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简单句的基本句型
由一个主语和一个谓语动词所组成的句子是简单句。
谓语动词有 及物动词、不及物动词 和 连系动词 之分。正是谓语动词的特点决定着句子的不同结构,如连系动词后要接表语;大多数及物动词后接一个直接宾语,有的及物动词要接直接宾语和间接宾语,还有的及物动词要接复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。
【1】 主语 + 谓语 (不及物动词) + ( 状语 [ 副词、名词、介词短语等 ] )
主语
谓语
状语
状语
His father
cooks.
He
runs
fast
in the street.
The meeting
begins
at nine.
主语和不及物动词是组成本句型不可缺少的必要成分,虽然长短不一,但都属于这一句型。
练习: 1). 学生们学习很努力。__________________________________________
2). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _____________________________________
【2】 主语 + 谓语 (及物动词) + 宾语 ( + 状语 )
主语
谓语
宾语
状语
He
didn’t like
the film.
She
decided to
go hiking.
He
thought about
the problem
for a few moments.
此句型中的谓语动词既可以是及物动词,也可以是短语动词,后面的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式。修饰谓语动词的状语通常放在句末,多数是副词、介词短语、名词短语、分词或不定式短语。
练习:1) 我不喜欢这样。 ___________________________________________
2)我昨天看了一部电影。______________________________________
【3】 主语 + 谓语 (系动词) + 表语 ( + 状语 )
主语
系动词
表语
状语
These books
are
great.
Your watch
looks
nice.
The trees
turn
green
in spring.
此句型中的谓语动词是连系动词,如be, seem, turn(变得), taste, feel, smell, get(变得) become (变得), look(看起来) 等,作表语的可以是名词、代词、形容词等。
练习:1) 我是一名学生。 ___________________________________________
2)他感觉很高兴。 ____________________________________________
【4】 主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ( + 状语 )
主语
谓语
间宾
直宾
状语
I’ll
show
you
my photos.
My father
bought
me
a very good bike
on my birthday.
My aunt
sent
me
a box of chocolate.
此句型中的及物动词后接两个宾语(双宾语),即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。通常情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。有时间接宾语也可改为由介词to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语的后面。
She passed him the salt. = She passed the salt to him. 她把盐递给了他。
His uncle bought him a birthday present yesterday. 昨天,他叔叔给他买了一件生日礼物。
= His uncle bought a birthday present for him yesterday.
由介词 to 连接间接宾语的动词常见的有:give, pass, tell, show, lend, take,teach 等;
由介词 for 连接间接宾语的动词常见的有:buy, cook, get, make, choose, sing 等。
练习:1) 请把你的画给我看一下。 ___________________________________________
2)老人经常讲故事给孩子们听。 ________________________________________
【5】 主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ( + 状语 )
主语
谓语
宾语
宾补
状语
The news
made
everyone
happy.
I
Don’t want
you
to work
too hard.
We
call
him
Tom
for short.
此句型中的宾语后面需接上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的有关情况,这样意思才完整。宾语和宾语补足语合称复合宾语,宾语与宾语补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。可作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、现在分词、动词不定式、介词短语等。
1. 接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:call, make, think, name 等。
2. 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:keep, make, find, think 等。
3. 动词不定式作宾语补足语时通常分为以下三种情况:
(1) 接带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:want, ask, wish, tell, teach等。
(2) 接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:let, make, see, hear, watch等。
(3) 接带 to 或不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是 help。
4. 接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:hear, see, watch, keep, find 等。
5. 接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:find, take, keep 等。
练习:1) 我发现她非常疲惫。 ___________________________________________
2)我们选他当班长。 ________________________________________
【6】 There be + 主语 + 状语 (介词短语)
There
be
主语
状语
There
are
many story books
in his schoolbag.
There
is
a very nice cup
on the table.
There
is
a pen and some books
on the desk.
本句型又叫 There be 句型,常用来表示“在某地(某时) 有某物(某人)”,但应注意与 have 的区别:have / has 作“有”讲时,表示所属关系,即“所有,占有”,而 there be 结构表示客观上的存在,不说明所有关系。
There is a new pen in Jim’s pencil-box. 在吉姆的铅笔盒里有一支新钢笔。(钢笔在铅笔盒里)
Jim has a new pen. 吉姆有支新钢笔。 (钢笔为吉姆所有)
在此句型中,there 是引导词,无实义, 其主语是 be 动词之后的名词或名词短语, 且这些名词或名词短语通常用不确定的限定词(a, no, all 等) 修饰, 不用确定的限定词(the, this, that 等) 修饰。同时,此句型中的主语不能是人称代词、专有名词以及被物主代词或所有格修饰的名词。如不能说:
There is China in the east of the world.
There are their books on the desk.
注意:动词 be 在人称和数上应和其后的主语(名词) 保持一致, 即主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用 is,复数可数名词时用 are。若 be 后有两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,be动词应采取“邻近原则”,即 be 应与邻近的主语在数上保持一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而定。
在此句型中,谓语动词有时不用 be,而用其他动词,使语言表达更生动形象,如 live, stand, lie 等。
练习:1) 请把你的画给我看一下。 ___________________________________________
2)老人经常讲故事给孩子们听。 ________________________________________
一、 单项选择
( ) 1. An MP5 player of this type costs too much. You’d better ______.
A. wait B. waiting C. waited D. to wait
( ) 2. It _____ outside. I have to stay at home.
A. rain B. is raining C. rained D. has rained
( ) 3. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
—Yes, I did. My uncle ______ in the match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. will play
( ) 4. —What did your father say just now?
—Sorry, I don’t know. I ______ on the phone.
A. am talking B. talk C. was talking D. have talked
( ) 5. You ______ first and I ______ behind.
A. go; was following B. will go; follow C. will go; followed D. go; will follow
( ) 6. There ______ ice on the road last week.
A. was B. were C. will be D. are
( ) 7. There ______ a football match on the playground this afternoon.
A. will have B. is going to have C. is have D. is going to be
二、 将下列句子改为同义句。
1. Tom gave me a nice pen.
Tom ______ a nice pen _____ me.
2. My mother bought my little sister a pink skirt.
My mother ______ a pink skirt ______ my little sister.
3. She cooked us a delicious meal.
She ______ a delicious meal _ ____ us.
4. Tim showed me his nice T-shirt.
Tim ______ his nice T-shirt _____ me.
5. She made me a cup of coffee.
She ______ a cup of coffee ______ me.
三、 连词成句。
1. student, in, some, classroom, the, are _________________________________
2. an, to, he, buy, wants, dictionary, english ___________________________________
3. my, to, Mary, enjoyed, songs, listening ___________________________________
4. some, she, fruit, for,bought, me __________________________________
5. pass, road, on, I, them, the, saw, me __________________________________
四、根据汉语完成下列英语句子,每空一词。
1. 一个男孩正在院子里和一只小狗玩。
_____ _____ a boy _____ with a dog in the yard.
2. 以前在街道拐角处有一家商店。
______ _____ _____ _____ a shop on the corner of the street.
3. 可能会有一个更好的办法来做这件事。 _____ _____ _____ a better way to do this.
4. 没有空气就没有声音. _____ _____ _____ sound without air.
5. 没有时间再等你了。 _____ ______ no time _____ _____ _____ you.