月徐汇区初三英语二模卷 7页

‎2016学年第二学期徐汇区初三模拟考 ‎ 英语 试卷（满分150分，考试时间100分钟） 2017.4‎ Part 1 Listening (第一部分 听力)‎ I. Listening Comprehension (听力理解): (共30分)‎ A. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片): (共6分)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ A B C D ‎ ‎ ‎ E F G H ‎1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______‎ B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (共8分)‎ ‎7. A) On the 1st floor. B) On the 3rd floor. C) On the 6th floor. D) On the 8th floor.‎ ‎8. A) At the airport. B) At the bus stop. C) At the train station. D) At the subway station.‎ ‎9. A) On foot. B) By taxi. C) By bike. D) By bus.‎ ‎10. A) Buying some cold drinks. B) Cleaning his room. C) Having a barbecue. D) Meeting Jenny. ‎ ‎11. A) On Thursday. B) On Friday. C) On Saturday. D) On Sunday. ‎ ‎12. A) The orange one. B) The pink one. C) The blue one. D) The green one.‎ ‎13. A) By using some magic. B) By taking a yoga course. C) By going on a diet.D) By calling himself Tim.‎ ‎14. A) Because they didn’t recognize her. B) Because they met a famous actress. ‎ ‎ C) Because the woman performed well. D) Because the play made them happy. ‎ C. Listen to the letter and tell whether the following statements are true or false (共6分)‎ ‎15. It was a letter to Daisy about Jason’s first day at his new school. ‎ ‎16. Jason was excited because there are many students in the new school.‎ ‎17. Jason’s class teacher is Mrs. Black and she is a young and friendly lady. ‎ ‎18. Jason has made friends with a nice boy from Hong Kong.‎ ‎19. Everyone in the school must learn Spanish as a second language. ‎ ‎20. Jason has to do much maths homework on the Internet on the first day. ‎ D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences (听短文，完成下列内容。每空格限填一词): (共10分) ‎ ‎21. Ronald Dahl was born on ________ ________, 1916 in South Wales. ‎ ‎22. Young Dahl didn’t ________ ________ because many teachers were very strict. ‎ ‎23. Every few months, ________ ________ chocolate were sent to Repton for the students to test.‎ ‎24. The happy memory gave Dahl the idea for his ________ ________ novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.‎ ‎25. During the Second World War, Dahl ________ ________ in a burning plane on his first flight. ‎ 第二部分 语音、词汇和语法) Part 2 Phonetics, Vocabulary and Grammar II. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案): (共20分)‎ ‎26. Which of the following words matches the sound / nju: /?‎ A) now B) nor C) new D) near ‎27. Brooklyn Beckham, ________ eldest child of the Beckhams, will sell his photo book in May, 2017.‎ ‎ A) a B) an C) the D) /‎ ‎28. Nobody can stop a person with a strong will ________ realizing his dreams. ‎ A) of B) from C) with D) by ‎29. If they don’t prepare ________ well for the interview, they may fail to get the offer. ‎ A) they B) them C) theirs D) themselves ‎30. When Frank complained about the cold winter, Jane________ the sunny summer days in Australia. ‎ A) enjoys B) was enjoying C) has enjoyed D) will enjoy ‎31. Joe can only take two of his family members into the studio and leave ________ waiting outside. ‎ A) the others B) others C) other D) the other ‎32. ________ the end of yesterday, there had been more than 10 car accidents because of the typhoon. ‎ A) By B) From C) At D) To ‎33. The old ________ enjoy the convenience of technologies because they don’t accept new things quickly.‎ A) mustn’t B) needn’t C) can’t D) shouldn’t ‎34. The panda ________ to get used to the new environment since he returned from America.‎ A) learns B) is learning C) learned D) has learnt ‎ ‎35. The audience were attracted by ________ the stories and the readings at the new program “Readers”.‎ A) both B) neither C) either D) none ‎36. After the operation on Grandma’s heart, she becomes much ________ at present. ‎ A) good B) well C) better D) best ‎37. Every picture in the coloring book Secret Garden was not drawn by computer ________ all by hand. ‎ A) and B) so C) but D) or ‎38. The year’s best picture was wrongly awarded to La La Land, which ________ never ________ before. ‎ A) would…happen B) was…happening C) has…happened D) had…happened ‎39. A: ________ can we get the chance to join the party?‎ ‎ B: To join this party, you have to dress up like a Superhero. ‎ A) Why B) What C) How D) Where ‎ ‎40. Jenny is an independent girl and she is considering ________ a boarding school(寄宿学校). ‎ ‎ A) enter B) entering C) to enter D) entered ‎41. Every Monday morning all the staff members have a meeting to report their recent work, ________?‎ A) haven’t they B) don’t they C) aren’t they D) won’t they ‎42. Alex had no interest in painting ________ he met a creative and patient art teacher one day. ‎ A) when B) because C) until D) if ‎43. ________ good chance those teenagers were given to experience different cultures!‎ A) How B) What C) What a D) What an ‎44. A: The dishes you cooked tonight are really delicious. ‎ B: ________‎ A) Of course! B) I’m glad you like them! ‎ C) That’s all right! D) Never mind! ‎ ‎45. A: Excuse me, can I ask you some questions about the changes in Shanghai?‎ B: ________‎ A) Sure, go ahead! B) Congratulations!‎ C) I am so sorry! D) Nice to meet you！‎ III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once（共8分）‎ A. tradition B. similar C. communication D. spread E. hear of ‎ The Origins of April Fools Day What is April Fools Day and where does it come from? It is commonly believed that in medieval（中世纪） France, New Year was celebrated on 1 April. Then in 1562, a new calendar was introduced, changing New Year to 1 January. With no modern 46 , news travelled slowly and new ideas were often questioned. Many people did not ‎ 47 the change, while some just forgot. These people were called fools. People send invitations to ‘New Year’ parties that were not existed and other jokes were played. Then a 48 of playing jokes on April 1st started. The custom finally 49 to England and Scotland, and it was later transported across the Atlantic to the American and the French. April Fools Day has now developed into an international festival of fun, with different nationalities celebrating the day in special ways.‎ A. strangers B. balanced C. experienced D. catch E. knowing April Fools Day around the World In France and Italy, if someone plays a trick on you, you are the ‘fish of April’. By the month of April fish have only just hatched(孵化) and are easy to 50 . Children stick paper fish to their friends’ backs and chocolate fish are found in the shops.‎ In Scotland, April Fools Day lasts for two days! The second day is called ‘Taily Day’. Often a sign saying ‘kick me’ is stuck onto someone’s back without 51 .‎ Today, Americans and the British play small tricks on friends and 52 on April 1st. A common trick is to point to a friend's shoe and say “Your shoe is not tied.” When they look down, they are laughed at. Schoolchildren might tell a friend that school has been cancelled. A bag of flour might be 53 on the top of a door so that when the ‘victim’ opens the door, the flour empties over their head. ‎ Most April Fool jokes are in good fun and not meant to harm anyone. The best trick is the one where everyone laughs, especially the person upon whom the joke has been played.‎ IV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms (共8分)‎ ‎54. We all hope that those baby pandas in the zoo can grow up ________. (happy)‎ ‎55. After the 1000 meters’ race, I could hardly move my ________. (foot)‎ ‎56. Jeff keeps running every day and he looks ________ than his classmates. (strong)‎ ‎57. People celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival on different dates. It is on May the ________ this year. (thirty)‎ ‎58. It is ________ of some online store sellers to lie about the quality (质量) of their products. (honest)‎ ‎59. Tim visits his junior high school teachers every Teachers’ Day to express his ________ . (thankful)‎ ‎60. Since last year, the new medicine has successfully helped to ________ many people’s lives. (safety)‎ ‎61. With the help of that famous ________, the bridge construction was completed on time. (engine)‎ V. Complete the following sentences as required（根据所给要求，完成下列句子，共14分)‎ ‎62. He forgot to lock up the door to the cage and accidentally let the tiger escape. (改为一般疑问句) ‎ ‎________ he ________ to lock up the door to the cage and accidentally let the tiger escape?‎ ‎63. Mr. Wang will introduce Shanghai to all the foreign guests at the welcome party. (对划线部分提问)‎ ‎________ ________ Mr. Wang introduce to all the foreign guests at the welcome party?‎ ‎64. They usually store these fishes in the fridge to keep them fresh. (改为被动语态) ‎ These fishes ________ usually ________ in the fridge to keep them fresh. ‎ ‎65. Ian promises the technology of his invention is not harmful to the human body.（保持句意基本不变）‎ ‎ Ian promises the technology of his invention does ________ ________ to the human body.‎ ‎66. Professor Tenor’s lecture on universe is very difficult. Many people can’t understand it. (合并两句为一句)‎ Professor Tenor’s lecture on universe is ________ difficult for many people ________ understand.‎ ‎67. This warning sign tells us not to pick flowers. (保持句意基本不变)‎ ‎ This warning sign says, “________ ________ flowers!”‎ ‎68. a plan, made, before Friday, the staff, work out, the manager (连词成句)‎ ‎ ________________________________________________________.‎ Part 3 Reading and Writing (第三部分 读写)‎ VI. Reading comprehension (阅读理解): (共50分) A：Choose the best answer ( 12分)‎ Cool, amazing, unforgettable…something money can’t buy!‎ These are all words which students have used to describe their HOST visits. But a word they never use is “expensive”. Why not?‎ Because HOST visits are FREE. ‎ Our wonderful hosts are not paid. They love giving international students very special memories of the UK to take home with them. ‎ Students pay their own travel costs. And there is an application fee（申请费） which helps to pay for running the HOST program. But your university may pay all or part of the application fee for you.‎ The British Council and Foreign Office founded (建立)HOST in 1987. Thousands of students have enjoyed this experience. ‎ ‎5 reasons to have a HOST visit ‎△It is a unique opportunity to experience the real life of Britain.‎ ‎△It is safe---all the hosts are known by HOST.‎ ‎△It may cost you only your train fare.‎ ‎△You will learn things which the university cannot teach you.‎ ‎△You will have some very special memories to take home with you.‎ And 3 reasons NOT to apply for a HOST visit ‎△Please do not use HOST as a cheap form of tourism. It is about meeting people, sharing their lives. ‎ ‎△Please do not go on a HOST visit if you need to use your phone or pad a lot. Instead, make it a good chance to meet British people and make new friends. ‎ ‎△Please do not apply to HOST unless you have an open mind. Please don’t be surprised---and enjoy it!‎ ‎△You can apply for a HOST visit if you are: ‎ Ø A full-time student in the UK. HOST cannot accept applications from outside the UK. ‎ Ø Aged 18+‎ Ø You can include your husband, wife, partner, children-if they are living in the UK during your study period. HOST cannot accept applications from visiting family members or friends. ‎ ‎69. This advertisement is probably for ________ to read. ‎ ‎ A) travel agents B) news reporters C) international students D) hotel managers ‎70. Which of the following words cannot be used to describe HOST visits?‎ A) Amazing. B) Expensive. C) Unforgettable. D) Surprising.‎ ‎71. The word “them” in the sentence “They love giving international students very special memories of the UK to take home with them.” refer to ________. ‎ ‎ A) international students B) wonderful hosts C) travel costs D) HOST visits ‎72. People who are interested can learn ________ from this advertisement.‎ A) how to apply for a HOST visit B) who can apply for a HOST visit C) how to pay for their HOST visits D) where they can find wonderful hosts ‎73. The main purpose of the HOST program is to enable students to ________. ‎ ‎ A) visit different places in the UK B) save money on travelling cost ‎ C) make full use of their stay in the UK D) be more open minded and active ‎74. The HOST program is suitable for ________. ‎ ‎ A) Vickie, a sixteen-year-old exchange school student B) Samuel, an active and popular online fashion blogger ‎ C) Fang, a visiting friend of Diana from Hong Kong D) Osaki, an easy-going Japanese student of Oxford University B. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage（选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文):（12分）‎ When I entered Berkley, I hoped to win a scholarship(奖学金). As a Straight-A student all the way through, I believed I could take tough subjects and really learn something. One such course was World Literature given by Professor Jayne. I was very interested in the ideas he taught in class. ‎ When I took the first exam, I was shocked to find a 77, C-plus, on my test paper, for English was always my best subject. I went to Professor Jayne, who listened to my 75 but he refused to do anything about it. ‎ I decided to try harder, 76 I didn’t know what that meant because school always seemed easy for me. I read the books more carefully, but got another 77. Again, I reasoned with Professor Jayne. Again, he listened patiently but wouldn’t 77 . ‎ One more test before the final exam. So I worked even harder and, for the first time, learned the meaning of the word “thorough”. But my effort did no good and 78 stayed as before. ‎ The last chance was the final. No matter what grade I got, it wouldn’t cancel three C-pluses. I might as well kiss the scholarship goodbye. ‎ I stopped working hard. I felt I knew the course material as well as I ever would. The night before the final, I even relaxed to a 79 . The next day I decided for once I’d have fun with a test. ‎ A week later, I was surprised to find I got an A. I hurried into Professor Jayne’s office. He seemed to be expecting me. “If I gave you the grade as you 80 , you wouldn’t continue to work hard.”‎ I stared at him, realizing what he said was correct. I had worked my head off, as I had never done before. I was surprised when my course grade arrived: A-plus. It was the only A-plus given. The next year I received my scholarship. I’ve always remembered Professor Jayne’s lesson: you alone must set your own standard of excellence.‎ ‎75. A) speeches B) replies C) arguments D) conclusions ‎76. A) although B) unless C) if D) when ‎77. A) communicate with me B) look after me C) get rid of it D) change his mind ‎78. A) anything B) something C) everything D) nothing ‎79. A) test B) movie C) trick D) survey ‎80. A) expected B) volunteered C) realized D) selected C. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（14分）‎ It is never easy when a friend doesn’t tell the truth. This is something that hurts the person who has been lied to and f 81 it ends up hurting the person who did the lying as well. Lying is never something that is easy to forget or even to forgive. But it is something that you should try to understand so that you can be a better friend.‎ Usually, friends lie because of the way that they are feeling. If a friend feels inferior to(比……差) another person, he might make up stories so that he can get more a 82 . If your friend is lying to you for this reason, it might be a good idea to talk to your friend and make him understand that he doesn’t need to feel that way.‎ There are times when a friend might lie to try not getting into trouble. For example, if a friend knows he has been doing something you d 83 , or if he now regrets what he has said or done, he might want to lie about it so that you won’t be angry with him. The best way to deal with this situation is to get to the bottom of what might have happened, and make sure that you are being h 84 with your friend about everything that you do and the fact that lying hurts. ‎ S 85 , a friend lies for other reasons. One of these reasons might be to protect your feelings. For example, he might lie about h 86 silly you look or what stupid words you have said. You must decide if truthfulness(真实) is more important than your feelings in this type of situation.‎ Many times, friends don’t lie to hurt each other. Perhaps they know that the truth might make you mad at them, and they just don’t want to lose your f 87 . The best way to deal with lying is to talk to your friends calmly, and get the truth.‎ D. Answer the questions（根据短文内容回答下列问题): ( 12分)‎ Researchers from two universities in Britain recently carried out a very interesting project. They aimed to find out what modern family needs from their home. The lucky family chosen to take part in the project was the Joneses: parents Paul and Eve and their two sons, Jimmy (16) and Harry (13). They have just spent two months living in a specially designed hi-tech future house, where cameras recorded everything they did. ‎ TV while you bathe So what’s in this modern house? It boasts (夸耀) five bedrooms and five bathrooms. The sitting area has a huge TV and a digital picture frame---you can decide which photos you want to appear and change the picture as often as you like. The baths all have waterproof TV screens and DVD players. There is a remote control（遥控器） in every room which controls everything in the house from the lights to the cooker. The floors are all made of glass and all have underfloor heating. The windows clean themselves and there is even a robot called “Iron Man ” to do the ironing. Dirty washing goes into a lift which takes the clothes automatically to the washing machine. The “Iron Man” then does all the ironing. ‎ So how did it go?‎ The Jones family were over the moon to be chosen to spend some time in the house. Here’s what they said:‎ Paul: It was great. The house was so comfortable. One day our friends called round with their dog. The dog felt so warm and comfortable; he even slept on the floor! Oh, but there was one problem. One night we were all in bed and all the lights switched themselves on for no reason. It was a bit frightening!‎ Jimmy: I loved it, but I wish there had been a robot to help me with my homework. ‎ Harry: Staying in was as much fun as going out!‎ Eve: I loved the TV in the bath but I never watched it before going to work in the morning. If I did, I don’t think I’d ever get out!‎ The Jones family are now back in their very ordinary home, but planning some hi-tech additions as soon as they can afford them!‎ ‎ The experts hope that results from their project will help developers meet the needs of a 21st-century family. One of the experts wrote a few sentences about his findings on this project:‎ After watching what the Jones family did in the house and listening to how they felt about their life there, we learn that_________________________________________________________________‎ ‎88. Who carried out this interesting project? (1分)‎ ‎_________________________________________________. ‎ ‎89. Why was the project carried out in a specially designed hi-tech future house? (2分)‎ ‎ __________________________________________________________________________________. ‎ ‎90. What does the remote control in every room enable people to do? (2分)‎ ‎ __________________________________________________________________________________. ‎ ‎91. Which does the washing in this future house, the robot or the washing machine?‎ ‎ __________________________________________________________________________________. ‎ ‎92. How did the Jones family feel about their experience in the house? (2 分)‎ ‎ __________________________________________________________________________________. ‎ ‎93. What will the expert possible write about his findings? Please help him complete his note. (3 分)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________________‎ VII. Writing: （20分） ‎ ‎94. Write a passage on the topic “A party for/to ________” in at least 60 words. 请设计一个主题派对，并以“_________ 派对”为题介绍派对主题、对象及活动内容等，写一篇至少60个字的短文，（标点符号不占格）‎ ‎（注意：短文中不得出现任何人名、校名及其它相关信息，否则不予评分。）‎ The following is for reference only.（以下内容仅供参考）‎ Ø organize ‎ Ø it is to…‎ Ø invite…to…‎ Ø be able to…‎ ‎2016学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷 ‎ 初三英语学科 2017.4‎ Part 1 Listening (第一部分 听力)‎ I. Listening Comprehension (听力理解): (共30分)‎ A. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片): (共6分)‎ ‎1. Monkey King is one of the children’s favorite cartoon characters. ‎ ‎2. Chef Jeff has made a big pizza for little Tom’s birthday party. ‎ ‎3. Look! Fang Ming is introducing the book he likes in the reading club.‎ ‎4. I was born in a small peaceful village at the foot of big mountains. ‎ ‎5. Sharks are known as one of the dangerous animals living in the sea. ‎ ‎6. How happily the children were playing outside in the snow!‎ B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案): (共8分)‎ ‎7. M: Mum, I made a new friend in our building today. ‎ W: Is that Mike, the lovely boy on the third floor?‎ M: No. He lives on the eighth floor. His name’s Leo. ‎ Q: On which floor does Leo live?‎ ‎8. W: A ticket for the next train to Hangzhou, please. ‎ M: 73 yuan. The next train leaves at 3:00. ‎ Q: Where does this dialogue probably take place?‎ ‎9. W: Dan, it’s raining outside. I’m afraid we can’t go to Grandma’s home by bike. Shall I call a taxi?‎ ‎ M: It would be really hard to get us a taxi on rainy days. Let’s take the bus.‎ ‎ Q: How will they go to their Grandma’s home?‎ ‎10. W: John, come and meet us in Jenny’s house. We are going to have a barbecue there. ‎ M: All right! I’ll see you there in a minute right after I finish cleaning my room. I’ll get you some cold drinks. ‎ W: Ok. See you then. Don’t keep us waiting too long. ‎ Q: What is the man doing now?‎ ‎11. M: Madam, will it be fine to deliver your order of milk this Thursday?‎ ‎ W: I am not at home this Thursday or Friday. You’d better get my order delivered on Saturday. ‎ ‎ Q: When will the woman probably get her order of milk?‎ ‎12. M: Come and have a look at these raincoats for dogs. How about this green one? Or this cute blue one for our TinTin?‎ ‎ W: I suggest buying that orange one. It’s easy for me to find him in the dark. ‎ ‎ Q: What raincoat would they probably buy for their dog?‎ ‎13. W: Hey, look at you! Are you on a diet or using some kind of magic? You look perfect in shape. ‎ M: I purchased a three-month yoga course and work myself out one hour a day in the gym. See, I am not Tim, the fat man now. ‎ Q: How can the man successfully lose weight?‎ ‎14. M: How did your parents feel about your performance last night? You are a born actress. ‎ ‎ W: They couldn’t believe it was me at first. They enjoyed every minute of the play and were so proud of me. ‎ ‎ Q: Why were the woman’s parents so proud of her?‎ C. Listen to the letter and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的内容, 符合的用“A”表示，不符合的用“B”表示): (共6分)‎ Dear Daisy, ‎ ‎ I’m so glad that the day is over. I was so worried that my first day at my new school would be terrible, but it went well. ‎ ‎ I was very nervous because my primary school only had 300 pupils but in the secondary school there are about 1,300. What a difference! I didn’t know anyone here. So now I have to try to make some new friends. My class teacher is called Mrs. Black. She is quite young and friendly. I met a boy who also didn’t know anyone. He moved here from Hong Kong over the summer. He seemed really nice so we sat together when we got to the classroom. ‎ ‎ Everyone in the school has a different timetable. Half of the school learns Spanish as a second language and the other half learns French. I’m in the Spanish group, which sounds like fun. ‎ ‎ After lunch we started lessons. I had maths, which was difficult and then history. We learn about ancient Greece this year. I have to do some homework tonight to find out how the ancient Greek people lived, so I’m going to do an Internet search and look it up in the library. ‎ ‎ So far so good. I’m quite looking forward to tomorrow. I’ll write to you soon.‎ Yours Jason D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences (听短文，完成下列内容。每空格限填一词): (共10分) ‎ Ronald Dahl was a British short-story writer and poet. He was born on September 13th, 1916 in South Wales. When Dahl was young, one of his hobbies was reading.‎ Young Dahl first attended school in England, but he didn’t enjoy school because many teachers were very strict. When Dahl was thirteen, his family moved house and he was sent to Repton Public School. Sadly, the teachers there were even worse than those at his old school. However, there was one good thing about the school. Every few months, a chocolate company, Cadburys, sent boxes of chocolate to Repton for the students to test. This happy memory gave Dahl the idea for his most famous novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.‎ In 1939, when the Second World War started, Dahl joined the Royal Air Force and learned to fly warplanes. Unluckily, on his first flight, the warplane ran out of fuel (燃料) and crashed in a desert. He almost died in the burning plane.‎ Dahl started writing in the 1940s. In 1945 he moved to America. He lived happily during the last years of his life and he wrote his best books during the period.‎ Part I ‎ A. 1-6 GDC HBF B. 7-14 DCDB CABC C. 15-20 ABA ABB D. 21. September 13th 22. enjoy school 23.boxes of 24. most famous 25. almost died Part II ‎ II. 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 AACDA 36-40 CCDCB 42-45 BCCBA III. 46-49 CEAD 50-52 DEAB IV. 54happily 55feet 56stronger 57 thirtieth 58 dishonest 59 thanks/thankfulness 60 save 61engineer V. 62Did…forget 63What will 64are…stored 65no harm/ nothing harmful 66too…to 67Don’t pick/ No picking ‎68.The manager made the staff work out a plan before Friday. Part III IX. (A) 69--74 CBA BCD ‎(B)75—80 CAD CBA ‎(C) 81. finally 82.attention 83. dislike 84. honest 85. Sometimes 86.how 87. friendship ‎88. Researchers from two universities in Britain. ‎ ‎89. Because the researchers/it aimed to / wanted to find out what modern family needs from their home. ‎ ‎90. It enables people to/ To control everything in the house (from the lights to the cooker.)‎ ‎91. The washing machine. ‎ ‎92. They felt great/ comfortable/ enjoyable…‎ ‎93. modern house can bring convenience and comfort to people’s life. modern family needs hi-tech to make their life easier and more comfortable. ‎ ‎ X. 94. 略