考点详解 ‎【命题解读】‎ ‎ 名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：‎ ‎① 名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配 ‎②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）‎ ‎③名词的所有格 ‎④抽象名词的具体化 ‎⑤名词和冠词的搭配 ‎ 高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：‎ ‎①语法一致 ‎②意义一致 ‎③就近原则 ‎【命题预测】‎ ‎ 语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。‎ ‎【名师指导】 ‎ ‎1. 整体把握，注意语境 ‎ 从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：‎ ‎（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；‎ ‎（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；‎ ‎（3）名词的固定搭配；‎ ‎（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识 ‎2. 确定考点，注意搭配 ‎ 语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格，还是考查主谓一致、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。‎ ‎3. 多记单词，积累词缀 ‎ 高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。‎ ‎4. 巧用就近原则 ‎ 当主语是由or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。‎ 考向1 名词的数 一、 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 二、 名词的数 ‎1. 可数名词的复数 ‎(1)规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables 以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs 以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies 以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos 以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives 少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs 以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos 有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes ‎【名师点睛】‎ ‎①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，‎ ‎ potatoes，tomatoes。‎ ‎ 但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)‎ ‎ 蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。‎ ‎②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手 ‎ 里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves， ‎ ‎ wolves，halves。‎ 但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。‎ ‎③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors ‎(2)不规则变化 ‎①自身有特殊变化的名词 ‎ child孩子→children　 man男人→men　 tooth牙→teeth ‎　 foot脚，英尺→feet　 mouse老鼠→mice　 phenomenon现象→phenomena　‎ ‎ medium传播媒介→media ‎②常见单复数同形的名词：‎ ‎ Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish ‎ 鱼；fruit 水果等。 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。‎ ‎ ☞Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill. ‎ ‎ ☞Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked. ‎ ‎③合成名词的复数形式：‎ ‎ son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers ‎【名师点睛】‎ 名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：‎ woman singer → women singers ‎1.（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ ‎【答案】effects ‎ ‎2.（2017新课标卷Ⅱ·语法填空）In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61 (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ ‎【答案】crowds ‎【解析】此处表示复数概念，crowd前没有冠词，且它是可数名词，故填crowds.‎ ‎3.（2017新课标卷Ⅲ·语法填空）She has turned down several 67 (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ ‎【答案】invitations ‎ ‎【解析】考查名词单复数。several修饰可数名词复数形式，故填invitations。‎ ‎4.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, ‎ Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract)... The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ ‎61.【答案】attraction ‎【解析】考查名词。 形容词top后面跟名词形式。‎ ‎69.【答案】days ‎【解析】考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。‎ ‎2. 不可数名词 ‎(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。‎ ‎(2)不可数名词具体化 ‎①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：‎ 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success ‎ 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 ‎ failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 ‎ shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。‎ ‎②物质名词具体化 ‎ drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　‎ ‎ chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发 ‎③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：‎ ‎ ☞Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.‎ ‎ 在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。‎ ‎（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help 等。‎ ‎ ☞It’s of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。‎ ‎ ☞The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。‎ ‎1.Your advise is of little ____.it doesn't help to improve our English. ‎ ‎ A. useful     B. uselessness  ‎ ‎ C. importance   D. helpless ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】 此题考查的是“be of +(形容词)＋抽象名词”的用法。useful 和helpless　为形容词，故排除A和D, 根据后半句知“建议不能帮助我们提高英语成绩”，前半句也应该表示否定意义，　little 本来就表否定意义，而uselessness又是否定意义，故排除B.‎ ‎2. She has gained many unforgettable _____ about animals when _____ in the forest doing research.‎ ‎ A. experiences; stayed B. experiences; staying ‎ C. experience; stayed D. experience; staying ‎【答案】B ‎3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配 ‎◆修饰可数的量词： a number of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a ‎ few, several ‎ ‎◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of 考向2 名词的格 ‎1. －’s所有格 ‎①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。‎ ‎ ☞Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。‎ ‎ ☞Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。‎ ‎②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。‎ ‎ at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室 ‎2. of所有格 ‎ 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。‎ ‎ the content of the novel小说的内容 ‎ the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字 ‎3. 双重所有格 ‎ 指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。‎ ‎ a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)‎ ‎ a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)‎ ‎　　　 mother was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.‎ ‎ A. John and Mary B. John’s and Mary’s ‎ C. John’s and Mary D. John and Mary’s ‎【答案】D 考向3 名词作定语 ‎1. 直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。‎ ‎ college students大学生 girl friend女友 ‎ ‎ vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛 ‎ ☞Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！‎ ‎ ☞He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。‎ ‎2. 名词所有格作定语。‎ ‎ students’ books学生用书 China’s capital中国的首都 ‎ ‎ the world’s population世界人口 ‎3. man，woman，gentleman作定语 ‎ man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。‎ ‎ ☞He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. ‎ ‎ 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。‎ ‎ ☞There are many men teachers in our school. ‎ ‎ 我们学校有很多男教师。‎ ‎4. 某些常用复数的名词用作定语 ‎ 某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。‎ ‎ arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 ‎ sales department营业部 a goods train货车 ‎ ‎ savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系 ‎5. 单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。‎ ‎ ☞Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部 ‎6. 表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。‎ ‎ a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) ‎ ‎ a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)‎ ‎7. 两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。‎ ‎ women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机 ‎ girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友 ‎ mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头 ‎8. 名词与其同根形容词都可以作定语，但意思上往往有差别：用名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的质地 ‎ 或性质；用名词的同根形容词作定语，则说明被修饰的名词的特征。‎ ‎ gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) ‎ ‎ golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)‎ 考向4 主谓一致 高考主谓一致的知识结构 一致原则 考点详解 例句 语法一致 ‎1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ His father is working on the farm.‎ To study English well is not easy.‎ What he said is very important for us all.‎ The children were in the classroom two hours ago. ‎ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.‎ ‎2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。‎ Lucy and Lily are twins. ‎ She and I are classmates.‎ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. ‎ Both she and he are Young Pioneers.‎ ‎3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。‎ Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China. ‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.‎ She，like you and Tom，is very tall. ‎ ‎4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。‎ Each of us has a new book.‎ Everything around us is matter.‎ ‎5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。‎ He is one of my friends who are working hard. ‎ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. ‎ ‎6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。‎ Class Four is on the third floor. ‎ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.‎ 注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.‎ ‎7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。‎ There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful. ‎ ‎50% of the students in our class are girls.‎ 注：a number of 与the number of的区别 ‎8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。‎ There comes the bus. ‎ On the wall are many pictures. ‎ Such is the result. Such are the facts.‎ 逻辑一致 ‎1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。‎ Which is your bag？Which are your bags？‎ All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.‎ ‎2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。‎ Thirty minutes is enough for the work.‎ Ten miles is too long.‎ ‎3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ ‎“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.‎ ‎4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。‎ One and a half apples is left on the table.‎ 一致原则 考点详解 例句 逻辑一致 ‎5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。‎ Twelve plus eight is twenty.‎ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.‎ ‎6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ The paper works was built in 1990.‎ I think physics isn‘t easy to study. ‎ ‎7. trousers， glasses， clothes，‎ My glasses are broken. ‎ ‎ shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。‎ The pair of shoes under the bed is his. ‎ ‎8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。‎ The old are taken good care of.‎ ‎9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。‎ A large quantity of people is needed here.‎ 注意：quantities一般用复数。‎ Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.‎ ‎10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。‎ A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.‎ Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.‎ 就近一致 ‎1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。‎ Either the teacher or the students are our friends.‎ Neither they nor he is wholly right. ‎ ‎2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the room.‎ Here引导的句子用法同上。‎ 如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.‎ 一、语法一致 ‎ 语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。‎ 1. ‎　单数n.，不可数n.,　不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎ ☛His father is working on the farm.‎ ‎ ☛ Time is money.‎ ‎ ☛ To finish all the work on time is impossible.‎ ‎ ☛Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.‎ ‎ ☛The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.‎ ‎◆由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的 ‎ 并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎　 ☛What I bought were 3 English books.‎ ‎ ☛What I say and do are helpful to you.‎ 1. 由and 或both...and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎　 ☛Lucy and Lily are twins.‎ ‎ ☛She and I are friends.‎ ‎ ☛Both she and he are Young Pioneers.‎ ‎◆如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。‎ ‎ ☛The writer and artist has come.‎ ‎◆由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, no more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　 ☛Every student and every teacher was in the room.‎ ‎ ☛No boy and no girl likes it.‎ 2. 主语后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, ‎ including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。‎ ‎ ☛Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.‎ ‎ ☛Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.　‎ ‎ ☛She, like you and Tom, is very tall.‎ 3. either, neither, each, every或no+单数neither/neither/none of ＋复数名词，还有some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　☛Each of us has a new book.‎ ‎ ☛Everything around us is matter.‎ ‎　☛Neither of the texts is interesting.‎ ‎ None of us has been to South Africa.‎ 1. 定语从句中，关系代词that, which, who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。‎ ‎　☛He is one of my students who are working hard.‎ ‎ ☛He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.‎ He is one of the most selfish men that _______ ever lived; that’s why hardly _______ making friends with him.‎ A. has；anyone likes B. have；does anyone like C. has；no one likes D. have；anyone likes ‎【答案】D 2. 集体名词family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。‎ ‎ ☛His family is a happy one.‎ ‎　☛The whole family are watching TV.‎ ‎　☛The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)‎ ‎　☛One third of the population here are workers.(人)‎ ‎◆people, cattle, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数。‎ 3. 由　a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of ＋名词，或者是分数/百分数＋名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。‎ ‎ ☛The rest of the lecture is wonderful.‎ ‎ ☛A lot of time is wasted.‎ ‎ ☛A lot of people take part in the meeting.‎ ‎ ☛2/3 water is drunk by him.‎ ‎ ☛2/3 students are absent.‎ 4. 倒装句中，谓语v.的数与其后的主语一致。‎ ‎　☛On the wall are many pictures.‎ ‎ ☛Such is the result.‎ ‎ ☛Such are the facts.‎ ‎(2015·湖南)It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ years of achieve.‎ ‎ A. is; takes B. are; takes C. are; take D. is; take ‎【答案】A 二、意义一致原则 1. 表示时间、度量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语，因为其在概念上是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　☛Twenty minutes is enough for the work.‎ ‎ ☛One hundred dollars is stolen from the ATM.‎ 2. 如果是书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名等的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　☛The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book.‎ one and a half ＋复数n.，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　☛One and a half apples is left on the table.‎ 3. 算是中表示数目通常用单数（加减乘除）‎ 4. 表示学科的以－ics结尾的名词作主语，用单数。‎ ‎　☛Physics is an important subject in middle schools.‎ ‎ ☛Mathematics is the study of numbers.‎ ‎ ☛Politics, economics, athletics等。‎ 5. 复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语，意义一致。‎ ‎ ☛The glass works was built up in 1980.‎ ‎ ☛These glass works are near the railway station.‎ 1. 由两部分组成的名词，trousers, glasses, shorts, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。a pair of 等量词时，视情况而定。‎ 2. The ＋ adj. 表示一类人，作主语时用复数。‎ ‎　 ☛The young are usually very active.‎ ‎ ☛The old are lonely.‎ 三、就近一致原则 就近一致：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。‎ ‎1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻 ‎ ‎ 近的主语一致。‎ ‎ ☛Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind. ‎ ‎ 他的父母和我都不能说服他改变注意。‎ ‎2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个 ‎ 主语保持一致。‎ ‎ ☛There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。‎ ‎ ☛There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.  书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 ‎ ‎3. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。‎ ‎ ☛Here is a map and a handbook for you. 这是一张你的地图和一本手册。‎ ‎ Such are the facts. 事实就是如此。‎ ‎4. 就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致。‎ ‎ 主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than， together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。‎ ‎ ☛Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me．你姐姐和你父母一样，对我很好。‎ ‎ ☛S he，like you and betty，is very clever．像你和betty一样，她也很聪明。 ‎ The father as well as his three children ___________ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.‎ A.is going B.go C.goes D.are going ‎【答案】C 四、 ＂名词+介词短语＂作主语 ‎ 名词或代词后接as well as，with，along with，together with，except，but等短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式应和介词短语前的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。‎ ‎ ☛She as well as other students likes playing computer games. 她和其他学生都喜欢玩电脑游戏。‎ ‎ ☛He with his parents is working in the fields. 他正和他的父母在地里干活。‎ ‎ ☛Nobody but you and me knows it. 除了你和我，没人知道。‎ 五、不定代词作主语 ‎1. 当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each，neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ ☛Each student has a book. 每一个学生都有一本书。‎ ‎ ☛Either answer is correct. 两个答案都是正确的。‎ ‎ ☛Neither parent is with him. 他的父母都没有和他在一起。‎ ‎ ☛Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对大家都很重要。‎ ‎2. 当复合不定代词someone，anyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ ☛Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外面等你。‎ ‎ ☛Is everybody here today? 今天大家都到了吗? ‎ ‎ ☛Something is wrong with my watch. 我的手表出故障了。‎ ‎ ☛Nobody was away yesterday. 昨天没有人离开。‎ ‎（2014·湖南）All we need _________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ A.are B. was C. is D. were ‎【答案】C 六、特殊名词作主语 ‎1. 国名、人名、书名、报刊名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，即使其形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。‎ ‎ ☛The United States lies to the east of China. 美国在中国的东方。(国名)‎ ‎ ☛Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。(人名)‎ ‎2. ＂the+形容词＂作主语时，表示某类人，谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎ ☛The sick are taken good care of. 病人得到很好的照顾。‎ ‎ ☛The old are supposed to be spoken to politely. 跟老人讲话要有礼貌。‎ ‎3. 以-s结尾的学科名词，如maths，physics，politics等和以-s结尾的抽象名词，如news，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。‎ ‎ ☛Physics is very difficult for me to learn. 物理对我来讲很难学。‎ ‎ ☛The news was very exciting. 这条新闻十分激动人心。‎ ‎4. 单复数形式相同的名词，如Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由名词前的修饰语来确定。‎ ‎ ☛A Chinese wants to see you. 一个中国人想见你。‎ ‎ ☛Ten sheep are eating grass there. 那边有10只绵羊在吃草。‎ ‎【注意】Chinese，Japanese，English等前加the表示一国人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。‎ The Chinese speak Chinese. 中国人说汉语。‎ 七、表数量概念的词或短语作主语 ‎1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ ☛Ten years has passed quickly. 10年很快就过去了。‎ ‎ ☛Ten dollars is enough. 10美元就够了。‎ ‎ ☛100 kilometers is a long way. 100千米是一段很长的路。‎ ‎2. 加减乘除运算中的谓语动词用单数，其中加法与乘法也可用复数。‎ ‎ ☛Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。‎ ‎ ☛Six times one is/are six. 6乘以1等于6。‎ ‎3. ＂many a/more than one+单数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ ☛There is more than one answer. 有不止一个答案。‎ ‎ ☛Many a student has passed the exam. 许多学生通过了考试。‎ ‎4. ＂one and a half+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ ‎ ☛One and a half days is all I can spare. 一天半是我所能支配的全部时间。‎ ‎ ☛One and a half pears is left on the plate. 一个半梨被留在盘子里。‎ ‎5. the rest of... 短语作主语时，如果of后接复数名词，谓语用复数；如果of后接不可数名词，谓语用单数。‎ ‎ ☛The rest of the bikes are on sale. 余下的自行车降价出售。‎ ‎ ☛The rest of the bread is gone. 剩余的面包不见了。‎ ‎6. ＂none of+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。‎ ‎ ☛None of the dogs was/were there. 那儿没有狗。‎ ‎7. ＂a number of+名词复数＂表示＂许多/大量的……＂，其后的谓语动词用复数；＂the number of+名词复数＂表示＂……的数量＂，其中心词为number，故谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎ ☛A number of farmers are standing over there. 许多农民站在那边。‎ ‎☛The number of the students in this school has reached over 2，000. ‎ ‎ 这所学校的学生数量已达到2 000多人。‎ ‎8. ＂a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词＂作主语，谓语动词由of后的名词来确定。如果of后是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；如果of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎ ☛A lot of time is needed. 需要大量的时间。‎ ‎☛Plenty of workers are working. 许多工人在工作。‎ 八、动名词、不定式和从句作主语 动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数。‎ ‎ ☛Doing morning exercises is good for your body. 做早操对你的身体有益。‎ ‎ ☛To play with fire near a gas station is very dangerous. 在加油站附近玩火很危险。‎ ‎ ☛What he said at the meeting is very important. 他在会上的发言很重要。‎ ‎ ‎ The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ around $8，450 a year, which ________ a burden for some of them.‎ ‎ A. are；is B. are；are C. is；are D. is；is ‎【答案】A　‎ 难点剖析 ‎ ‎ 一、名词类别间的互换 ‎ 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例   句 意  义 名词性质 ‎①She held some flowers in her hand.‎ ‎②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ‎①Youth is beautiful.‎ 青春 抽象名词 ‎②He is a youth of twenty 年轻人 个体名词 ‎①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.‎ ‎②—How about the Christmas evening party?‎ ‎ —I should say it was a success.‎ 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例   句 意  义 名词性质 ‎①Iron is a kind of metal.‎ ‎②Please lend me your iron.‎ 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ‎①He broke a piece of glass.‎ ‎②He broke a glass.‎ 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ‎①I bought a chicken this morning ‎②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 ‎①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.‎ ‎—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 A.some,a      B.an,some      C.some,some     D.an,a ‎②They sent us        word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）‎ A.a           B.an           C./             D.the ‎③Could we have         word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）‎ A.a           B.an           C./             D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath  make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)‎ ‎/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ‎①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.‎ A.a,  /          B.the, an         C.the, the         D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)‎ have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)‎ ‎②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.‎ A.the happiest time    B.a more happier time  ‎ C.much happiest time  D.a much happier time ‎③         is money.‎ ‎  A.The time         B.A time      C.Time      D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ‎①Oh, John. _____you gave me!‎ A.How a pleasant surprise     B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise     D. What pleasant surprise ‎②She looked up           when I shouted.‎ A.in a surprise      B.in the surprise      C.in surprise       D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.‎ A.so unusual        B. such unusual      C.such an unusual   D.so an unusual 二、 主谓一致的其他情况 其他情况 例句 and连接并列主语时，谓语动词常常使用复数；但是and连接的并列主语指同一人、同一物时，谓语使用单数。‎ The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了(作家和教师指同一个人)‎ The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)‎ ‎＂单数名词或代词+名词或代词+but/besides/except/including Mike with his father has been to England.迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。‎ ‎/like/with/along with/as well as /rather than/such as/together with+名词或代词作主语，谓语使用单数形式，如果之前的名词或代词是复数，则谓语使用复数。‎ Mike, like his brother，enjoys playing football. 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。‎ ‎＂the number of+复数名词＂作主语谓语用单数; ＂a(good/large) number of+复数名词＂作主语，谓语动词用复数。‎ The number of the students is over eight hundred. 学生人数超过八百。‎ A number of teachers are present today，and the number of them is 500. 许多教师今天都出席了，有500人。‎ 由两个相同部分组成的一个整体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数，如chopsticks，glasses，shoes，socks，stockings, trousers, boots等。若此类名词被＂a kind of/a pair of’’修饰时，谓语动词用单数。‎ The scissors are on the shelf next to the cupboard. 剪刀在橱柜旁边的架子上。‎ A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 近些天，眼镜的售价很高。‎ 当not only... but also...，not... but...，or，either... or….，neither... nor...等连接并列主语时，以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数形式采用就近一致原则。‎ Neither Jack and I have seen this film.杰克和我都没有看过这部电影 Either you or he is to attend the meeting tomorrow.或者是你或者是他去参加明天的会议。‎ 某些集体名词class, club, family, team, group等作主语时，谓语动词采用意义一致原则，即依据名词的具体含义来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。‎ The company has grown rapidly in the last five years.这家公司五年来迅速发展壮大。‎ The family are celebrating Thanksgiving in this picture.在这张相片里，全家人正在庆祝感恩节。‎ ‎【知识拓展】如果这一类集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词使用单数形式，如果这一类词指的是具体成员，则谓语动词应该使用复数形式。‎ ‎【巧学妙记】‎ 主谓一致记忆口诀 单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单。‎ 如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。‎ 有些名词谓常复，people、police即这般。‎ 主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关。‎ many a作主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。‎ or、nor、but also、there be，近主原则挂嘴边。‎ 关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。‎ 不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。‎ 时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见，‎ rest，means，following等，意义决定其复、单。‎ none，all，half of等，of之宾语定答案。‎ 还有分数、百分数，仍据of之宾定复、单。‎ 代词all指人谓复数，all指事情谓用单。‎ 量词用法请注意，谓语要随量词变。‎ and连接两名词，身兼两职一定冠。‎ no，each，every后单名，两种事物一概念。‎ 以上情况请记清，谓语动词全用单。‎ 形容词带the一类人，姓氏复数加定冠，‎ ‎-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛，谓语用复勿用单。‎ 代词neither，either，each，用作主语谓全单。‎ 检测训练 题组一 真题在线 ‎1.（2017·江苏）The publication of Great Expectations, which ____________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens, status as a leading novelist.‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。本句是包含定语从句的复合句，先行词是Great Expectations是书名，看作单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据＂strengthened＂可知，＂被广泛阅读和得到高度评价＂发生在过去，故选C。‎ ‎2. （2017·天津）Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.‎ A. regard B. is regarded ‎ C. are regarded D. regards ‎【答案】B ‎3.（2016·浙江）It is important to pay your electricity bill on time , as late payments may affect your ______.‎ A. condition B. income C. credit D. status ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：准时付电费很重要，因为付晚了会影响你的信用。condition条件；income收入；credit学分，信用（卡）。根据句意可知C。‎ ‎4.（2016·天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight.‎ ‎ A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。 ‎ ‎5.（2016·江苏） — Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?‎ ‎ — Living every day to the full, definitely.‎ A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查名词词义辨析。recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条；句意：—你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗？—当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知A项意为＂秘诀＂，与上下文相符。‎ ‎6.（2015·湖北）When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.‎ A. balance B .chance C .memory D .place ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：男孩在追他哥哥时，失去了平衡，重重地摔了一跤。A项＂平衡＂；B项＂机会＂；C项＂记忆＂；D项＂地方＂。lose one’s balance＂失去平衡＂。故选A项。‎ ‎7.（2015·湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task. ‎ A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【名师点睛】考生解答本题的关键是抓住题干中的关键词＂secret task（秘密任务）＂和＂ gave himself a new name（给自己取了个新名字）＂，然后推知肯定是为了＂hide his identity（掩藏身份）＂，从而锁定正确答案。‎ ‎8.（2015·安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.‎ A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：现在没必要告诉我答案，你再思考一下，之后告诉我。A思考；B支持；C保护；D权威，当局。这里指让对方再好好想想，故选A。‎ ‎9.（2015·江苏）—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.‎ ‎—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ______ .‎ A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：——Dave，去跟你的妈妈道歉。——我想这样做，但是我担心她对我的道歉不满意。A项＂请求＂；B项＂借口＂；C项＂道歉＂；D项＂遗憾，后悔＂。故选C项。‎ ‎10.（2015·江苏）Some schools will have to make ______ in agreement with the national soccer reform.‎ A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：为了与国家的足球改革相适应，一些学校必须做出调整。A项＂判断，决断＂；B项＂调整＂；C项＂评价，评论＂；D项＂成就＂。故选B项。‎ ‎【名师点睛】本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析名词词义的能力。四个选项都可以跟前面的动词make搭配。因此，考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义，还应注意多积累可以跟同一动词搭配的名词。另外还可以利用固定搭配排除C项make本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析名词词义的能力。comments on＂对……做出评价/评论＂，缩小正确答案的范围。‎ ‎11.（2015·福建）The failure was a big __________to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.‎ A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. Factor ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】blow打击； issue问题；excuse借口；factor要素。句意：这个失败对他来说是一个打击，但是他没有泄气，很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选A ‎12.（2015·浙江）One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.‎ A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】句意：一种最有效的减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人谈谈你的想法。production产品， stress压力， energy能源，‎ ‎ passive力量。根据常识可知，和别人谈心应该来说是减压。所以答案是B.。‎ ‎13.(2013·福建)The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.‎ A. were invited B. was invited ‎ C. have been invited D. has been invited ‎【答案】B ‎14.(2013·江苏)Generally，students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ________ essential to their development.‎ A.is B. are C. was D. were ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。句意为：通常情况，对别人期望很高的学生的内在动机对他们的发展是必要的。主语students’ inner motivation表示单数意义，所以谓语动词用单数，并且叙述的是现在的状态，所以用一般现在时，故选A项。‎ 题组二 名校模拟 Ⅰ. 单项填空 ‎1．Faced with the phenomenon that actors and actresses catch public attention, many people insisted that it _____ ‎ ‎ wrong and more _______ should be given to those devoted scientists.‎ ‎ A. was; credit B.be; honour ‎ C. should be; appreciation D.is; recognition ‎【答案】A ‎2．Don't turn a deaf ear to the advice which will make a ___to your future.‎ ‎ A. mess B. difference C. fuss D. remark ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意为：不要对将会对你的未来有重要影响的那些建议充耳不闻。make a difference是固定搭配，表示“有影响”。‎ ‎3．It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your .‎ ‎ A. profession B. credit C. income D. profit ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查名词词义辨析。按时交电费是很重要的。因为迟交会影响你的信用。profession，职业；credit，信用；income，收入；profit，利润。故B选项正确。‎ ‎ 4．A company cannot be sold without the _______of the shareholders.‎ ‎ A. appointment B. appreciation C. appearance D. approval ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：没有股东的同意，一个公司不能被出售。appointment意为“约定”；appreciation意为“欣赏”；appearance意为“出现”；approval意为“同意”。‎ ‎5．Our school tries to treat students as individuals and to help each one to achieve their full ___________.‎ ‎ A. benchmark B. potential ‎ ‎ C. communication D. determination ‎【答案】B ‎6．Your child isn’t satisfied with what you have done to him. Maybe you should encourage him to reach a ‎ 　 between what he wants and what you want.‎ ‎ A. standard B. destination C. level D. compromise ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:你的孩子对你对他的所作所为不满意。也许你应该鼓励他在他想要的和你想要的之间找到一个折中方案。reach a compromise between...and...意为"找到……和……之间的折中方案"。‎ ‎7．During an exam, it’s a good idea to give careful 　　　　to the questions before writing your answers.‎ ‎ A. consideration B. acquisition C. explanation D. instruction ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:在考试中,在写下你的答案之前仔细考虑一下问题是个好主意。根据句意可知,consideration"深思,仔细考虑"符合语境。acquisition"获得";explanation"解释";instruction"指导"。‎ ‎8．You have been such an 　　　　to all of us that we want to repay you for what you give us.‎ ‎ A. alternative B .assistant C. attraction D. inspiration ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:你对我们所有人来说是一个如此鼓舞人心的存在以至于我们想回报你所给予我们的。根据句意可知选D项。alternative"可供选择的事物"; assistant"助手"; inspiration"鼓舞人心的人(或事物)"。 ‎ ‎9．She was admitted to college and she had to make some 　　　　and learn to lead an independent life there.‎ ‎ A. progress B. adjustment C. difference D. assessment ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查名词。句意:她被大学录取了,因此她不得不作些调整并学会在那儿独立生活。adjustment"调整,调节",符合语境。progress"进步";assessment"评价,评估"。 ‎ ‎10．From what you have told me, I am in the 　　　　that the Chinese Lunar New Year has become an ‎ ‎ international festival.‎ ‎ A. acquaintance B. knowledge C. hope D. belief ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查名词。句意:根据你所告诉我的,我知道了中国农历新年已经成为一个国际性的节日。in the knowledge that...是固定用法,表示"知道,了解"。 acquaintance"相识,相识的人"。‎ ‎ 11．Beneath the books _________ a photo, which showed the city had _________ huge changes.‎ ‎ A. were; gone through B. was; gone through ‎ C. was; got through D. were; got through ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考察主谓一致和动词短语。Beneath the books置于句首，句子用倒装语序，主语是a photo，所以谓语用单数；go through是“经历”的意思，get through“通过；做完；接通电话”。句意：书的下面是一张照片，显示这个城市经历了巨大的变化。故选B。‎ ‎12．Not even one of the hundred students who took the test passed.‎ ‎ A. has B. have C. is D. are ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。本句运用了定语从句，先行词是the hundred students，引导词who指代the hundred students，所以句子的主语是Not even one of the hundred students，谓语用单数；主语与pass是主动关系。故选A。 ‎ ‎13．In front of the pine trees a family, members are always friendly to their neighbors.‎ ‎ A. lives;where B. live, whose ‎ ‎ C. lives, whose D. live;where ‎【答案】C ‎14．Contrary to what we had expected, the noodles and rice they served on the plane quite delicious.‎ ‎ A. are B.is C. were D. was ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。结合该句中宾语从句谓语动词had expected可知，该处应用一般过去式；主语是the noodles and rice，谓语动词应用复数，故选C项。‎ ‎15．The professor, ____ some of his assistants , _____ to attend our discussion.‎ ‎ A. and; is B.as well as; is ‎ C. or ; are D. except for; are ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。and连接两个名词或代词作主语，谓语动词应用复数；or连接两个名词或代词作主语，谓语动词的单复数采用就近原则；as well as和except for连接两个名词或代词作主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于前者，故选B项。‎ ‎ 16．One third of the country ___ covered with trees and the majority of citizens ___ Han people.‎ ‎ A.is ; are B.is；is C. are；are D. are；is ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。one third of the country指该国国土面积的三分之一，是不可数名词，故用is；the majority of citizens指大多数公民，是可数名词，故谓语用复数，选A项。‎ ‎17．The university estimates that living expenses for international students _________ around $8,450 per year, ‎ ‎ which _________ a burden for some of them.‎ ‎ A. are; is B.is; are C.is; is D. are; are ‎【答案】A ‎18．Either you or one of your assistants _________ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ ‎ A.is B. are C. have D. would ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致和动词。句意：你或你的一位助手将出席明天的会议。either… or…连接两个主语，谓语用就近原则；be to do sth. 打算做某事。故选A。‎ Ⅱ. 语法填空 ‎ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ ‎ Ali is from a Middle Eastern country. He now stays in the USA. He smokes a lot of cigarettes (香烟) every day. He 　1　( smoke) for nine years. Ali says, “ I tried to quit (放弃) smoking in my hometown, but it was 　2　(possible). My brothers smoke. All my friends smoke. At parties and at meetings, almost all the men smoke. Here in 　3　United States, not as many people smoke. It will be 　4　_ (easy) to change my habit here.”‎ ‎ Many smokers are like Ali: they want to stop smoking. The smokers know that smoking is bad for their health. They know it can cause cancer and heart disease. But it is difficult for them  　5　(give) up smoking 　6　 cigarettes have a drug in them. The drug is nicotine (尼古丁). People 　7　smoke a lot need nicotine.‎ ‎ When a person first begins to smoke, he usually feels 　8　 (terror). The nicotine makes him sick. In a few days, the smoker’s body is used to the nicotine, and he feels fine. Later, the smoker needs nicotine to keep feeling fine. Without nicotine, he feels bad.‎ ‎ It is very hard to quit smoking, and many people who quit will soon smoke again. At a party or at work they will decide to smoke “just one” cigarette. Then they will smoke another cigarette, and another. Soon they become 　9　 ( smoker) again. Maybe there is only one 　10　 (good) way to quit smoking: never start ‎ 【语篇解读】文章通过自己很难戒烟的痛苦经历，告诉读者戒烟很困难，最好就是从不开始吸烟。‎ ‎5. to give 考查非谓语。此处运用了“it is difficult for sb. to do sth.”这个句式。故填to give。‎ ‎6. because 考查连词。句意：但他们很难戒烟，因为香烟中含有毒品。故填because。‎ ‎7. Who 考查连词。此处运用了定语从句，先行词是people，引导词在定语从句中作主语。故填Who。‎ ‎8. Terrible 考查形容词。句意：当一个人第一次开始吸烟的时候，他通常感觉很不舒服。在系动词feel 后面跟形容词作表语。故填terrible。‎ ‎9. smokers 考查名词复数。此处指“他们很快又成了吸烟者”。根据主语they可知此处用复数。故填smokers。‎ ‎10. better 考查形容词。句意：也许只有一种更好的戒烟方法：永远不要开始。此处指的是与其他戒烟 方法的比较，所以用比较级。故填better。‎ Ⅲ. 短文改错 ‎ 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。‎ 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；‎ ‎2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。‎ ‎ It was my 17th birthday and I was looking forward to see my friends. I arrived at my favorite restaurant, waiting for him. We would have the special birthday dinner. I looked for a familiar face but failed. Soon the restaurant was filled customers, none of which were my friends. An hour later, I went back home, lonely and disappointing. To my great surprise, I found the door was wide open while I arrived home. Nervously,‎ ‎ I walk into the dark room. Suddenly, all the light went on and my friends were appeared shouting ‘‘surprise”. I had an unforgettable birthday.‎ ‎【答案】‎ It was my 17th birthday and I was looking forward to my friends. I arrived at my favorite restaurant, waiting for. We would have special birthday dinner. I looked for a familiar face but failed. Soon the restaurant was filled customers, none of were my friends. An hour later, I went back home, lonely and . To my great surprise, I found the door was wide open I arrived home. Nervously, I into the dark room. Suddenly, all the went on and my friends appeared shouting ‘‘surprise”. I had an unforgettable birthday.‎ 第三处：考查冠词。我们将有一个特殊的生日宴会。泛指“一个特殊的生日宴会”，且special的首字母发音 ‎ 是辅音，所以the改成a。‎ 第四处：考查固定用法。be filled with是固定用法，意思是满是，充满，所以filled后面加with。‎ 第五处：考查定语从句。这个句子含有一个非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指人，所以which ‎ 改成whom。‎ 第十处：考查语态。my friends与 appeared之间是主动关系，所以用主动语态，删去were。‎