人教初中英语一三年级句子成分及结构总结 10页

‎ 英语句子成分及句子结构 句子结构---五种简单的基本句型 1. 主语+不及物动词 如She came. My head aches.‎ 2. 主语+及物动词 +宾语 如She likes English.‎ 3. 主语+系动词 +表语 如She is happy.‎ 4. 主语+双宾动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语 如He gave John a book.‎ 5. 主语+宾补动词 +宾语+宾语补语如She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me ti read a newspaper.‎ 英语句子基本构成成分：‎ 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如I ,we, he, she, they ），数词、动词不定式，动名词等。最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。主语一般在句首。‎ ‎(1)名词作主语 English is very important. 英语是很重要的。‎ The students all love their English teacher. ‘‎ 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。‎ ‎(2)代词作主语 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。‎ ‎ (3)动名词作主语 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. ‎ 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。‎ It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。‎ ‎(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。‎ It is necessary to master a foreign language.‎ 10‎ 掌握一门外语是很必要的 谓语：谓语由动词构成，谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上，一般在主语之后。‎ ‎（1）及物动词作谓语 We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。‎ All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。‎ ‎（2）不及物动词作谓语 You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。‎ The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。‎ ‎（3）连系动词作谓语 He looks worried.他看起来很担心。‎ The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。‎ ‎(4) 复合谓语：‎ ① 由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：‎ You may keep the book for two weeks. ‎ ② 由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：‎ ‎ Do you speak English？‎ ‎ They are working in a field.‎ ‎ He has caught a bad cold. ‎ 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。‎ 宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语成分一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是”代词宾格” 如：me, us, him ，her ,them I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。‎ I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。‎ I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。‎ He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。‎ We hoped that you would stay for a few days.‎ 我们希望你能多待几天的。‎ 直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：‎ He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。‎ 间接宾语 直接宾语 ‎ Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。‎ 10‎ 间接宾语 直接宾语 表语：与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：‎ The flower is beautiful.‎ They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。‎ Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。‎ The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。‎ All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. ‎ 你只需从机场打个的即可。‎ My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。‎ 定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。‎ 如：1) His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。（代词）‎ ‎2) Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。（数词）‎ ‎3) The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树下的那个女孩是凯特。（介词短语）‎ ‎4) I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。‎ ‎5)This is a green cup.这是一个绿色的杯子。（形容词）‎ ‎6）The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。‎ ‎7) Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗？（不定式）‎ ‎8) A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。（V-ing）‎ ‎ 9) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. （过去分词）‎ 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。‎ ‎10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? （定从）‎ 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？‎ 状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。‎ 10‎ ‎(1) 时间状语 I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。‎ Hearing the news, they felt very excited.‎ 听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。‎ Jim went to Shanghai yesterday. ( 时间状语，句末 )‎ ‎(2) 地点状语 Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。‎ I met him in the street. ( 地点状语)‎ ‎(3) 程度状语 He is quite young. （修饰adj.，放在adj.前）‎ ‎ (4) 目的状语 We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. ‎ 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。‎ He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.‎ ‎ 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。‎ She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. ‎ 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。‎ ‎(5) 方式状语 We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。‎ Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。‎ ‎(6) 让步状语 Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.‎ ‎ 虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。‎ No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. ‎ 无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。‎ ‎(7) 条件状语 If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others. ‎ 假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。‎ Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.‎ ‎ 如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。‎ ‎ (8) 原因状语 We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather. ‎ 由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。‎ 10‎ Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school. ‎ 由于病了，他没有去上学。‎ ‎(9) 结果状语 The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. ‎ 风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。‎ He left early, so that he caught the train. ‎ 他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。‎ ‎(10) 伴随状语 The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. ‎ 这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。‎ The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。‎ 补语：补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。‎ ‎1）We call her Xiao Li. （名词）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎2）You must keep the room clean and tidy. （形容词）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎3）John asked me to help him with his Chinese. （动词不定式）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎4）I will have my hair cut tomorrow. （过去分词）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎5）We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. （v-ing）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎6) Rain makes plants grow. 雨水使植物生长。（动词原形）‎ ‎ 宾语 宾补 注意: 后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, sound, 等)，使役动词(如 let, have, make 等)，动词不定式不带 to。‎ 英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、 句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ‎ 10‎ 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, ‎ arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。‎ 如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。‎ ‎ 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎3）Spring is coming.‎ ‎ 4) We have lived in the city for ten years.‎ ‎ 5) The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。‎ 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) ‎ 这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。‎ 其系动词一般可分为下列两类：‎ ‎ (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：‎ ‎ 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 ‎ ‎2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。‎ ‎3) The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。‎ ‎ (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： ‎ ‎1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.‎ 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。‎ ‎ 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.‎ 这棵树比以前长得高多了。‎ ‎3) His face turned red. 他的脸红了。‎ ‎ 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语) ‎ 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：‎ ‎ 1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。‎ ‎ 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)‎ 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。‎ ‎ 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）‎ 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。‎ ‎4) She likes watching TV.（动名词）‎ ‎ 她喜欢看电视。‎ ‎5）I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)‎ 10‎ 我不知道下一步该干什么。‎ ‎ 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。‎ ‎ 四、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)‎ ‎ 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。‎ 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。‎ 如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 ‎ ‎2）The old man always tells the children stories about the ‎ heroes in the Long March. ‎ 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。‎ ‎3）Sandy gave the dog some food.‎ ‎ 桑迪给狗喂了些食物。‎ 上述句子还可以表达为：‎ ‎ 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.‎ ‎ 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the ‎ children in the Long March. ‎ ‎3）Sandy gave some food to the dog.‎ 五、句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) ‎ 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。‎ 宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。‎ 宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：‎ ‎1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. （形容词）‎ 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。‎ ‎2) They painted the door green. (形容词) 他们把门漆成绿色。‎ ‎3) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。‎ 10‎ ‎4) What makes him think so? （动词原形） 他怎么会这样想？‎ ‎5) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)‎ 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。‎ ‎6）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词) ‎ ‎7) I saw a cat running across the road. (现在分词)‎ 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.‎ ‎8) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)‎ ‎ 昨天我跟两个美国人合了张影。‎ ‎9）I found it difficult to learn English. ‎ ‎（形容词。It充当形式宾语，to learn English是真正的宾语。）‎ 我发现学英语很难。‎ 简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：‎ 英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。‎ 句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。‎ 系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。‎ 及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。‎ 还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。‎ Exercises:‎ 指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。‎ ‎1．We all study hard at English.‎ A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语 ‎2．Betty likes her new bike very much.‎ ‎ A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎3．My brother is a policeman.‎ ‎ A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎4．Were you at home last night? ‎ ‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎5．Winter is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎ A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎6．He often walks in the park.‎ 10‎ ‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎7．Mary asked me to help her yesterday.‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎8．He bought me a nice present last week.‎ ‎ A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎9．His parents are doctors.‎ A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语 ‎10．I’ll get you some tea now.‎ A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎11．My mother told us an interesting story last night.‎ A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎12．He has read the book twice.‎ A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语 ‎13．They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.‎ A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语 ‎14．Do you have something to eat ?‎ A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补 ‎15．We made him our monitor.‎ A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补 Exercises:‎ 指出下列句子的基本类型 ‎1．They are listening.‎ ‎2．My mother is fifty now.‎ ‎3．I have bought three books.‎ ‎4．My friend gave me a birthday present.‎ ‎5．I painted the wall white.‎ ‎6．The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.‎ ‎7．They arrived at six o’clock.‎ ‎8．The map is on the wall ‎9．Children often sing this song.‎ ‎10．Mr Wu teaches us English.‎ ‎11．She showed her friends all her pictures.‎ ‎12．I find him a lovely boy.‎ 10‎ 请朗读以下句子，划分下列句子的成分，并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。‎ ‎1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.‎ ‎2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.‎ ‎3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.‎ ‎4. The new rule came out.‎ ‎5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.‎ ‎6. They can stop using plastic bags.‎ ‎7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.‎ ‎8. Shops don’t offer free plastic bags to their consumers.‎ ‎9. Hong Kong and Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.‎ ‎10. Chinese consumers have gotten used to free plastic shopping bags.‎ 10‎