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  • 2021-10-11 发布

人教初一英语知识点总结及练习

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初一年级(上)‎ ‎【知识梳理】‎ I. 重点短语 ‎ ‎ ‎1. Sit down ‎2. on duty ‎3. in English ‎4. have a seat ‎5. at home ‎6. look like ‎7. look at ‎8. have a look ‎9. come on ‎10. at work ‎11. at school ‎12. put on ‎13. look after ‎14. get up ‎15. go shopping ‎ ‎ II. 重要句型 ‎ ‎ ‎1. help sb. do sth.‎ ‎2. What about…?‎ ‎3. Let’s do sth.‎ ‎4. It’s time to do sth.‎ ‎5. It’s time for …‎ ‎6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s…‎ ‎7. Where is…? It’s….‎ ‎8. How old are you? I’m….‎ ‎9. What class are you in? ‎ I’m in….‎ ‎10. Welcome to….‎ ‎11. What’s …plus…? It’s….‎ ‎12. I think…‎ ‎13. Who’s this? This is….‎ ‎14. What can you see? I can see….‎ ‎15. There is (are) ….‎ ‎16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)…‎ ‎17. Whose …is this? It’s….‎ ‎18. What time is it? It’s….‎ ‎ ‎ III. 交际用语 ‎ ‎ ‎1. Good morning, Miss/Mr….‎ ‎2. Hello! Hi!‎ ‎3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.‎ ‎4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you?‎ ‎5. See you. See you later.‎ ‎6. Thank you! You’re welcome.‎ ‎7. Goodbye! Bye!‎ ‎8. What’s your name? My name is ….‎ ‎9. Here you are. This way, please.‎ ‎10. Who’s on duty today?‎ ‎11. Let’s do.‎ ‎12. Let me see.‎ ‎ ‎ IV. 重要语法 ‎1. 动词be的用法;‎ ‎2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法;‎ ‎3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法;‎ ‎4. 冠词的基本用法;‎ ‎5. There be句型的用法。‎ ‎1.in/on ‎ 在表示空间位置时,in表示在某个空间的范围以内,on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。‎ 例如:There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。‎ ‎2. this/that/these/those ‎(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事,these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事,those时that的复数形式。例如:You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子,我去看那边的那个盒子。‎ I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车,不是那一辆。‎ Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。‎ This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的,那个是你的。‎ These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果,那些是橘子。‎ ‎(2)在打电话的用语中,this常常指的是我,that常常指的是对方。例如:‎ This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁?‎ ‎3. There be/ have There be "有",其确切含意为"某处或某时存在某人或某物。"其结构是:There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词实际上是主语,be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一致,be动词后面的名词是单数或不可数名词时用is,名词是复数时用are。例如:(1) There is a big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。‎ ‎(2) There is a doll in the box. 那个盒子里有个娃娃。‎ ‎(3) There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有许多苹果。‎ 总之,There be结构强调的是一种客观存在的"有"。have表示"拥有,占有,具有",即:某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。主语一般是名词或代词,与主语是所属关系。例如:‎ ‎(4) I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟,一个姐姐。‎ ‎(5) That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。‎ ‎4. look/ see/ watch ‎ ‎(1)look 表示“看、瞧”,着重指认真看,强调看的动作,表示有意识地注意看,但不一定看到,以提醒对方注意。,如:‎ Look! The children are playing computer games. 瞧!孩子们在玩电脑游戏。‎ Look! What’s that over there? 看!那边那个是什么?‎ 单独使用是不及物动词,如强调看某人/物,其后接介词at,才能带宾语,如:‎ He’s looking at me。他正在看着我。‎ ‎(2)see强调“看”的结果,着重的是look这个动作的结果,意思是“看到”,see是及物动词,后面能直接跟宾语。如:‎ What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么?‎ Look at the blackboard. What did you see on it?看黑板!你看到了什么?‎ ‎(3)watch“观看,注视”,侧重于场面,表示全神贯注地观看、观察或注视某事务的活动,强调过程,常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如:‎ Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球比赛。‎ ‎4. put on/ / in ‎ put on意为“穿上,戴上”。主要指“穿上”这一动作, 后面接表示服装、鞋帽的名词。‎ in 是介词,表示“穿着”强调状态。在句中可以做定语、标语和状语。如:‎ It’s cold outside, put on your coat. 外面冷,穿上你的外衣。‎ He puts on his hat and goes out. 他戴上帽子,走了出去。‎ The woman in a white blouse is John’s mother.穿白色衬衣的那个妇女是John的妈妈。‎ ‎5. house/ home/family house :“房子”,指居住的建筑物; Home: “家”‎ ‎,指一个人同家人共同经常居住的地方; Family: “家庭“,“家庭成员”。例如:Please come to my house this afternoon. 今天下午请到我家来。‎ He is not at home. 他不在家。My family all get up early. 我们全家都起得很早。‎ ‎6. fine, nice, good, well 四者都可用作形容词表示"好"之意,但前三者既可作表语又可作定语,而后者仅用作表语。主要区别在于:‎ ‎(1) fine指物时表示的是质量上的"精细",形容人时表示的是"身体健康",也 可以用来指"天气晴朗"。例如:Your parents are very fine. 你父母身体很健康。‎ That's a fine machine.那是一台很好的机器It's a fine day for a walk today.今天是散步的好时候。‎ ‎(2)nice主要侧重于人或物的外表,有"美好","漂亮"的意思,也可用于问候或赞扬别人。‎ 例如:Lucy looks nice. 露西看上去很漂亮。These coats are very nice. 那些裙子很好看。‎ Nice to meet you. 见到你很高兴。It's very nice of you. 你真好。‎ ‎(3)good形容人时指"品德好",形容物时指"质量好",是表示人或物各方面都好的普通用语。例如:Her son is a good student. 她儿子是一个好学生。‎ The red car is very good. 那辆红色小汽车很好。‎ ‎(4)well只可用来形容人的"身体好",但不能作定语,它也能用作副词作状语,多放在所修饰的动词之后。例如:I'm very well, thanks. 我身体很好,谢谢。‎ My friends sing well. 我的朋友们歌唱得好。‎ ‎【考点扫描】‎ 中考考点在本单元主要集中在:‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1. 动词be的用法;‎ ‎2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法;‎ ‎3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法;‎ ‎4. 冠词的基本用法;‎ ‎5. There be句型的用法。‎ ‎6. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型;‎ ‎7. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。‎ 考试形式可以是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空、完成句子。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【中考范例】‎ ‎1. (2004年北京市中考试题)‎ ‎ Mary, please show ________ your picture. ‎ A. my B. mine C. I D. me ‎【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法。本题中动词show后面跟双宾语,空白处应填入人称代词的宾格me作宾语。‎ ‎2. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)‎ ‎ _________ orange on the desk is for you, Mike. A. A B.An C. / D. The ‎【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是冠词的基本用法。因为是特指课桌上的那个橘子,所以用定冠词the。‎ ‎3. (2004年哈尔滨市中考试题)‎ ‎ ---What _______ the number of the girls in your class? ---About twenty.‎ ‎ A. is B. am C. are D. be ‎【解析】答案:A。该题考查的是动词be的用法和主谓一致。the number作主语,应该是单数第三人称,动词be变为is。‎ ‎4. (2004年陕西省中考试题)‎ ‎ There _______ a football match on TV this evening.‎ ‎ A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have ‎【解析】答案:B。该题考查的是There be…句型和动词have用法区别。There be句型本身就表示“在某个地方存在某个人或物”,不能和动词have混在一起用。‎ 初一年级(下)‎ ‎【知识梳理】‎ I. 重点短语 ‎ ‎ ‎1. a bottle of ‎2. a little ‎3. a lot (of)‎ ‎4. all day ‎5. be from ‎6. be over ‎7. come back ‎8. come from ‎9. do one’s homework ‎10. do the shopping ‎11. get down ‎12. get home ‎13. get to ‎14. get up ‎15. go shopping ‎16. have a drink of ‎17. have a look ‎18. have breakfast ‎ ‎19. have lunch ‎20. have supper ‎21. listen to ‎22. not…at all ‎23. put…away ‎24. take off ‎25. throw it like that ‎26. would like ‎27. in the middle of the day ‎28. in the morning / afternoon/ evening ‎29. on a farm ‎30. in a factory ‎ ‎ II. 重要句型 ‎ ‎ ‎1. Let sb. do sth.‎ ‎2. Could sb. do sth.?‎ ‎3. would like sth.‎ ‎4. would like to do sth.‎ ‎5. What about something to eat?‎ ‎6. How do you spell …?‎ ‎7. May I borrow…?‎ ‎ ‎ III. 交际用语 ‎ ‎ ‎1. —Thanks very much!‎ ‎—You're welcome.‎ ‎2. Put it/them away.‎ ‎3. What's wrong?‎ ‎4. I think so. I don't think so.‎ ‎5. I want to take some books to the classroom.‎ ‎6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please.‎ Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK.‎ ‎9. What's your favourite sport?‎ ‎10. Don't worry.‎ ‎11.I’m (not) good at basketball.‎ ‎12. Do you want a go?‎ ‎13. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.‎ ‎14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries?‎ Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.‎ ‎15. We / They have some CDs.‎ We / They don’t have any CDs.‎ ‎16. ---What day is it today / tomorrow?‎ ‎---It’s Monday.‎ ‎17. ---May I borrow your colour pens, please?‎ ‎ ---Certainly. Here you are.‎ ‎18. ---Where are you from?‎ ‎---From Beijing.‎ ‎19. What's your telephone number in New York?‎ ‎20. ---Do you like hot dogs?‎ ‎---Yes, I do. ( A little. / A lot. / Very much.)‎ ‎---No, I don't. ( I don't like them at all.)‎ ‎21. ---What does your mother like?‎ ‎---She likes dumplings and vegetables very much.‎ ‎22. ---When do you go to school every day?‎ ‎---I go to school at 7:00 every day.‎ ‎23. ---What time does he go to bed in the evening?‎ ‎---He goes to bed at 10:00. ‎ ‎ ‎ IV. 重要语法 ‎ ‎ ‎1.人称代词的用法;‎ ‎2. 祈使句;‎ ‎3. 现在进行时的构成和用法;‎ ‎4.动词have的用法;‎ ‎5.一般现在时构成和用法;‎ ‎6.可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法 ‎ ‎ ‎【名师讲解】‎ ‎1. That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right.‎ That’s right意为“对的”,表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为,肯定对方的答案或判断。例如:"I think we must help the old man.""我想我们应该帮助这位老人。"‎ ‎"That's right."或 "You're right.""说得对"。‎ That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”,用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如:‎ ‎"Many thanks." "That's all right." "Sorry. It's broken." "That's all right."‎ All right.意为“行了”、“可以”,表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”‎ ‎"Please tell me about it." "请把此事告诉我。" "All right.""好吧。"‎ Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗 ‎2. make/do 这两个词都可以解释为“做”,但含义却不同,不能混用。make指做东西或制东西,do指做一件具体的事。Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗?‎ He’s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。‎ ‎3. say/speak/talk/tell say:是最口语化的最普通的一个词,意为“说出”、“说道”,着重所说的话。如:‎ ‎“I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说,“我要坐汽车到那里去。”Please say it in English .请用英语说。‎ speak : “说话”,着重开口发声,不着重所说的内容,一般用作不及物动词 (即后面不能直接接宾语 ) 。如:Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的情况?I don’t like to speak like this. 我不喜欢这样说话。‎ speak 作及物动词解时,只能和某种语言等连用,表达在对话中恰当使用词汇的能力。‎ 如:She speaks English well.她英语说得好。‎ talk : 与 speak 意义相近,也着重说话的动作,而不着重所说的话,因此,一般也只用作不及物动词, 不过,talk 暗示话是对某人说的,有较强的对话意味,着重指连续地和别人谈话。如:I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。Old women like to talk with children.老年妇女喜欢和孩子们交谈。‎ tell : “告诉”,除较少情况外,一般后面总接双宾语。如:He’s telling me a story.他在给我讲故事。‎ tell a lie 撒谎 tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth 如:.Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.‎ ‎4. do cooking/ do the cooking do cooking 作“做饭”解,属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词,不能用作复数,但前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出许多类似的短语:do some washing 洗些衣服do some shopping 买些东西do some reading 读书do some writing 写些东西do some fishing 钓鱼 从以上短语可引申出另一类短语,不能用some, much或定冠词。‎ go shopping 去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼go boating 去划船go swimming 去游泳 ‎5. like doing sth./ like to do sth.‎ like doing sth. 与like to do sth. 意思相同,但用法有区别。前者强调一般性的爱好或者表示动作的习惯性和经常性;后来表示一次性和偶然性的动作。例如:‎ He likes playing football, but he doesn‘t like to play football with Li Ming.他喜欢踢足球,但是他不喜欢和李明踢。‎ ‎6. other/ others/ the other/ another other表其余的,别的,如:Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?‎ others 别的人,别的东西.如:In the room some people are American, the others are ‎ French.在屋子里一些人是美国人,其他的是法国人。‎ the other表另一个(二者之中)one…,the other…如:One of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chinese.我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。‎ another表三者以上的另一个,另一些如:There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。‎ ‎7. in the tree/ on the tree in the tree 与 on the tree.译成中文均为"在树上"但英语中有区别。in the tree表示某人、某事(不属于树本身生长出的别的东西)落在树上,表示树的枝、叶、花、果等长在树上时,要使用on the tree.如:There are some apples on the tree. 那棵树上有些苹果。There is a bird in the tree. 那棵树上有只鸟。‎ ‎8. some/ any ‎ some和 any既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要注意。‎ ‎(1)some常用于肯定句中,any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:‎ There is some water in the glass.Is there any water in the glass?There isn't any water in the glass.‎ ‎(2)在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中,或在表示请求,邀请的疑问句中,我们依然用some。如:Would you like ‎ some tea?‎ ‎9. tall/ high ‎ ‎(1)说人,动物,树木等有生命的东西,主要用tall,不用high,例如 a tall woman 一个高个子妇女a tall horse 一个高大的马 ‎ ‎(2)说一个不与地面接触的人和物的高时,要用high,而不用tall,比如人站在桌子上时,飞机飞上天时,例如: He is high up in the tree. 他高高地爬在树上。 The plane is so high in the sky. 飞机在空中这么高。 ‎ ‎(3)指建筑物、山时要tall或high都可以,不过high的程度比tall高。 ‎ ‎(4)high可作副词,tall不能。 ‎ ‎(5)tall的反义词为short, high的反义词为low.‎ ‎10. can/ could ‎(1) can表示体力和脑力方面的能力,或根据客观条件能做某种动作的"能力"。例如:‎ Can you ride a bike?你会骑自行车吗?What can I do for you?要帮忙吗?Can you make a cake?你会做蛋糕吗?‎ ‎(2) can用在否定句和疑问句中时有时表示说话人的"怀疑""猜测"或不肯定。例如:‎ Where can he be?他会在什么地方呢?Can the news be true?这个消息会是真的吗?‎ It surely can't be six o'clock already?不可能已经六点钟了吧?‎ You can't be hungry so soon,Tom,you've just had lunch.汤姆,你不可能饿得这么快,你刚吃过午饭。‎ What can he mean?他会是什么意思?‎ 在日常会话中,can可代替may表示"允许",may比较正式。例如:You can come in any time.你随时都可以来。‎ ‎--- Can I use your pen?我能用你的钢笔吗?--- Of course,you can.当然可以。‎ You can have my seat,I'm going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。‎ ‎(3) could could 是 can的过去式,表示过去有过的能力和可能性(在否定和疑问句中)。例如:‎ The doctor said he could help him.(能力)医生说他能帮助他。‎ Lily could swim when she was four years old.(能力)当丽丽四岁的时候她就会游泳。‎ At that time we thought the story could be true.(可能性)那时我们以为所说的可能是真的。‎ could可代替can表示现在时间的动作,但语气较为婉转。例如:‎ Could I speak to John,please?我能和约翰说话吗?‎ Could you?在口语中表示请求对方做事。例如:Could you wait half an hour?请你等半个小时好吗?Could you please ring again at six?六点钟请你再打电话好吗?‎ ‎(4) can的形式 只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式。能表示一般现在和一般过去两种时态,有时也能表示将来。所有其他时态(包括将来时)须用be able to加动词不定式来表示。‎ 例如:They have not been able to come to Beijing.他们没有能到北京来。‎ ‎11. look for/ find look for 意为“寻找”,而find意为“找到,发现”,前者强调“找”这一动作,并不注重“找”的结果,而后者则强调“找”的结果。例如:She can’t find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。‎ Tom is looking for his watch,but he can’t find it.汤姆正在寻找他的手表,但没能找到。‎ ‎12. be sleeping/ be asleep be sleeping 表示动作,意思是“正在睡觉”;be asleep 表示状态,意思是“睡着了”。‎ 如:---What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么?---They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。‎ The children are asleep now.现在孩子们睡着了。‎ ‎13. often/ usually/sometimes often 表示"经常",sometimes表示"有时候",在表示发生频率上often要高于usually,usually要高于sometimes。这三个词表示的是经常性,一般性的动作或情况,常与一般现在时连用,常位于主要谓语动词的前面,其他谓语动词(be动词,情态动词和助动词)的后面,有时也可位于句尾。如果要加强语气,则放在句首。 ‎ We usually play basketball after school.我们通常放学后打篮球。Sometimes I go to bed early.有时,我睡觉很早。‎ He often reads English in the morning.他经常在早晨读英语。‎ ‎14. How much/ How many how much常用来询问某一商品的价格,常见句式是How much is / are…?‎ How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱?How much are the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱?‎ how much后加不可数名词,表示数量,意为“多少“,how many后加可数名词的复数形式。‎ How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀?How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人?‎ ‎15. be good for/ be good to/ be good at be good for 表示"对……有好处",而be bad for表示"对……‎ 有害";be good to表示"对……友好",而be bad to表示"对……不好";be good at表示"擅长,在……方面做得好",而be bad at表示"在……方面做得不好"。‎ 如:Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。‎ ‎ Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。‎ ‎ Miss Li is good to all of us.李老师对我们所有的人都很友好。‎ ‎ The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。‎ ‎ Li Lei is good at drawing, but I'm bad at it.李雷擅长画画,但是我不擅长。‎ ‎16. each/ every each 和every都有"每一个"的意思,但含义和用法不相同。each从个体着眼,every从整体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上,every只用于三者或三者以上。‎ 如:We each have a new book.我们每人各有一本新书。There are trees on each side of the street.街的两旁有树。‎ ‎ He gets up early every morning.每天早晨他都起得早。‎ each可以用作形容词、副词和代词;every只能用作形容词。如:Each of them has his own duty.他们各人有各人的义务。They each want to do something ‎ different.他们每个人都想做不同的事情。‎ ‎17. 一般现在时/现在进行时 一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作或存在的状态,也表示说话者的能力,还有自然现象;而现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作(构成方式为am/is /are/+doing)。‎ I do my homework in the evening.我在晚上做作业。I'm doing my homework now.我现在正在做作业。‎ 现在进行时常与now, these days, at the moment 或Look, listen等词连用;而一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, in the morning, on Mondays等连用。‎ We often clean the classroom after school.我们经常放学后打扫教室。‎ Look! They are cleaning the classroom .看!他们正在打扫教室呢。‎ ‎【考点扫描】‎ 中考考点在本单元主要集中在:‎ ‎1.动词一般现在时和现在进行时的用法,人称代词的用法,可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法。‎ ‎2.本册书中常见的交际用语 ‎3.本册书中一些重点的词组和短语 考试形式往往是单项填空、完形填空、短文改错和短文填空。‎ ‎【中考范例】‎ ‎1.(2004年安徽省中考试题)‎ ‎ ---Hurry up! We’re all waiting for you.‎ ‎ ---I ________ for an important phone call. Go without me.‎ ‎ A. wait B. was waiting C. am waiting D. waited ‎ ‎ ‎【解析】答案:C。表示现在正在进行的动作,用现在进行时。‎ ‎2. (2004年长春市中考试题)‎ ‎ Could you help ___ with ____ English, please?A. I, my B. me, me C. me, my D. my, I ‎ ‎ ‎【解析】答案:C。第一个空作宾语,应用人称代词的宾格me, 第二个空作定语,应用形容词性物主代词my。‎ ‎3.(2004年长春市中考试题)‎ Dr. White can _______ French very well. A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell ‎【解析】答案:A。说什麽语言常用动词speak。‎ ‎4.(2004年黄冈中考试题)‎ English is spoken by __people. A. a lot B. much many C. a large number of D. a great deal of ‎【解析】答案:C。只有a large number of 能用来修饰复数可数名词people。‎