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非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括
动词不定式、动名词和分词
三种,其中
分词包括现在分词和过去分词
。
非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制
。
非谓语动词
既有动词性质
(比如可以有自己的宾语、状语等),
又有非动词性质
(比如动名词相当于名词;分词相当于形容词和副词;不定式相当于名词、形容词和副词等)。
构成
句子成分
不定式
to +
动词原形
除谓语外的任何成分
有将要之间
动名词
doing
主语 宾语 表语 定语
状语 宾补
表一般情况
分词
现在分词
doing
表语 宾补 定语 状语
主动、进行
过去分词
done
表语 宾补 定语 状语
被动、完成
动词不定式
动词不定式可以在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和目的状语
等。
动词不定式由“
to+
动词原形”
构成,
有时
to
可以省略
。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,其
否定形式为“
not+
动词不定式
”。
e.g.
To learn
English well is difficult.
动词不定式作主语时,为了保持句子平衡,常用
it
代替它作形式主语
,而将真正的主语
——
动词不定式后置,上面的例句常写为:
It’s
difficult
to learn
English well.
考点一:作主语。
形式主语代替动词不定式的常用句型
为:
It’s +
adj
. + (of / for sb.) to do sth.
或
It’s +
n
. +(for sb.) to do sth.
。
e.g.
It’s
very
nice
of you to offer
me a seat.
It’s
very
dangerous for children
to cross
the busy street.
It was
great
fun
to have
a picnic there.
考点二:作宾语。
常跟
动词不定式作宾语的动词有
agree, afford, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, offer, prepare, plan, promise, refuse, want
等。
注意:
在
find, think
等后跟动词不定式作宾语时,常用
it
作形式宾语
,而将真正的宾语
——
动词不定式后置。
e.g.
I find it hard to get
along with him.
1. They decided _____ a bridge over the river.
A. build B. to build C. building
2. I wanted to see the Beijing Opera, so
Lingling offered ____ me to watch an
opera.
A. took B. takes
C. to take D. taking
中考链接
B
C
3. She said she hoped ______her daughter.
to see B. you to see C. seeing
4. I can’t tell you what she said. I’ve
promised _____ it a secret.
A. keep B. to keep
C. keeping D. kept
A
B
考点三:作宾语补足语。
1.
一些动词后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语,这类动词有
allow, call, want, tell, advise, ask, warn, encourage, invite, order, teach
等。
提示:
help
跟的宾语补足语既可以是带
to
的动词不定式,也可以是不带
to
的动词不
定式。
e.g. Can you
help
the girl (
to
) move the
chair?
2.
使役动词
(
如
make, let
等
)
及感官动词
(
如
see, feel, hear, watch, notice
等
)
后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时需省略
to
。
注意
在变为被动语态时要加上
to
。
e.g. I
saw
a young man
enter
the room.
She was often
heard to sing
this song.
1. Our teacher often advises us _____ the habit of making notes while readin
A. to develop B. develop
C. to developing D. developing
2. You should ask Bob ___ his own clothes. He is ten years old now.
A. wash B. washes C. washing D. to wash
A
中考链接
D
3. We advise parents ______ their children
at home alone in order to keep them
away from danger.
A. not to leave
B. not leave
C. not leaving
A
考点四:作定语。
动词不定式可以作名词的定语;还可在某些句型中作定语,与所修饰的名词是动宾关系
。
e.g. I haven’t had the
chance to think
yet.
(作名词的定语)
提示:
动词不定式作定语修饰名词且为动宾关系时,如果动词为不及物动词,后面要加上相应的介词
。
e.g. Tina has no paper
to write on
.
Joining a summer camp is a great chance ____ free time with your friends.
A. spend B. spending C. to spend
C
中考链接
考点四: 作状语。
动词不定式作状语往往表示原因、目的、结
果等
。
e.g. They were surprised
to find
that nobody was in the house. (
表示原因
)
To get
a good seat she arrived at the hall early. (
表示目的
)
The boy is old enough
to take care of
himself. (
表示结果
)
说明:
1.
had better
,
would rather
,
Why not ...?
,
Will / Would you please ...?
后面接不带
to
的动词不定式
。
e.g. To catch the early bus,
you’d better
get
up early tomorrow morning.
2.
动词不定式可以和疑问词
what
,
which
,
how
,
where
,
when
等连用,构成动词不定式的特殊结构
。
e.g. Can you tell me
where to buy
a map?
1. — I’ll have a ten-day holiday. But I don’t
know ______.
— How about Paris?
A. what to do B. where to go
C. when to go
B
中考链接
2. The Chinese team are working hard
____ honors in the 2016 Olympic Games.
A. to win B. win C. winning
3. It’s getting dark. You’d better _____
out by yourself. It’s dangerous
A. not go B. not to go C. to go
A
A
4. I bought a big box ________ books
for kids in poor areas.
A. collects B. to collect
C. collect D. collected
B
动词
-ing
形式
动词的
-ing
形式由“动词原形
+-ing”
构成,其否定形式为“
not+
动词的
-ing
形式”
。
动词的
-ing
形式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语等。
考点一:作主语。
动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语,在很多情况下可以通用
。
e.g.
Playing / To play
computer games too
much is bad for your eyes.
Our English teacher often says to us, “_____ English well is very important.”
A. Learn B. Learning
C. Learned D. To learning
中考链接
B
考点二:作宾语。
1.
在初中阶段我们需要掌握的后跟动词
-ing
形式作宾语的词语有
dislike, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, practice, suggest, give up, put off, keep on, be busy, have fun, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be used to, look forward to, feel like, thanks for
等。
2.
有些及物动词(如
like
,
love
,
hate
,
begin
,
start
等)既可以跟动词的
-ing
形式作宾语,也可以跟动词不定式作宾语,且意思上没什么差别
。如:
e.g. Do you like reading / to read?
3.
有些及物动词(如
remember
,
forget
,
stop
,
try
等)既可以跟动词的
-ing
形式作宾语,也可以跟动词不定式作宾语,但意义有别
。
forget / remember to do sth.
忘记
/
记得要做某事
forget / remember doing sth.
忘记
/
记得做过某事
stop to do sth.
停下来去做某事
stop doing sth.
停止做某事
try to do sth.
设法做某事
try doing sth.
尝试做某事
need to do sth.
需要去做某事
need doing
需要被做
mean to do sth.
打算去做某事
mean doing sth.
意味着做某事
used to do sth.
过去常常做某事
be used to doing sth.
习惯于做某事
1. We feel like _____ some food and drink because we’ll invite some friends _____ in a party.
A. buying, to join
B. to buy, joining
C. buying, join
中考链接
A
2. After she finished ______the story,
Alice wrote a review for her school
newspaper.
A. read B. reads
C. to read D. reading
3. Bruce practices ________ basketball
every day so that he can be a better
player.
A. play B. to play C. playing
D
C
4. My father used to drive to work, but he is
used to ______ now. (2016
贵州六盘水
)
A. walking B. walked
C. walks D. walk
A
考点三:宾语补足语
一些动词既可以接动词不定式又可接动词
-ing
形式,作宾语补足语的有区别
。
感官动词
(
如
see
,
watch
,
notice
,
hear
,
feel
等
)
后既可跟不带
to
的动词不定式作宾语补足语,也可以跟动词
-ing
形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作的全过程,后者表示动作正在进行。
1. The show was so funny that it made
everyone ______ again and again.
A. laugh B. laughed
C. laughing D. to laugh
C
中考链接
2. I heard Tom _____ when I walked past his room yesterday.
A. sing B. singing
C. to sing D. sang
3. I saw some boy students _____ basketball
when I passed the playground.
A. played B. plays
C. playing D. to play
A
C
考点四:作定语。
e.g. The man
standing
there is my friend
Look! There are some birds _____ in the sky. They are very beautiful.
A. to fly B. fly
C. flying D. flown
中考链接
C
分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。
现在分词
(
v
. -ing)
有主动、进行之意;
过去分词
(
v
. -ed)
有被动、完成之意。
在语态上,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。
在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
考点一:作定语。
e.g. China is a
developing
country.
America is a
developed
country.
考点二:作表语。
e.g. The book is
interesting
. I’m
interested
in it.
考点三:作宾语补足语。
e.g. I saw her
going
upstairs.
I want to have some photos
taken
.
考点四:作状语。
e.g.
Laughing
and
talking
, they went into
the room.
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