小学六年级英语语法讲解及专项练习 15页

小升初英语语法时态讲解与归纳（一）‎ ‎【一般现在时】‎ ‎ 　　一. 意义：表示经常发生的事情，动作或存在的状态 ‎ 　　二. 构成及变化 ‎ 　　1.be动词的变化。‎ ‎ 　　肯定句：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：　I am a boy。我是一个男孩。‎ ‎ 　　否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker。他不是工人。‎ ‎ 　　一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。  如：-Are you a student? 　-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not。‎ ‎ 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike?‎ ‎ 　　2. 行为动词的变化。‎ ‎ 　　当主语为第一，二人称及复数时，助动词为do ‎ 　　肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。如：　We often play basketball after school。‎ ‎ 　　否定句：主语+ don't+动词原形(+其它)。如：we don’t play basketball after school。‎ ‎ 　　一般疑问句：Do +主语+动词原形+其它？‎ ‎ 　　如： Do you often play basketball after school l?    Yes, we do. / No, we don't。‎ ‎ 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+以do开头的一般疑问句？‎ ‎ 　　如： What do you often do after school ?‎ ‎ 　　当主语为第三人称单数时 ,助动词为does ‎ 　　肯定句：主语+动词三单式(+其它)。如： He swims well。‎ 15‎ ‎ 　　否定句：主语+ doesn’t+动词原形(+其它)。如：He doesn’t swim well。.‎ ‎ 　　一般疑问句：Does +主语+动词原形+其它。‎ ‎ 　　如：Does he swim well ?  Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't。‎ ‎ 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+以does开头的一般疑问句？‎ ‎ 　　如： How does your father go to work?‎ ‎ 　　三。第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式)‎ ‎ 　　(1)多数动词直接加s:runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs……。‎ ‎ 　　(2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母，‎ ‎ 　　结尾加es :watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes ‎ 　　(3)动词末尾y前为辅音：将y改为i加es: study→studies fly→flies  carry→carries  cry→cries ‎ 　　但在y前如果为元音则直接加s:buys  says ‎ 　　四。时间标志：always , usually , often , sometimes ,every…‎ ‎ 　　【现在进行时】‎ ‎ 　　一。意义——当表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事。‎ ‎ 　　二。构成：be (am, is ,are )+动词现在分词-ing形式 ‎ 　　肯定句： 主语 +  be + 现在分词V-ing (+ 其他)   I’m doing my homework now 。‎ ‎ 　　否定句：主语+be+not+动词-ing +其他.   I’m not doing my homework now。‎ ‎ 　　一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词-ing +其他？‎ ‎ 　　Are you doing your home work now? Yes, I am . No , I’m not 。‎ 15‎ ‎ 　　特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词-ing+其他？What are you doing now ?‎ ‎ 　　三. 现在分词的构成：‎ ‎ 　　(1)一般在动词末尾直接加ing,‎ ‎ 　　(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e,再加ing，‎ ‎ 　　如 skate →skating make →making  dance → dancing  write → writing  have → having ‎ 　　ride → riding  come → coming ‎ 　　(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词，中间只有一个元音字母，词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing, 如： putting  running  beginning  stopping swimming  shopping  jogging ‎ 　　sitting  getting   forgetting   letting ‎ 　　四。时间标志——now，句前的look ,listen ‎ 　　【一般过去时】‎ ‎ 　　一。意义：表示过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态。‎ ‎ 　　二。构成及变化 ‎ 　　1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：‎ ‎ 　　am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)‎ ‎ 　　are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)‎ ‎ 　　带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。‎ ‎ 　　2.行为动词在一般过去时中的变化：‎ ‎ 　　肯定句 ：  主语 + 动词的过去式 .I watched a film last Sunday 。‎ ‎ 　　否定句 ： 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形.I didn’t watch a film last Sunday 。‎ 15‎ ‎ 　　一般疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 ?‎ ‎ 　　Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didn’t 。‎ ‎ 　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+ 以did 开头的一般疑问句 ?What did you do last Sunday ?‎ ‎ 　　三、时间标志：‎ ‎ 　　yesterday,‎ ‎ 　　yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)‎ ‎ 　　last night (week, month, year…)，‎ ‎ 　　a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago…‎ ‎ 　　just now,‎ ‎ 　　【一般将来时】‎ ‎ 　　一。意义：‎ ‎ 　　表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。‎ ‎ 　　二. 构成及变化：‎ ‎ 　　一般将来时常用的两种结构 ‎ 　　be going to+动词原形 : 表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。‎ ‎ 　　shall／will+动词原形 : 表示将要发生的动作或情况，没有太多的计划性， 还用来表示意愿 ‎ 　　1. be going to +动词原形 ‎ 　　1.肯定句  主语+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +动词原形+其它成份 ‎ 　　My sister is going to learn English next year. 我姐姐准备明年学英语。‎ ‎ 　　2.否定句   主语+be(am / is / are)not going to +动词原形 +其它成份 15‎ ‎ 　　I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight. 我今天晚上不打算去看电影。‎ ‎ 　　3.一般疑问句 　Be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它成份…?‎ ‎ 　　Is your father going to play basketball with you ?No , he isn’t。你父亲打算和你去打篮球吗？不。‎ ‎ 　　4.特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词(Wh-)+一般疑问句 ?‎ ‎ 　　Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.? 春节你打算在哪过？‎ ‎ 　　5.注意： be going to 结构后面习惯上不跟 go ， come 等表位移的动词，一般用该动词的进行时形式表示。如： He’s going to New York next week。下周他要去纽约。‎ ‎ 　　2.will /shall +动词原形 ‎ 　　(在书面语中，主语是第一人称时，常用shall ,在口语中，所有人称都可以用will)‎ ‎ 　　1.肯定句 主语+will/shall+动词原形+其它成份 ‎ 　　I (shall) write to him next week. 下周我将给他写信。‎ ‎ 　　2.否定句  主语 + will /shall+ not + 动词原形 +其它成份 ‎ 　　They won’t watch TV this evening。今天晚上他们不看电视。‎ ‎ 　　3.一般疑问句 　will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份 ‎ 　　Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ？ 明天你和我们呆在家里好吗？‎ ‎ 　　4.特殊疑问句    特殊疑问词(Wh-) +一般疑问句 ‎ 　　When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么时侯回来？‎ ‎ 　　三、附 :Shall I /we …常用来征求对方意见，而问对方是否愿意，或者表示客气的邀请，常用Will you…?他们的回答比较灵活。‎ ‎ 　　1.Shall we go to the park ?‎ ‎ 　　肯定Sure , let’s go 。‎ 15‎ ‎ 　　否定 No , let’s go to the cinema。‎ ‎ 　　2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?‎ ‎ 　　肯定Yes, I will. / Sure 。‎ ‎ 　　否定 I’m sorry. I’m afraid I can’t。‎ ‎ 　　四、时间标志：tomorrow , soon ,　next Monday , 　next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 15‎ 小学英语时态4种时态 （二）‎ ‎ 一般现在时 ‎ 定义： 1.目前存在的状态 2.经常性、习惯性的动作 标志词： 频度副词： 例：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day(week….) 谓语形式： 系动词be ( am, is, are) 行为动词原形（主语为第三人称单数时V + s, 或 es） 疑问形式： 1.be 放主语前 2.主语前加do 或does (动词还原) 否定式： 1.be + not 2.动词前加 don’t 或doesn’t (动词还原) ‎ 提问谓语： What do /does + 主语+ do…? 如：She reads English every day. What does she do every day? 现在进行时 ‎ 定义： 表示目前正在发生的动作或存在的状态 标志词： 1.提示语：look! Listen! 2.At +时间点 3.前有祈使句 谓语形式： Be (am, is, are ) + V-ing 疑问形式 be 放主语前 否定式： be + not 提问谓语： What is / are +主语+ doing？ 如：We’re listening now. What are you doing now? 一般将来时 ‎ 定义： 1.表示将要或打算做某事 2.将要发生的动作或存在的状态 标志词： 1.tomorrow, the next day, this afternoon, this evening 2.next week (month, year…) 3.in the year 2007 谓语形式： 1.be going to + V 原形 2.will + V 原形 3.go, come, leave 等用现在进行时表示将来 4.want 用现在时表将来 疑问形式： be 或will 放主语前 否定式： be 或 will 后加 not will not = won’t 提问谓语： 1.What is/ are +…going to do…? 2.What will + 主语+do…? ‎ 15‎ 如：He will play basketball next week. What will he do next week? 一般过去式 ‎ 定义： 表示过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态 标志词：1.yesterday, last week/ year/ month 等 2.two years ago/ in 2005 / at that time谓语形式： 1.动词be 的过去时（was, were） 2.行为动词的过去式 疑问形式： 1.was / were 放主语前 2.主语前加did (动词还原) 否定式： 1.was/ were + not 2.动词前加didn’t (动词还原) 提问谓语： What did + 主语+ do…? 如：Tom did his homework last night. What did Tom do last night?‎ 一般过去时 eg:He went to library. 现在进行时 eg:He is going to library. 一般现在时 eg:He goes to library. 一般将来时 eg:He will go to library. eg:He is going to take the exams. *现在完成时 eg:He has been in china for five years. eg:He has been in china since five years ago. eg:I have gone to china. ‎ 容易混淆的时态互相比较 1.一般现在时与现在完成时 1) I come from Shanghai(上海人） I have come from Shanghai（从上海来） 2) You read very well. (强调能力） You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作） 3) I forget.(一时想不起来了） I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了） 4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态） The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成） 5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）‎ 15‎ Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行） 6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间） 7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时） He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始） 8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接） After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔） 9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语） 10) Where are you (在哪）Where have you been(去了哪）‎ ‎ 2.一般现在时与现在进行时 1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在） 2) What do you do (干什么工作的）What are you doing（在干什么） 3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰） The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景） 4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了） 5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大） You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀） 6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变） The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变） 7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备） 8)Tom goes to college now. Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动） 9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你） I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩） 10) He always sleeps in the afternoon. He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了） 11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令） ‎ 15‎ ‎ I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转） 12) What do you say What are you saying(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满） 12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到） 13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实) Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵) 14) He always thinks of others. He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬) 15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行) 16) I hope you'll give us some advice. I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转) 17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了) 18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐) We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)‎ ‎ 3. 现在完成时与一般过去时 1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里) I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了) 2) Who's opened the window (窗户还在开着) Who opened the window (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上) 3) Have you ever heard him sing (他可能不是爱唱歌) Did you ever hear him sing(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家) 4) Have you ever heard of such a thing (你听过这种事吗) Did you ever hear of such a thing(这种事, 你听说过吗 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。) 5) What have I done to make you so angry (对方仍生气） What did I do to make you so angry （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。） ‎ 15‎ ‎6) How has he done it (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果） How did he do it（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式） 7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约） He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了） 8) He has been called a thinker. He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家） 9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了） You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。） 10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了） 11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪） He was already there.（当时在哪） 12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了） 13) Have you slept well (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了） Did you sleep well（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）‎ ‎ 4. 过去完成时与一般过去时 1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔) I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念) 2) I waited till I saw him. I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍) 3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来) We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的) 4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次) I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了) 5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵) Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵) 6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim 15‎ ‎ said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过) 7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友) They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了) 8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间) He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完) 9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了) I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了) 10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下) When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下) 11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确) I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完) 12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人) I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时) ‎ ‎ 5. 过去进行时与一般过去时 1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完) I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完) 2) The guests arrived.(客人已到) The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达) 3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒) He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒) 4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死) 5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了) John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情) 6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服) They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说) 7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实) The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停) 8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了) 9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性) ‎ 15‎ ‎ He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性) 6. 将来一般时与现在进行时 1) Will he come Is he coming(时间发生的比较近) 2) How long will you stay hear (表示意愿) How long will you stay here(表示打算) 3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定) She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划) 4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿) I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排) 7. 现在一般时与过去一般式 1) Do you wish to see me Did you wish to see me(表示婉转客气) 2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些) That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些) 3) How do you like the film (看电影过程中) How did you like the film(看完电影后) 4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说) It was so nice to see you.(离别时说) 5) I never like him. (没时间性) I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过) 6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时) I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误) 7) Who is that (哪人还在) Who was that(人已不在场了) 8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕) This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的) 8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时 1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话) Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话) 2) I've read the novel.(已读完) ‎ 15‎ ‎ I've been reading the novel.(还没读完) 3) He has lived here for six weeks. He has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化) 4) Have you met her lately Have you been meeting her lately(强调动作的重复,经常见面) 5) Who's eaten my apples ( 苹果没有了) Who's been eating my apples(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满) 9.现在一般时与过去完成时 1) I hope that he'll come. I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反) (经常这样用的词有expect, think, intend, mean, suppose) To the top(回页首) 现在完成时 现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。 1． 现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。 2． 强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。 常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。 I have already seen the film. Have you decided yet 3． 刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。 常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few daysweeks 注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。 I have just phoned him I have visited my parents recently. 4． 从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。 常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for 注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。 I have lived here for 20 years. ‎ 15‎ I have lived here since I came to this city I have learned English since 10 years ago. He hasn't come to visit us for a few months. 5． 从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。 常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life 注意：这两句话的区别 I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午) I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了) We have learned so many things from you so far. I have seen any bird like this in my life. 6． 对过去的体验和经历。 常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times 注意：这两句话的区别 I have been to Beijing （去过北京） I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕 Have you seen tiger before I have been to Shanghai many times. 从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 15‎